Foreign relations of Finland

Foreign relations of Finland
Finland

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Finland
State
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Elections
Divisions
Political parties
Foreign Policy

Other countries · Atlas
Politics portal
view · talk · edit

The foreign relations of Finland are the responsibility of President of Finland, who leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government. Implicitly the government is responsible for internal policy and decision making in the European Union. Within the government, preparative discussions are conducted in the government committee of foreign and security policy (ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittinen ministerivaliokunta), which includes the Prime Minister and at least the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, and at most four other ministers as necessary.[1] The committee meets with the President as necessary. Laws concerning foreign relations are discussed in the parliamentary committee of foreign relations (ulkoasiainvaliokunta). The Ministry of Foreign Affairs implements the foreign policy.

During the Cold War, Finland's foreign policy was based on official neutrality between the Western powers and the Soviet Union, while simultaneously stressing Nordic cooperation in the framework of the Nordic Council and cautious economic integration with the West as promoted by the Bretton-Woods Agreement and the free trade treaty with the European Economic Community. Finland did not join the Soviet Union's economic sphere (Comecon) but remained a free-market economy and conducted bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland unilaterally abrogated the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The government filed an EU membership application three months after the dissolution of the USSR and became a member in 1995. Finland did not attempt to join NATO, even though post-Soviet countries on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere joined. Nevertheless, defence policymakers have quietly converted to NATO equipment and contributed troops.

President Martti Ahtisaari and the coalition governments led Finland closer to the core EU in the late 1990s. Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[2] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defense.[2] However, Halonen allowed Finland to join European Union Battlegroups in 2006 and the NATO Response Force in 2008.

Relations with Russia are cordial and common issues include bureaucracy (particularly at the Vaalimaa border crossing), airspace violations, development aid Finland gives to Russia (especially in environmental problems that affect Finland), and Finland's energy dependency on Russian gas and electricity. Behind the scenes, the administration has witnessed a resurrection of Soviet-era tactics. The National Security Agency, SUPO, estimates that the known number of Russian agents from SVR and GRU now exceeds Cold War levels and there are unknown numbers of others.[3]

Contents

History

After independence from Russia in 1917, the Finnish Civil War, including interventions by Imperial Germany and Soviet Russia, and failure of the Communist revolution, resulted in the official ban on Communism, and strengthening relations with Western countries. Overt alliance with Germany was not possible due to the result of the First World War, but in general the period of 1918 to 1939 was characterised by economic growth and increasing integration to the Western world economy. Relations with Soviet Russia from 1918 to 1939 were icy; voluntary expeditions to Russia called heimosodat ended only in 1920. However, attempts to establish military alliances were unsuccessful. Thus, when the Winter War broke out, Finland was left alone to resist the Soviet attack. Later, during the Continuation War, Finland declared "co-belligerency" with Nazi Germany, and allowed Northern Finland to be used as a German attack base. The peace settlement in 1944 with the Soviet Union led to the Lapland War in 1945, where Finland fought Germans in Northern Finland.

From the end of the Continuation War with the Soviet Union in 1944 until 1991, the policy was to avoid superpower conflicts and to build mutual confidence with the Western powers and the Soviet Union. Although the country was culturally, socially, and politically Western, Finns realised they had to live in peace with the USSR and take no action that might be interpreted as a security threat. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 opened up dramatic new possibilities for Finland and has resulted in the Finns actively seeking greater participation in Western political and economic structures. The popular support for the strictly self-defensive doctrine remains.

2000 constitution

In the 2000 constitution, where diverse constitutional laws were unified into one statute, the leading role of the President was slightly moderated. However, because the constitution still stipulates only that the President leads foreign policy and the government internal policy, the responsibility over European Union affairs is not explicitly resolved. Implicitly this belongs to the powers of the government. In a cohabitation situation as with Matti Vanhanen's recent second government right-wing government and left-wing President Tarja Halonen, there can be friction between government ministers and the president.

The arrangement has been criticised by Risto E.J. Penttilä for not providing a simple answer of who's in charge.[2]

Multilateral Relations

Finnish foreign policy emphasises its participation in multilateral organisations. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and the European Union in 1995. As noted, the country also is a member of NATO's Partnership for Peace as well as an observer in the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council and the Western European Union. The military has been prepared to be more compatible with NATO, as co-operation with NATO in peacekeeping is needed, but military alliance does not have popular support.

