- List of antibiotics
-
Following is the list of antibiotics, sorted by class. The highest division is between bactericidal antibiotics and bacteriostatic antibiotics. Bactericidals kill bacteria directly where bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior; in practice, both of these are capable of ending a bacterial infection.[1]
See also pathogenic bacteria for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.
Antibiotics by class Generic name Brand names Common uses[2] Possible side effects[2] Mechanism of action Aminoglycosides Amikacin Amikin Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effective against Aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and tularemia. Binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit (some work by binding to the 50S subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Gentamicin Garamycin Kanamycin Kantrex Neomycin Mycifradin Netilmicin Netromycin Tobramycin Nebcin Paromomycin Humatin Ansamycins Geldanamycin Experimental, as antitumor antibiotics Herbimycin Carbacephem Loracarbef Lorabid Discontinued prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Carbapenems Ertapenem Invanz Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Note MRSA resistance to this class.) - Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea
- Seizures
- Headache
- Rash and allergic reactions
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Doripenem Doribax Imipenem/Cilastatin Primaxin Meropenem Merrem Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Duricef Good coverage against Gram positive infections. - Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Cefazolin Ancef (discontinued) Cefalotin or Cefalothin Keflin (discontinued) Cefalexin Keflex Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Raniclor Less gram positive cover, improved gram negative cover. - Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Cefamandole Mandol (discontinued) Cefoxitin Mefoxin (discontinued) Cefprozil Cefzil Cefuroxime Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Suprax Improved coverage of Gram negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram positive cover. - Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Cefdinir Omnicef, Cefdiel Cefditoren Spectracef Cefoperazone Cefobid (discontinued) Cefotaxime Claforan Cefpodoxime Vantin Ceftazidime Fortaz Ceftibuten Cedax Ceftizoxime Cefizox (discontinued) Ceftriaxone Rocephin Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) Cefepime Maxipime Covers pseudomonal infections.
- Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Ceftobiprole Zeftera Used to treat MRSA - Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
- Allergic reactions
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Glycopeptides Teicoplanin Targocid (UK) inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis Vancomycin Vancocin Telavancin Vibativ Lincosamides Clindamycin Cleocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for acne Possible C. difficile-related pseudomembranous enterocolitis Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis Lincomycin Lincocin Lipopeptide Daptomycin Cubicin Gram-positive organisms Bind to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis Macrolides Azithromycin Zithromax, Sumamed, Zitrocin Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease - Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses)
- Prolonged QT interval (especially erythromycin)
- Jaundice
inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA. Clarithromycin Biaxin Dirithromycin Dynabac (discontinued) Erythromycin Erythocin, Erythroped Roxithromycin Troleandomycin Tao (discontinued) Telithromycin Ketek Pneumonia Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[3] Spectinomycin Trobicin Gonorrhea Monobactams Aztreonam Azactam Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Nitrofurans Furazolidone Furoxone Bacterial or protozoal diarrhea or enteritis Nitrofurantoin Macrodantin, Macrobid Urinary tract infections Penicillins Amoxicillin Novamox, Amoxil Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease - Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
- Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions
- Brain and kidney damage (rare)
Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Ampicillin Principen (discontinued) Azlocillin Carbenicillin Geocillin (discontinued) Cloxacillin Tegopen (discontinued) Dicloxacillin Dynapen (discontinued) Flucloxacillin Floxapen (Sold to European generics Actavis Group) Mezlocillin Mezlin (discontinued) Methicillin Staphcillin (discontinued) Nafcillin Unipen (discontinued) Oxacillin Prostaphlin (discontinued) Penicillin G Pentids (discontinued) Penicillin V Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued) Piperacillin Pipracil (discontinued) Penicillin G Pfizerpen Temocillin Negaban (UK) (discontinued) Ticarcillin Ticar (discontinued) Penicillin combinations Amoxicillin/clavulanate Augmentin The second component prevents bacterial resistance to the first component Ampicillin/sulbactam Unasyn Piperacillin/tazobactam Zosyn Ticarcillin/clavulanate Timentin Polypeptides