Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park
IUCN Category V (Protected Landscape/Seascape)
Location	extending from Cumberland, MD to Georgetown, Washington, DC, USA
Nearest city	Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°53′59″N 77°03′28″W / 38.89972°N 77.05778°W / 38.89972; -77.05778Coordinates: 38°53′59″N 77°03′28″W / 38.89972°N 77.05778°W / 38.89972; -77.05778
Area	19,586 acres (7,926 ha)
Established	September 23, 1938
Visitors	3,000,005 (in 2005)
Governing body	National Park Service

Park map

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park is a United States National Historical Park located in the District of Columbia and the states of Maryland and West Virginia. The park was established as a National Monument in 1961 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in order to preserve the neglected remains of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal along the Potomac River along with many of the original canal structures. The canal and towpath trail extends from Georgetown, Washington, D.C. to Cumberland, Maryland, a distance of 184.5 miles (296.9 km).

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal

Construction on the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (also known as "the Grand Old Ditch" or the "C&O Canal") began in 1828 but was not completed until 1850.^[1]:1 Even then, the canal fell far short of its intended destination of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Instead, the canal terminated at Cumberland for a total distance of approximately 184.5 miles. The canal was already considered obsolete by the time it was completed because a railroad line had arrived in Cumberland eight years before the canal was finally finished. The C&O Canal operated from 1831 to 1924 and served primarily as a means to transport coal from the Allegheny Mountains to Washington D.C.^[2]:6 The canal was closed in 1924 in part due to several severe floods that had a devastating impact on the financial condition of the canal.^[3]

Creation of the national park

The abandoned canal was purchased in 1938 by the United States Government and placed under the care of the National Park Service, which planned to restore it as a recreation area.^[4] Although the bottom 22 miles (35 km) of the canal were repaired and rewatered, the project was halted when the United States entered World War II and resources were needed elsewhere. After the war, Congress expressed interest in developing the canal and towpath as a parkway. However, the idea of turning the canal over to automobiles was opposed by some, including United States Supreme Court Associate Justice William O. Douglas. In March 1954, Douglas led an eight-day hike of the towpath from Cumberland to D.C.^[4] Although 58 people participated in one part of the hike or another, only nine men, including Douglas, hiked the full 182 miles (293 km). Popular response to and press coverage of the hike turned the tide against the parkway idea and, on January 8, 1971, the canal was designated a National Historical Park.^[5]

The park today

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park now receives more than three million recreation visits annually. The National Park Service operates visitor centers at six different locations along the canal: Georgetown, Great Falls Tavern, Brunswick, Williamsport, Hancock, and Cumberland. These visitor centers have displays and interpretive exhibits on the history of the C&O Canal.

Visitors can also experience the canal by taking a ride on one of the park's two mule-powered canal boats. These restored boats operate during the summer months at both Great Falls and Georgetown.

The old canal towpath now provides a way for hikers and bikers to see the beautiful Potomac River Valley. A small portion of the towpath near Harpers Ferry National Historical Park doubles as a section of the Appalachian Trail.

Flooding continues to threaten historical structures on the canal and attempts at restoration. In January 1996, a major flood of the Potomac River inflicted extensive damage on the canal and some of the associated structures. The Park Service has rewatered portions of the canal, but the majority of the canal does not have water in it.

In Allegany County, Maryland, the park includes the Western Maryland Railroad Right-of-Way, Milepost 126 to Milepost 160, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.^[6][7]

Gallery

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  Canal at Swain's Lock

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  Canal boat along the C&O Canal near Great Falls

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  Lock 28 near Point of Rocks, Maryland

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  Lock 33 near Harpers Ferry, West Virginia

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  Cushwa Basin and Visitor Center at Williamsport, Maryland

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  Conococheague Creek Aqueduct in Williamsport, Maryland

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  Paw Paw Tunnel near Paw Paw, West Virginia

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  Town Creek Aqueduct in Allegany County, Maryland

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  Lock 69 pool at Oldtown, Maryland

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  Cliff face at the Billy Goat Trail in Maryland

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  C&O canal monument located in Georgetown, DC

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  Great Falls Tavern on the C&O canal in Potomac, Maryland

See also

• Bear Island
• Billy Goat Trail
• Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Association
• Great Falls of the Potomac River
• Olmsted Island

References

1. ^ Mackintosh, Barry (1991). C&O Canal: The Making of A Park. Washington, DC: National Park Service, Department of the Interior. 
2. ^ Hahn, Thomas (1984). The Chesapeake & Ohio Canal: Pathway to the Nation's Capital. Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-1732-2. 
3. ^ National Park Service. "Canal Operations". Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park. http://www.nps.gov/choh/historyculture/canaloperation.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-11. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Lynch, John A.. "Justice Douglas, the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal, and Maryland Legal History". University of Baltimore Law Forum 35 (Spring 2005): 104–125. 
5. ^ National Park Service. "Associate Justice William O. Douglas". Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historic Park. http://www.nps.gov/choh/historyculture/associatejusticewilliamodouglas.htm. Retrieved 2010-05-11. 
6. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2008-04-15. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html. 
7. ^ "Maryland Historical Trust". National Register of Historic Places: Western Maryland Railroad Right-of-Way, Milepost 126 to Milepost 160. Maryland Historical Trust. 2008-10-05. http://mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?HDID=666&COUNTY=Allegany&FROM=NRCountyList.aspx?COUNTY=Allegany. 

• Butcher, Russell D. (1997). Exploring Our National Historic Parks and Sites. Roberts Rinehart Publishers
• National Park Service. Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. Retrieved 2010-05-11.

External links

• CanalBird.com - "Everything About The C&O Canal"
• C&O Canal is part of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network
• The Building of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal - A National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

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