Delmarva Peninsula

Delmarva Peninsula map

The Delmarva Peninsula is a large peninsula on the East Coast of the United States, occupied by most of Delaware and portions of Maryland and Virginia. The peninsula is almost 180 by 60 miles (300 by 100 km), and is bordered by the Chesapeake Bay on the west, and the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, and Atlantic Ocean on the east.

The northern isthmus of the peninsula is transected by the sea-level Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, so the peninsula could be considered to be an island. Several bridges cross the canal, and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel join the peninsula to mainland Maryland and Virginia, respectively. Another point of access is Lewes, Delaware, reachable by ferry from Cape May, New Jersey.

Dover, Delaware's capital city, is the peninsula's largest city by population but the main commercial area is Salisbury, Maryland, near its center. Including all offshore islands (the largest of which is Kent Island in Maryland), the total land area south of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is 5,454 sq mi (14,130 km²). At the 2000 census the total population was 681,030, giving an average population density of 124.86 persons/sq mi (48.2 persons/km²).

Roughly south of Wilmington, Delaware, is the fall line, a geographic borderland where the Piedmont region transitions into the coastal plain, a flat and sandy area with very few or no hills.

Origin of the name

Delmarva is a portmanteau formed from the names of the states that occupy it: Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (abbreviated VA). The earliest uses of the term appear to have been commercial—for example, the Delmarva Heat, Light, and Refrigerating Corp. of Chincoteague, Virginia, was in existence by 1913^[1]—but general use of the term did not occur until the 1920s.^[2]

Political divisions

Sediment in motion at Ocean City.

The border between Maryland and Delaware consists of the east-west Transpeninsular Line and the perpendicular north-south portion of the Mason-Dixon line extending up to the Twelve-Mile Circle, which forms Delaware's border with Pennsylvania. The border between Maryland and Virginia on the peninsula is a surveyed line from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pocomoke River, and then it follows the river to the Chesapeake Bay.

All three counties in Delaware—New Castle, Kent, and Sussex—are located on the peninsula (though upper New Castle county only in part). Of the 23 counties in Maryland, nine are on the Eastern Shore: Kent, Queen Anne's, Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, Wicomico, Somerset, and Worcester, as well as a portion of Cecil County. Two Virginia counties are on the peninsula: Accomack and Northampton.

The following is a list of some of the notable cities and towns in the peninsular region.

• Chestertown, Maryland, is the county seat of Kent County, Md. and the home of Washington College.
• Centreville, Maryland, is the county seat of Queen Anne's County.
• Easton, Maryland, is the county seat of Talbot County.
• St. Michael's, Maryland
• Dover, Delaware, is the state capital.
• Lewes, Delaware, is the site of the first European colonization in Delaware, nicknamed "the first town in the first state," and is a port city for the Cape May-Lewes Ferry.
• Ocean City, Maryland, is a popular beach and resort town.
• Crisfield, Maryland, is a notable source of seafood.
• Seaford, Delaware, the "Nylon Capital of the World," is also the largest city in Sussex County.
• Salisbury, Maryland, is the county seat of Wicomico County and the lower peninsula's only urbanized area. Also known as the Crossroads of Delmarva.
• Delmar, Maryland, part of the Salisbury Urbanized Area, lies across from its twin (Delmar, Delaware) on the Transpeninsular Line, separated by the Maryland-Delaware border.
• Chincoteague, Virginia, is noted for its wild ponies and its beaches, administered by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service through Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge.
• Princess Anne, Maryland, is the county seat of Somerset County.
• Cambridge, Maryland, is the county seat of Dorchester County and a busy port on the Choptank river.
• Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, "the Nation's Summer Capital", has a sixteenfold increase in population from Winter to Summer.

At its southern tip the Delmarva Peninsula is connected back to Virginia Beach and Hampton Roads, Virginia via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel. The bridge tunnel is owned and administered by the Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Tunnel District. The Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel currently has a $12.00 (US) toll for single private vehicles ($5.00 for return within 24 hours) and is patrolled by the Virginia State Police.

History

American Indian peoples

Some studies have shown that Native Americans inhabited the peninsula since about 8000–10000 BC, since the last Ice Age. Agriculture among the Natives was not introduced until about several thousand years later. Before Agriculture, they were Hunter-Gatherers. The natives of Delmarva remained semi-nomadic, their travels revolving around the seasons, their settlements relocated as natural conditions dictated. They set up villages—actually just a scattered group of thatch houses and cultivated gardens—where conditions favored farming. In the spring they planted crops, which the women and children tended while the men hunted and fished. In the fall they harvested crops, storing food in baskets or underground pits. During the harsh winter, whole communities would move to hunting areas, seeking the deer, rabbit and other game that kept them alive until the spring fishing season. When the farmland around their villages became less productive—crop rotation was not practiced—the native people would abandon the site and move to another location.^[3] The primary Indians of the ocean side of the lower peninsula prior to the arrival of Europeans were the Assateague, including the Assateague, Transquakin, Choptico, Moteawaughkin, Quequashkecaquick, Hatsawap, Wachetak, Marauqhquaick, and Manaskson. They were all under the guidance of the Chief of the Assateague. They ranged from Cape Charles, Virginia to the Indian River inlet in Delaware. The upper peninsula and the Chesapeake shore was the home of Nanticoke speaking people such as the Nanticoke and Choptank. The Assateague and Nanticoke made a number of treaties with the colony of Maryland, but the land was gradually taken for the use of the colonists, and the native peoples of the peninsula assimilated into other Algonquian tribes as far north as Ontario.