In the European Union, Finland is a member of the Eurozone, and in addition, the Schengen treaty abolishing passport controls. 60% of foreign trade is to the EU. Other large trade partners are Russia and the United States.

Finland is well represented in the UN civil service in proportion to its population and belongs to several of its specialised and related agencies. Finnish troops have participated in UN peacekeeping activities since 1956, and the Finns continue to be one of the largest per capita contributors of peacekeepers in the world. Finland is an active participant in the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and in early 1995 assumed the co-chairmanship of the OSCE's Minsk Group on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Cooperation with the other Scandinavian countries also is important to Finland, and it has been a member of the Nordic Council since 1955. Under the council's auspices, the Nordic countries have created a common labor market and have abolished immigration controls among themselves. The council also serves to coordinate social and cultural policies of the participating countries and has promoted increased cooperation in many fields.

In addition to the organisations already mentioned, Finland is a member of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, the International Finance Corporation, the International Development Association, the Bank for International Settlements, the Asian Development Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Council of Europe, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Finland has moved steadily towards integration into Western institutions and abandoned its formal policy of neutrality, which has been recast as a policy of military nonalliance coupled with the maintenance of a credible, independent defence. Finland's 1994 decision to buy 64 F-18 Hornet fighter planes from the United States signalled the abandonment of the country's policy of balanced arms purchases from Communist countries and Western countries.

In 1994, Finland joined NATO's Partnership for Peace; the country is also an observer in the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Finland became a full member of the European Union (EU) in January 1995, at the same time acquiring observer status in the EU's defence arm, the Western European Union.

Generally, Finland has abided by the principle of neutrality and has good relations with nearly all countries, as evidenced by the freedom of travel that a Finnish passport gives.

Europe

Baltic States

With the exception of Russia, all neighboring and Baltic states are members of the European Union or the Nordic Council, both of which free movement of persons and capital between the countries.

Estonia

Main article: Estonia–Finland relations

Finland's main language, Finnish, is related to Estonian, and there is and has been a certain feeling of kinship. 76% of Finns have visited Estonia and in 2004, 1.8 million Finns reported visiting Estonia. Finnish and Swedish investors are the largest foreign investors in Estonia.[4] Both Finland and Estonia are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries.

Finland's government recognised Estonia's independence in 1920. In response to the Soviet invasion, diplomatic missions were de facto removed. However, when Estonia declared independence, this "temporary obstruction" was resolved. Both countries restored diplomatic relations on August 29, 1991. Finland has an embassy in Tallinn and an honorary consulate in Tartu. Estonia has an embassy in Helsinki and five honorary consulates in Oulu, Turku, Raseborg, Tampere and Kotka.

Finland contributed and continues to contribute military aid to Estonia; e.g. training of officers, provision of equipment.

Latvia

Lithuania

Germany

Poland

Russia

Main article: Finland–Russia relations

Relations with Russia are peaceful. Finland imports a lot of goods and basic necessities, such as fuel, and the two nations are agreeing on issues more than disagreeing on them. Russia has an embassy in Helsinki and a consulate-general in Mariehamn. Finland has an embassy in Moscow, a consulate-general in Saint Petersburg, and two branches of the consulate (in Murmansk and Petrozavodsk).

Finland was a part of the Russian Empire for 108 years, after being annexed from the Swedish empire. Discontent with Russian rule, Finnish national identity, and World War I eventually caused Finland to break away from Russia, taking advantage of the fact that Russia was withdrawing from World War I and a revolution was starting in earnest. Following the Finnish Civil War and October revolution, Russians were virtually equated with Communists and due to official hostility to Communism, Finno-Soviet relations in the period between the world wars remained tense. Voluntary activists arranged expeditions to Karelia (heimosodat), which ended when Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Tartu in 1920. However, the Soviet Union did not abide by the treaty when they blockaded Finnish naval ships. Finland was attacked by the USSR in 1939. Finland fought the Winter War and the Continuation War against the Soviet Union in World War II. During these wars the Finns suffered 90,000 casualties and inflicted severe casualties on the Russians (120,000 dead in the Winter War and 200,000 in the Continuation War) compared to other nations such as Poland.

Contemporary issues include problems with border controls causing persistent truck queues at the border, airspace violations, pollution of the Baltic Sea, and Russian duties on exported wood to Finland's pulp and paper industry. Right-wing commentators accuse the government of continuing the policy of Finlandisation.

