Blue Ridge Mountains

Geobox|Range
name=Blue Ridge Mountains

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image_caption=Blue Ridge Mountains, Shining Rock Wilderness Area
country=United States
state=Georgia | state1=North Carolina | state2=Tennessee |state3=Virginia | state4=Maryland | state5=Pennsylvania | | state6=South Carolina
parent=Appalachian Mountains
highest=Mount Mitchell
highest_elevation_imperial=6684
highest_lat_d=35|highest_lat_m=45|highest_lat_s=53|highest_lat_NS=N
highest_long_d=82|highest_long_m=15|highest_long_s=55|highest_long_EW=W
geology=granite | geology1=gneiss | geology2=limestone
period= | orogeny=Grenville orogeny
area_imperial= | length_imperial= | width_imperial=
length_orientation= | width_orientation=


map_caption=Appalachian Mountains

The Blue Ridge, or Blue Ridge Mountains, is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division. The province consists of the Northern and Southern physiographic sections, which divide near the Roanoke River gap.cite web |title=Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U. S. |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |url=http://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/physio.xml |accessdate=2007-12-06 ] They are a mountain chain in the eastern United States, part of the Appalachian Mountains, forming their eastern front from Georgia to Pennsylvania. To the west of the Blue Ridge, between it and the bulk of the Appalachians, lies the Great Valley, bordered on the west by the Ridge and Valley province. The mountains are well known for their bluish color when seen from a distance. Trees put the "blue" in Blue Ridge, from the hydrocarbons released into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to the characteristic haze on the mountains and their distinctive color. [cite web |last=|first=| authorlink = | coauthors = |title=Blue Ridge Parkway, Frequently Asked Questions |publisher=National Park Service |date=2007 |url=http://www.nps.gov/blri/faqs.htm |accessdate=2007-12-29 ]

Within the Blue Ridge province, there are two National Parks: the Shenandoah in the northern section and the Great Smoky Mountains in the southern section. The Blue Ridge also contains the Blue Ridge Parkway, a convert|469|mi|km|sing=on long scenic highway that connects the two parks and is located along the ridge crestlines along the Appalachian Trail. [cite web |last=Leighty |first=Dr. Robert D. | authorlink = | coauthors = |title=Blue Ridge Physiographic Province |work=Contract Report |publisher=Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD) Information Sciences Office |date=2001 |url=http://www.tec.army.mil/publications/ifsar/lafinal08_01/five/5.1.1_frame.htm |accessdate=2007-12-29 ]

Geography

:"See also: List of mountains of the Blue RidgeAlthough the term "Blue Ridge" is sometimes applied exclusively to the eastern edge or front range of the Appalachian Mountains, the geological definition of the Blue Ridge province extends westward to the Ridge and Valley area, encompassing the Great Smoky Mountains, the Great Balsams, the Roans, the Brushy Mountains (a "spur" of the Blue Ridge) and other mountain ranges.

The Blue Ridge extends as far north into Pennsylvania as South Mountain. While South Mountain dwindles to mere hills between Gettysburg and Harrisburg, the band of ancient rocks that forms the core of the Blue Ridge continues northeast through the New Jersey and Hudson River highlands, eventually reaching The Berkshires of Massachusetts and the Green Mountains of Vermont.

The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America. About 125 peaksexceed convert|5000|ft|m in elevation. [cite web |last=Medina |first=M.A. | authorlink = | coauthors = J.C. Reid, and R.H. Carpenter |title=Physiography of North Carolina |publisher=North Carolina Geological Survey, Division of Land Resources |date=2004 |url=http://www.geology.enr.state.nc.us/proj_earth/pdf/color_physiography_600dpi.pdf |accessdate=2007-12-29 ] The highest peak in the Blue Ridge (and in the entire Appalachian chain) is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at convert|6684|ft|m|0. There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than convert|6000|ft|m|-1; by comparison, only New Hampshire's Mt. Washington rises above convert|6000|ft|m in the northern portion of the Appalachian chain.

The Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles (750 km) along crests of the Southern Appalachians and links two national parks: Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains. In many places along the parkway, there are metamorphic rocks (gneiss) with folded bands of light-and dark-colored minerals, which sometimes look like the folds and swirls in a marble cake.