Colonization

The land that is currently Delaware was first colonized by the Dutch West India Company in 1631 as Zwaanendael. That colony lasted one year before a dispute with local Indians led to its destruction. In 1638, New Sweden was established which colonized the northern part of the state, together with the Delaware Valley. Eventually, the Dutch, who had maintained that their claim to Delaware arose from the colony of 1631, recaptured Delaware and incorporated the colony into the Colony of New Netherland.

However, shortly thereafter Delaware came under British control in 1664. James I of England had granted Virginia 400 miles of Atlantic coast centered on Cape Comfort, extending west to the Pacific Ocean to a company of colonists in a series of charters from 1606 to 1611. This included a piece of the peninsula. The land was transferred from the Duke of York to William Penn in 1682 and was governed with Pennsylvania. The exact border was determined by the Chancery Court in 1735. In 1776, the counties of Kent, New Castle, and Sussex declared their independence from Pennsylvania and entered the United States as the State of Delaware.

In the 1632 Charter of Maryland, King Charles I of England granted "all that Part of the Peninsula, or Chersonese, lying in the Parts of America, between the Ocean on the East and the Bay of Chesapeake on the West, divided from the Residue thereof by a Right Line drawn from the Promontory, or Head-Land, called Watkin's Point, situate upon the Bay aforesaid, near the river Wigloo, on the West, unto the main Ocean on the East; and between that Boundary on the South, unto that Part of the Bay of Delaware on the North, which lieth under the Fortieth Degree of North Latitude from the Equinoctial, where New England is terminated" to Cæcilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore as the colony of Maryland. This would have included all of present-day Delaware; however, a clause in the charter granted only that part of the peninsula that had not already been colonized by Europeans by 1632. Over a century later, it was decided in the case of Penn v. Lord Baltimore that because the Dutch had colonized Zwaanendael in 1631, that portion of Maryland's charter granting Delaware to Maryland was void.

Economy

The peninsula was the premier location for truck farming of vegetables during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Though it has been largely eclipsed by California's production, the area still produces significant quantities of tomatoes, green beans, corn, soy beans—Queen Anne's County is the largest producer of soy beans in Maryland—and other popular vegetables.

The Eastern Shore is also known for its poultry farms, the most well-known of which is Perdue Farms, founded in Salisbury, Maryland. The Delaware is a rare breed of chicken created on the peninsula.

Tourism is a major contributor to the peninsula's economy with the beaches at Rehoboth Beach, Delaware and Ocean City, Maryland being popular tourist destinations.

Delmarva in popular culture

A feral pony of Assateague Island.

The area was romanticized in Chesapeake, a fictional account of life in the area written by James Michener.

A favorite sight on the Atlantic side of the peninsula is Chincoteague Island in Virginia, which (together with Assateague Island in Virginia and Maryland) is noted for its herd of feral ponies accustomed to the seashore, as described by Marguerite Henry in Misty of Chincoteague.

As a proposed state

At various times in history^[which?], residents of Delmarva Peninsula have proposed that its Maryland and Virginia portions secede from their respective states, merging with Delaware to create a new state named Delmarva. Its combined population would be 1,392,713, roughly that of Hawaii.^[4]

See also

• Delmarva Shorebirds
• Eastern Shore Baseball League
• List of railroad lines in the Delmarva Peninsula
• List of U.S. multistate regions
• WBOC-TV
• WMDT-TV
• Wicomico Regional Airport
• Wallops Flight Facility
• Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel
• Eastern Shore (state)
• Westsylvania

Notes

1. ^ Annual Report of the Secretary of the Commonwealth to the Governor and General Assembly of Virginia for the Year Ending September 30, 1914 (Richmond, Va., 1915), p. 267.
2. ^ See, e.g., Michael F. Mulrooney, The Delmarva Peninsula (Wilmington, Del.?: Hearn Oil Co., 1926): the earliest use of the name in a title, according to OCLC's WorldCat.
3. ^ http://www.intercom.net/~terrypl/Native_Americans.html
4. ^ Chris Gosier, Would-be Secessionists Dream Up the State of Delmarva Capital News Service, February 20 1998

References

• "Assateague History". History of the Assategue People. http://www.assateaguepeople.org/assateague/history.html. Retrieved March 3, 2005. 
• "Maryland Charter". The Charter of Maryland at the Avalon Project. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/ma01.htm. Retrieved March 3, 2005. 
• "Virginia Charter". The Charter of Virginia at the Avalon Project. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/va01.htm. Retrieved March 3, 2005. 
• Delmarva Peninsula census tracts United States Census Bureau

Coordinates: 38°30′N 75°40′W / 38.5°N 75.667°W / 38.5; -75.667