Relations With the Soviet Union

The principal architect of the post-1944 foreign policy of neutrality was J.K. Paasikivi, who was President from 1946 to 1956. Urho Kekkonen, President from 1956 until 1981, further developed this policy, stressing that Finland should be active rather than passive neutral. This policy is now popularly known as the "Paasikivi-Kekkonen Line".

Humiliation

Finland signed the Paris Peace Treaty with the Allies in February 1947, which:

The development from the Abyssinia crisis, indicating the failure of the League of Nations, to the Paris Peace Treaty, when the last hope of more than oral support from the ideologically akin Western countries faded, convinced the Finns that they had absolutely no-one other than themselves to rely on in their problematic relations with the Soviet Union.

The Finnish Army, which in defence against the Soviet Union had numbered to over 500,000, was to be limited to 34,400 men, the navy to 4,500 men and 10,000 tons, and the air force to 3,000 men and 60 planes. With this provision the Western Allies had, seemingly, left Finland in the Soviet Union's power.

The political clauses of the Paris Peace Treaty were particularly alienating. Through this clause, the Allies agreed to the Kremlin view that the Soviet Union represented "Liberty" and Finland represented "Fascism". The peace treaty stipulated that the country should take all measures necessary to secure "human rights and the fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression, of press and publication, of religious worship, of political opinion and of public meeting." Finland's government undertook further to prevent the resurgence of Fascist organisations or any others, "whether political, military or semi-military, whose purpose it is to deprive the people of their democratic rights." In practice, the "anti-fascist" clauses had few practical effects. Most significantly, the extreme left was no longer officially banned and was allowed to participate in elections (as SKDL). The victor's interpretation of "Fascist organisations" turned out to be wide: the voluntary reserve training organizations Suojeluskunnat and Lotta Svärd were banned.

Reassurance
(See also: Finlandization)

For the survival of Finland as an independent sovereign country, firmly embracing the values of democracy, human and civil rights, Finland had to find a formula to convince Joseph Stalin and his successors that the Soviet Union's vital interests could be met voluntarily by the Finns. This was the gist of the Paasikivi doctrine.

In April 1948, Finland signed an Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union. Under this mutual assistance pact, Finland was obliged — with the aid of the Soviet Union, if requested by Finland, not unilaterally by USSR — to resist armed attacks by Germany or its allies against Finland or against the USSR through Finland. At the same time, the agreement recognised Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts. This agreement was renewed for 20 years in 1955, in 1970, and again in 1983 to the year 2003. In practice, this prevented Finland from joining NATO. Also, President Urho Kekkonen gained a disproportionate political advantage over his opponents by monopolizing this policy.

Finland responded cautiously in 1990–91 to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. They unilaterally abrogated restrictions imposed by the 1947 and 1948 treaties, joined in voicing Nordic concern over the coup against Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and gave increasing unofficial encouragement to Baltic independence.

At the same time, by replacing the Soviet-Finnish mutual assistance pact with treaties on general cooperation and trade, Finns put themselves on an equal footing while retaining a friendly bilateral relationship. Finland now is boosting cross-border commercial ties and touting its potential as a commercial gateway to Russia. It has reassured Russia that it will not raise claims for Finnish territory seized by the USSR, and continues to reaffirm the importance of good bilateral relations.

Although the Karelian question in Finnish politics remains in the public debate, irredentists have persistently failed to gain support from the majority of the populace, political establishment or political parties.

Sweden

Main article: Finland–Sweden relations

Finland and Sweden have always had very close relations, resulting from shared history, numerous commonalities in society and politics, and close trade relations. A newly appointed Foreign Minister makes his or her first state visit to Sweden. Finnish politicians often consider Sweden's reaction to international affairs first as a base for further actions, and thus finally both countries often agree on such issues. If there has ever been any dissonance between the two countries those were the Åland question in the early 1920s and the Swedish neutrality during the Winter War. Both Finland and Sweden are members of the European Union and the Schengen agreement, freeing international travel and trade between the countries. Furthermore both participate in the Nordic Council, which grants Swedish nationals slightly more extensive rights than the EU/Schengen treaties alone.