Geology

Most of the rocks that form the Blue Ridge Mountains are ancient granitic charnockites, metamorphosed volcanic formations, and sedimentary limestones. Recent studies completed by Richard Tollo, a professor and geologist at the George Washington University, provide greater insight into the petrologic and geochronologic history of the Blue Ridge basement suites. Modern studies have found that the basement geology of the Blue Ridge is made of compositionally unique gneisses and granitoids, including orthopyroxene-bearing charnockites. Analyses of zircon minerals in the granites completed by John Aleinikoff at the U.S. Geological Survey have provided more detailed emplacement ages.

Many of the features found in the Blue Ridge and documented by Tollo and others have confirmed that the rocks exhibit many similar features in other North American Grenville-age terranes. The lack of a calc-alkaline affinity and zircon ages less than 1,200 Ma suggest that Blue Ridge are unique from the Adirondacks, Green Mountains, and possibly the New York-New Jersey Highlands. The petrologic and geochronologic data suggest that the Blue Ridge basement is a composite orogenic crust that was emplaced during several episodes from a crustal magma source. Field relationships further illustrate that rocks emplaced prior to 1,078-1,064 Ma preserve deformational features. Those emplaced post-1,064 Ma generally have a massive texture and missed the main episode of Mesoproterozoic compression. [Citation |first=Richard P. |last=Tollo | author-link = | first2 = John N. | last2 = Aleinkoff | first3 = Elizabeth A. | last3 = Borduas | contribution = Petrology and Geochronology of Grenville-Age Magmatism, Blue Ridge Province, Northern Virginia | contribution-url = |title=Northeastern Section (39th Annual) and Southeastern Section (53rd Annual) Joint Meeting |year=2004 |pages=| place = |publisher=Geological Society of America |url=http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2004NE/finalprogram/abstract_69016.htm]

History

The English who settled Virginia in the early 1600s recorded that the native Powhatan name for the Blue Ridge was "Quirank".

At the foot of the Blue Ridge, various tribes including the Siouan Manahoacs, the Iroquois, and the Shawnee hunted and fished. As more settlers moved into Virginia, their economic and at times martial competition pushed the native inhabitants west. [cite web |last=|first=| authorlink = |title=History of Rappahannock County |publisher=Rappahannock County Administration |date=2005 |url=http://www.eoffice.com/offices/_540/675/5330/my_webserver/files/newsite/page2/page2.html |accessdate=2007-12-29 ]

Flora and fauna

Musical references

*The song "Honeysuckle Blue" by Drivin N Cryin
*The song "Stonewall Jackson's Way" [cite web |last=|first=| authorlink = | coauthors = |title=Stonewall Jackson's Way |publisher=Poetry and Music of the War Between the States |date=|url=http://www.civilwarpoetry.org/confederate/songs/tjway-song.html |accessdate=2007-12-29 ]
*The chorus of the popular song, The Trail of the Lonesome Pine. The song was popularized in the 1930s by the comedy duo Laurel and Hardy, who sang it in their film, "Way Out West". Their recording was released (posthumously) in 1975, achieving chart success in the United Kingdom. [cite web |last=|first=| authorlink = |title=Trivia for Way Out West (1937) |publisher=Internet Movie Database |date=|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029747/trivia |accessdate=2007-12-29 ]
*John Denver sang of the Blue Ridge in the celebrated 1971 song "Take Me Home, Country Roads". The lyrics place the mountain range in the state of West Virginia, although in fact, the only part of the range falling within that state is at its easternmost tip, at a point near Harper's Ferry.
*The song 'Baltimore' by the Virginia based band The Hackensaw Boys features the line "the Blue Ridge Mountains calling me back home".
*Been All Around This World - The Grateful Dead. "Up On The Blue Ridge Mountains, there I'll make my stand."
*The song "Blue Ridge Mountain Sky" by The Marshall Tucker Band.
*The song "Blue Ridge Mountain Blues" by Earl Scruggs.
*The song "Blue Ridge Mountains" by Fleet Foxes contains the lyrics "...I heard that you missed your connecting flight, to the Blue Ridge Mountains over near Tennessee"
*Kristin Hersh's "Houdini Blues," co-written with her father, has the lines: "I been on the other side of the Blue Ridge/Seen the Shenandoah rollin' there."
*Song and album "My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy" by Dolly Parton.

ee also

*Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
*Cove (Appalachian Mountains)

References

*Olson, Ted (1998). "Blue Ridge Folklife", University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-023-0.

External links

*wikitravel|Blue Ridge Mountains