- History of the Jews in Finland
Finnish Jews are
Jew s who arecitizen s ofFinland . The country is home to the approximately 1,300 Jews. The History of the Jews in Finland began in the18th century .Pre-Finnish Independence
The first Jew said to have settled on Finnish soil was
Jacob Weikam , later Veikkanen, in 1782, in the town ofHamina which was at that point under Russian rule. [ [http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26476 National Minorities of Finland, Jewry in Finland — Virtual Finland ] ] Prior to Finnish independence, Jews were allowed to reside in a few towns in the Kingdom of Sweden-Finland, outside the territory that is now modern-day Finland. In 1809 Finland became part of theRussian Empire , as an autonomous Grand Duchy but Swedish laws remained in force, meaning Jews were still unable to settle in Finnish territory. [ [http://www.jewish-heritage-europe.org/country/finland/finland.htm Jewish Heritage Europe - Finland ] ]During the period of Finnish
autonomy (1809 –1917 ) moreRussian Jews established themselves in Finland as tradesmen and craftsmen. As Jews were in principle prohibited from dwelling in Finland, almost all these Jews were retired soldiers from theImperial Russian army . Beingcantonist s, forced into the Russian army in childhood, they were required to serve at least 25 years. After their term expired, they had, however, the right to remain in Finland regardless of Finnish ban on Jewish settlement, a right forcefully defended by the Russian military authorities. It was only after Finland declared its independence, in 1917, that Jews were granted full rights asFinnish citizen s.World War Two
During the
Continuation War (1941–1944), in which Finland fought alongsideNazi Germany, FinnishJew s were not persecuted, and even among extremists of the Finnish Right they were tolerated, as many leaders of the movement came from theclergy . Many Finnish Jews fought in the War alongside the German Army [Vuonokari, [http://www.uta.fi/~tuulikki.vuonokari/fin-1.html Jews in Finland During the Second World War] ] . The fieldsynagogue operated by the Finnish army was probably a unique phenomenon inEurope . Approximately five hundred Jewishrefugee s arrived in Finland, though about three hundred and fifty moved on to other countries. About forty of the remaining Jewish refugees were sent for work service in Salla inLapland in March 1942. The work and conditions were difficult, they were made to work until their fingers bled and did not have clothing sufficient for the very cold weather. They were exposed to German troops. The refugees were moved to Kemijärvi in June and eventually to Suursaari island in the Gulf of Finland. It was believed that here they would not be able to have easy contact with influential Finnish Jews. In November 1942, eight foreign Jewish refugees were handed over toNazi Germany [Cohen, William B. and Jörgen Svensson (1995). [http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/9/1/70 Finland and the Holocaust] . "Holocaust and Genocide Studies " 9(1):70-93.] , a fact for which Finnish prime ministerPaavo Lipponen issued an official apology in2000 . [ [http://www.uta.fi/~tuulikki.vuonokari/fin-1.html Jews in Finland During the Second World War] by Tuulikki Vuonokari (2003): [http://www.uta.fi/english/index.html University of Tampere] website. Retrieved 03 August 2006.]Approximately 2600-2800 prisoners of war were exchanged for 2100 Finnish prisoners of war with Germany. About 2000 of them joined the
Wehrmacht , but among the rest there were about 500 political officers or politically dangerous persons, who most likely perished in concentration camps. Based on the a list of names, there were about 70 Jews among the extradited, though they were not extradited based on religion.YAd Vashem records 22 Jews of Finland died in the Shoah
The current Jewish community in Finland
The number of Jews in Finland in 2006 is approximately 1,300. The Jews are well integrated into Finnish society and are represented in nearly all sectors of it. Most Finnish Jews speak Swedish or Finnish as their
mother tongue .Yiddish , German, Russian andHebrew are also spoken in the community.The Jews, just like Finland's other traditional minorities, as well as immigrant groups, are represented on the
Advisory Board for Ethnic Relations (ETNO ).There are two
synagogue s, inHelsinki and inTurku as well as aChabad Lubavitch Rabbi based in Helsinki.See also
*
List of Finnish Jews
*History of the Jews in Sweden
*Finnish culture References
Further reading
*Cohen, William B. and Jörgen Svensson (1995). [http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/9/1/70 Finland and the Holocaust] . "
Holocaust and Genocide Studies " 9(1):70-93.
*Rautkallio, Hannu (1988). "Finland and the Holocaust. The Rescue of Finland's Jews". N.Y.:Holocaust Publications. ISBN 0896041212.
*Cohen, William B. & Jürgen Svensson (2001). Finland. In Walter Laqueur, ed., "The Holocaust Encyclopedia". New Haven, CT:Yale University Press . P. 204-206. ISBN 0300084323.External links
* [http://www.lubavitch.fi Chabad Lubavitch of Finland]
* [http://virtual.finland.fi/netcomm/news/showarticle.asp?intNWSAID=26476 Jews in Finland]
* [http://www.uta.fi/~tuulikki.vuonokari/fin-1.html An essay about Jews in Finland during WWII]
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