Other European states

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Austria See Foreign relations of Austria
 Belgium See Foreign relations of Belgium
 Bulgaria 01918-08-05August 5, 1918
 Croatia See Foreign relations of Croatia
 Cyprus 01961-09-02September 2, 1961
 Czech Republic See Foreign relations of the Czech Republic
 Denmark 01918-02-18February 18, 1918
 France 01918-01-24January 24, 1918
 Hungary 01947-05-20May 20, 1947
 Iceland 01947-08-15August 15, 1947
 Ireland 01961-11-02November 2, 1961
 Italy 01919-09-06September 6, 1919
 Kosovo

Finland recognised Kosovo March 7, 2008.[18][19] Finland maintains an Embassy in Pristina.[20]
 Luxembourg 01921-10-25October 25, 1921
 Netherlands 01918-08-18August 18, 1918
 Norway 01918-04-06April 6, 1918
 Portugal 01920-01-10January 10, 1920
 Romania 01949-10-14October 14, 1949
 Serbia 1929
 Slovakia 01993-01-01January 1, 1993
 Slovenia 01992-02-17February 17, 1992
  • Finland recognised Slovenia on January 17, 1992.
  • Finland has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Ljubljana.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.

Tensions between the countries rose in late 2008 when a news program on Finland's national broadcasting company stattion YLE accused Finnish weapons manufacturer Patria of bribing Slovenian officials to secure an arms deal. Slovenian Prime Minister Janez Jansa formally complained to the Finnish ambassador in Ljubljana.[31] This controversy became known as the Patria case.
 Spain 01918-08-16August 16, 1918
 Ukraine 01992-02-26February 26, 1992
 United Kingdom

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 01918-05-11May 11, 1918
 Bolivia
  • Bolivia has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Finland has an embassy in La Paz.
 Brazil See Foreign relations of Brazil
 Canada See Foreign relations of Canada
 Chile See Chile–Finland relations

Chile recognised Finland's independence on June 17, 1919. Diplomatic relations between them were established in 1931 and have been continuously maintained, despite pressures at times to discontinue them.[40] The two countries maintain resident ambassadors in both capitals.[40]
 Mexico 01936-10-02October 2, 1936
 Nicaragua See Finland–Nicaragua relations

Finland has an embassy in Managua.
 United States See Finland – United States relations

Relations between the United States and Finland are warm. Some 200,000 US citizens visit Finland annually, and about 3,000 US citizens are resident there. The US has an educational exchange program in Finland that is comparatively large for a Western European country of Finland's size. It is financed in part from a trust fund established in 1976 from Finland's final repayment of a US loan made in the aftermath of World War I.

Finland is bordered on the east by Russia and, as one of the former Soviet Union's neighbours, has been of particular interest and importance to the US both during the Cold War and in its aftermath. Before the USSR dissolved in 1991, longstanding US policy was to support Finnish neutrality while maintaining and reinforcing Finland's historic, cultural, and economic ties with the West. The US has welcomed Finland's increased participation since 1991 in Western economic and political structures.

Economic and trade relations between Finland and the United States are active and were bolstered by the F-18 purchase. US-Finland trade totals almost $5 billion annually. The US receives about 7% of Finland's exports — mainly wood pulp and paper, ships, machinery, electronics and instruments and refined petroleum products[42] — and provides about 7% of its imports — principally computers, semiconductors, aircraft, and machinery.

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Egypt See Foreign relations of Egypt
 Ethiopia July 17, 1959 See Ethiopia–Finland relations

Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia is one of Finland's long-term development partners and in the water and education sectors.[43] On 29 April 2009, the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development announced that the Finnish government had made a grant of 11.4 million Euros to enable the Benishangul-Gumuz Region to upgrade its capacity to plan and manage its rural water supply and sanitation program to achieve universal access for all Ethiopians.[44]
 Kenya 01965-06-14June 14, 1965
 Morocco 01959-07-17July 17, 1959
 Mozambique 01975-07-18July 18, 1975
 Namibia 01990-03-21March 21, 1990 See Finland–Namibia relations

Finland recognised Namibia on March 21, 1990. Both countries established diplomatic relations on the same day. Namibia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Finland has an embassy in Windhoek and an honorary consulate in Walvis Bay.
 South Africa 01949-05-15May 15, 1949 See Finland – South Africa relations