Bacitracin Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection) Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall outside of the inner membrane [4] Colistin Coly-Mycin-S Interact with the gram negative bacterial outer membrane and cytoplasmic membrane. It displaces bacterial counter ions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. They act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution. Polymyxin B Quinolones Ciprofloxacin Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to central nervous system (uncommon), tendinosis (rare) inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription. Enoxacin Penetrex Gatifloxacin Tequin Levofloxacin Levaquin Lomefloxacin Maxaquin Moxifloxacin Avelox Nalidixic acid NegGram Norfloxacin Noroxin Ofloxacin Floxin, Ocuflox Trovafloxacin Trovan Withdrawn Grepafloxacin Raxar Withdrawn Sparfloxacin Zagam Withdrawn Temafloxacin Omniflox Withdrawn Sulfonamides Mafenide Sulfamylon Urinary tract infections (except sulfacetamide, used for eye infections, and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for burns) - Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
- Allergy (including skin rashes)
- Crystals in urine
- Kidney failure
- Decrease in white blood cell count
- Sensitivity to sunlight
Folate synthesis inhibition. They are competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase, DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA (para-aminobenzoate) to dihydropteroate, a key step in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of DNA and RNA), and in its absence cells will be unable to divide. Sulfonamidochrysoidine (archaic) Prontosil Sulfacetamide Sulamyd, Bleph-10 Sulfadiazine Micro-Sulfon Silver sulfadiazine Silvadene Sulfamethizole Thiosulfil Forte Sulfamethoxazole Gantanol Sulfanilimide (archaic) Sulfasalazine Azulfidine Sulfisoxazole Gantrisin Trimethoprim Proloprim, Trimpex Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) Bactrim, Septra Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Declomycin Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, *malaria *Note: Malaria is caused by a protist and not a bacterium. - Gastrointestinal upset
- Sensitivity to sunlight
- Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy
- Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent)
- transient depression of bone growth
inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex. Doxycycline Vibramycin Minocycline Minocin Oxytetracycline Terramycin Tetracycline Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin Drugs against mycobacteria Clofazimine Lamprene Antileprotic Dapsone Avlosulfon Antileprotic Capreomycin Capastat Antituberculosis Cycloserine Seromycin Antituberculosis, urinary tract infections Ethambutol Myambutol Antituberculosis Ethionamide Trecator Antituberculosis Inhibits peptide synthesis Isoniazid I.N.H. Antituberculosis Pyrazinamide Aldinamide Antituberculosis Rifampicin (Rifampin in US) Rifadin, Rimactane mostly Gram-positive and mycobacteria Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine Binds to the β subunit of RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription Rifabutin Mycobutin Mycobacterium avium complex rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms Rifapentine Priftin Antituberculosis Streptomycin Antituberculosis Neurotoxicity, ototoxicity As other aminoglycosides Others Arsphenamine Salvarsan Spirochaetal infections (obsolete) Chloramphenicol Chloromycetin meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal treatment. Historic: typhus, cholera. gram negative, gram positive, anaerobes Rarely: aplastic anemia. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Fosfomycin Monurol Acute cystitis in women Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis Fusidic acid Fucidin Linezolid Zyvox VRSA Thrombocytopenia Metronidazole Flagyl Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, Giardiasis Discolored urine, headache, metallic taste, nausea ; alcohol is contraindicated Produces toxic free radicals which disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Mupirocin Bactroban Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Synercid Rifaximin Xifaxan Traveler's diarrhea caused by E. coli Thiamphenicol Gram-negative, Gram-positive, anaerobes. widely used in veterinary medicine. Lacks known anemic side-effects. A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Tigecycline Tigacyl Tinidazole Tindamax Fasigyn protozoan infections upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness Generic Name Brand Names Common Uses[2] Possible Side Effects[2] Mechanism of action References
- ^ Pelczar, M.J., Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1999) “Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance”, In: Microbiology Conceptsand Applications, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, U.S.A. pp. 478-479.
- ^ a b c d For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition. Pocket (September 1999), ISBN 0-671-02727-1.
- ^ Splete, Heidi; Kerri Wachter (March 2006). "Liver toxicity reported with Ketek". Internal Medicine News.
- ^ Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger
Categories:- Antibiotics
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