A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were then upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991.[46] Finland has an embassy in Pretoria, a general consulate in Johannesburg, and a consulate in Cape Town. South Africa has an embassy in Helsinki.[46] During World War II South Africa declared war on Finland.[47]

Finland was a strong supporter of the dismantling of Apartheid in South Africa.[47][48][49]

South African exports to Finland include fresh and dried fruits, wine, pulp, paper, iron, steel, and coal. South Africa imports telecommunication equipment, paper, board products, and machinery from Finland.[46]
 Tanzania 01865-06-14June 14, 1865
 Tunisia 01959-07-17July 17, 1959
 Zambia 01968-03-08March 8, 1968

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan 01956-05-11May 11, 1956
 Armenia 01992-03-25March 25, 1992
  • Finland recognised Armenia on December 30, 1991.
  • Armenia is represented in Finland by a non-resident ambassador (based in Yerevan at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
  • Finland is represented in Armenia by a non-resident ambassador (based in Helsinki at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs) and an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
  • Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs: relations with Armenia
 Georgia 01992-07-08July 8, 1992
 India 01949-10-01October 1, 1949
 Indonesia 01954-09-06September 6, 1954
 Israel 01950-11-14November 14, 1950
 Japan 01919-09-06September 6, 1919
 Nepal 01955-08-30August 30, 1955
 People's Republic of China See People's Republic of China – Finland relations

The two international trade organisations are the Finland-China Trade Association and the China Council for Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT). One of the fastest growing areas of trade between the two countries is in environmental protection.[3][4] and information technology. Nokia is the largest Finnish investor in China.
 Saudi Arabia 01969-09-23September 23, 1969
 South Korea 01973-08-24August 24, 1973
 Syria 01953-05-22May 22, 1953
 Thailand 01954-06-21June 21, 1954
  • Thailand, previously known as Siam, recognised Finland's independence on October 9, 1919.
  • Siam was the second non-European state after the United States and the first Asian state to recognised Finland's independence.
  • Finland is represented in Thailand through its embassy in Bangkok, its honorary consulate general in Phuket and its honorary consulate in Chiang Mai.[62]
  • Thailand has an embassy in Helsinki.[63]
  • Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs: relations with Thailand
 Turkey 01920-05-20May 20, 1920
 Vietnam 01973-01-05January 5, 1973

Middle East

Israel

See also: Israel–Finland relations

Finland and Israel made leading politician visits during July - August 2010. Finland has continued the military equipment trade with Israel also after the human right violations in the Gaza war 5/2010. Israeli army destroyed the clinic of the Finn Church Aid in a bomb attack in January 2009. [66] The Foreign Minister of Alexander Stubb compared the destroy of the Finns humanitarian medical clinic to a stolen mobile telephone. .[67] According to Minister Stefan Wallin in September 2011 there are no juridical obstacles to buy military planes from Israel advertised as tested in a war.[68] Public debate include strong concerns of the Palesinian human rights. [69][70]

Palestinia

By mid October 2011 Finland had not recognized State of Palestine. Palestinian territories has been recognized by about 139 countries in October 2011. In September 23, 2011 Palestine applied the full membership from the UN and state recognizion.[71] It will be voted in the UN Security Council in October, 2011. (18.10. ?)

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Egypt See Foreign relations of Egypt
 Israel 01950-11-14November 14, 1950
 Saudi Arabia 01969-09-23September 23, 1969
 Turkey 01920-05-20May 20, 1920

Oceania

Australia

Main article: Australia–Finland relations

Diplomatic relations were established on May 31, 1949. Australia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden, and through an honorary consulate in Helsinki. Finland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney.

International organization participation

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hallitus/ministerivaliokunnat/en.jsp
  2. ^ a b c "Finland's foreign policy idea" ("Suomen ulkopolitiikan idea"), Risto E. J. Penttilä, 2008
  3. ^ Helsinki again a centre of international espionage
  4. ^ http://www.finland.ee/doc/fi/suhteet/poliittiset.html
  5. ^ German Embassy in Helsinki (in German and Finnish)
  6. ^ Polish embassy in Helsinki (in Finnish and Polish only)
  7. ^ Bulgarian embassy in Helsinki
  8. ^ Finnish embassy in Sofia
  9. ^ Cyprus embassy in Helsinki
  10. ^ Finish embassy in Nicosia
  11. ^ French Embassy in Helsinki
  12. ^ Finnish Embassy in Paris
  13. ^ Hungarian embassy in Helsinki
  14. ^ Finish embassy in Dublin
  15. ^ Irish embassy in Helsinki
  16. ^ Italian Embassy in Helsinki
  17. ^ Finnish Embassy in Rome
  18. ^ "Finland recognised the Republic of Kosovo (Press release 80/2008)" (Press release). Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. 2008-03-07. http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?contentid=123797&nodeid=15145&contentlan=2&culture=en-US. Retrieved 2008-03-07. 
  19. ^ "Finland recognises Kosovo". NewsRoom Finland (Helsinki: Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland). 2008-03-07. http://newsroom.finland.fi/stt/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=18215&group=Politics. Retrieved 2008-03-07. 
  20. ^ "Finnish Liaison Office, Pristina (Kosovo)". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=16504&contentlan=2&culture=en-US. Retrieved 2008-03-28. 
  21. ^ http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17234&contentlan=2&culture=en-US
  22. ^ Embassy of Finland in Luxembourg
  23. ^ Dutch Embassy of in Helsinki
  24. ^ Embassy of Finland in the Hague
  25. ^ Embassy of Finland in Lisbon
  26. ^ Finnish embassy in Bucharest
  27. ^ Romanian embassy in Helsinki
  28. ^ Finnish embassy in Belgrade
  29. ^ Serbian embassy in Helsinki
  30. ^ Embassy of Finland in Bratislava (in Finnish, Swedish and Slovak)
  31. ^ LISBETH, KIRK (September 5, 2008). "Arms deal tests Finland-Slovenia relations". EUobserver.com. http://euobserver.com/9/26693. Retrieved 2009-06-18. 
  32. ^ Embassy of Spain in Helsinki
  33. ^ Embassy of Finland in Madrid (in Finnish, Swedish and Spanish
  34. ^ Finnish embassy in Kiev (in Finnish, Swedish and Ukrainian only)
  35. ^ Ukraine embassy in Helsinki
  36. ^ UK in Finland
  37. ^ United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland - Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland: Countries and regions: Great Britain
  38. ^ Argentine embassy in Helsinki
  39. ^ Finnish embassy in Buenos Aires (in Finnish, Swedish and Spanish only)
  40. ^ a b "La historia de las relaciones entre Finlandia y Chile" (in Spanish). Embajada de Finlandia, Santiago de Chile. 2008-02-22. http://www.finland.cl/public/default.aspx?nodeid=36916&contentlan=9&culture=es-ES. Retrieved 2009-05-06. 
  41. ^ Embassy of Finland in Mexico City (in Finnish, Swedish and Spanish)
  42. ^ Finnish Customs statistics for 2006. http://www.tulli.fi/resources/tekstiversio.jsp?pageoid=24045
  43. ^ http://www.finland.org.et/public/default.aspx?nodeid=31702&contentlan=2&culture=en-US
  44. ^ "Ethiopia, Finland sign 11.4 million Euro grant agreement", Ethiopian News Agency (accessed 29 April 2009)
  45. ^ Embassy of Finland in Rabat (in Finnish, Swedish and French)
  46. ^ a b c "Finland". South Africa. http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/finland.html. Retrieved 2009-05-21. "Diplomatic relations were re-established in 1949. A South African legation was established in 1967 and relations were upgraded to ambassadorial level in March 1991. Finland and South Africa enjoy excellent relations and a Declaration of Intent was signed in June 2000 to facilitate bilateral consultations between South Africa and Finland." 
  47. ^ a b The Nordic countries and Africa. Nordic Africa Institute. 2002. ISBN 9171065059. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a4uXkhuMgrMC&pg=PT18&dq=%2BFinland+%2B%22South+Africa%22&num=100&client=firefox-a#PPT17,M1. "From 1966 to 1987 when the Parliament of Finland unanimously adopted the South Africa Act prohibiting trade with South Africa the history of Finnish-South ..." 
  48. ^ Finland and national liberation in Southern Africa. Nordic Africa Institute. 1999. ISBN 9171064311. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=03IojWJFL9YC&client=firefox-a&safe=on. 
  49. ^ Politics on paper: Finland's South Africa policy, 1945-1991. Nordic Africa Institute. 1992. ISBN 9171063269. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=D-Tb4cgYqHoC&client=firefox-a. 
  50. ^ Embassy of Finland in Tunis (in Finnish, Swedish, French, and English)
  51. ^ Embassy of Afghanistan in Oslo, Norway
  52. ^ Embassy of Finland in Kabul
  53. ^ http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=162964&nodeid=17502&contentlan=2&culture=en-US
  54. ^ Indian embassy in Helsinki
  55. ^ Embassy of Indonesia in Helsinki
  56. ^ Embassy of Finland in Jakarta (in Finnish, Swedish, and English)
  57. ^ Finnish embassy in Tel Aviv
  58. ^ Israeli embassy in Helsinki
  59. ^ Finnish Embassy in Riyadh
  60. ^ [1]
  61. ^ Embassy of Syria in Stockholm, Sweden
  62. ^ Embassy of Finland in Bangkok
  63. ^ Royal Thai Embassy in Helsinki
  64. ^ Embassy of Finland in Ankara
  65. ^ Embassy of Turkey in Helsinki (in Turkish and Finnish)
  66. ^ Palestiina - maa, jota ei ole Kirkon Ulkomaanapu (27.8.2010)
  67. ^ Kyrkans utlandshjälp får ingen hjälp Yleisradio 2009-08-12 (In Swedish: "To be honest, varför ska man promovera Kyrkans liksom utlandshjälp - det är så där att "en Nokia blev stulen, ska ni göra något?". De försöker liksom lyfta sitt eget brand, that's the point, sa Stubb?" and "Jag hoppas att uttalandet var ett misstag. Om inte så tyder det på att Stubb inte riktigt vet vad kriget i Gaza handlade om, hur stora skadorna var och hur systematiskt humanitära mål bombades. ") (Swedish)
  68. ^ Wallin puolustaa asehankintoja Israelista yle 29.9.2011
  69. ^ Donner: Jag är utled på Israel (=fed up with Israel) yle 29.09.2011
  70. ^ Tuomioja kritisk till israeliska bosättningar yle 28.09.2011
  71. ^ Palestiinalaiset jättivät kiistellyn YK-jäsenyyshakemuksensa yle 23.10.2011
  72. ^ Finnish embassy in Tel Aviv
  73. ^ Israeli embassy in Helsinki
  74. ^ Finnish Embassy in Riyadh
  75. ^ [2]
  76. ^ Embassy of Finland in Ankara
  77. ^ Embassy of Turkey in Helsinki (in Turkish and Finnish)
v · d · eFinland Foreign relations of Finland
Africa
Ethiopia · Mozambique · Namibia · South Africa
 Coat of arms of Finland
Americas
Chile · Nicaragua · United States
Asia
China (PRC)
Europe
Denmark · Estonia · Greece · Kosovo · Latvia · Norway · Russia · Slovenia  · Sweden
Middle East
Israel
Oceania
Australia
Related topics
v · d · eFinland Finland topics
History Coat of arms of Finland
Politics and
government
Geography
Regions · Provinces (abolished) · Lakes · Rivers · Islands  · Extreme points  · National Parks
Economy
Military
History · Air Force · Army · Navy · Military Ranks · Wars
Demographics
Education · Ethnic groups · Languages · Religion · Administrative divisions · Cities  · People  · Healthcare
Media
Culture
Cinema · Cuisine · Literature · Music · Public holidays  · Sport  · Architecture  · Art
Symbols
v · d · eForeign relations of European countries
Sovereign
states
States with limited
recognition
Dependencies
and other territories
  • Åland
  • Faroe Islands
  • Gibraltar
  • Guernsey
  • Jan Mayen
  • Jersey
  • Isle of Man
  • Svalbard
Other entities
  • European Union
  • Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Foreign relations of Serbia — Serbia This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Serbia …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of Italy — Italy This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Italy …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of Norway — The foreign relations of Norway are based on the country s membership in NATO and within the workings of the United Nations (UN). Additionally, Norway takes part in the integration of the European Union (EU) through its membership in the European …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of France — France This article is part of the series: Politics and government of France …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of Mexico — Mexico This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Mexico …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of Japan — Japan This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Japan …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of the Netherlands — Netherlands This article is part of the series: Politics and government of the Netherlands …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of Ukraine — Ukraine This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Ukraine …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of Morocco — Embassy of Morocco in Ottawa, Canada Morocco …   Wikipedia

  • Foreign relations of Denmark — Denmark This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Denmark …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”