Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park

Infobox_protected_area | name = Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park
iucn_category =

---

caption =
locator_x = 7
locator_y = 78
location = San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA
nearest_city = Richmond, California
lat_degrees =
lat_minutes =
lat_seconds =
lat_direction =
long_degrees =
long_minutes =
long_seconds =
long_direction =
area = 145 acres (≈59 hectares)
established = October 25, 2000
visitation_num = Not yet available
visitation_year = 2005
governing_body = National Park Service

Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park is located in Richmond, California, near San Francisco. The park encompasses an array of historic properties in the city which were constructed during the 1940s to support America's entry into World War II.

The park is a "partnership park", meaning that no land or buildings are actually owned by the National Park Service, which only administers the park. This relatively new National Park was established in 2000 and is still under development. Bus tours of the park began in 2007 and were run by the city as the park has formed a unique partnership and is jointly administered by the National Parks Service and the city government. [ [http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/CurrentEvents.asp?EID=1379 Richmond, CA - Official Website ] ]

Park attractions

During this initial developmental phase, the park has limited visitor services. A self guided auto tour with optional walking tour is available for downloading.cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/rori/upload/RORI%20Self-Guided%20Auto%20Tour%209-15-06.pdf | title=Self-Guided Auto Tour | work=Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park | publisher=National Park Service | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-04-04] In the summer of 2007 prelimentary bus tours were begun with a new guideless model, which instead filled half of the bus with residents who spoke of their experiences from the time to put what are otherwise everyday streets for residents into a greater historical perspective. [http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/article.cfm?archiveDate=05-26-06&storyID=24250 A Tour of Richmond’s WWII Historic Sites] , Berkeley Daily Planet, by J. Douglas Allen-Taylor, May 5, 2006, retrieved September 8, 2007]

The Rosie the Riveter Memorial in Marina Bay Park is open year round, dawn to dusk, as are the other Richmond city parks within the National Park's boundaries.

The park has a small, un-staffed visitor center at Richmond's City Hall (1401 Marina Way South in Richmond, California 94804).

Rosie Memorial

The park's creation was spurred by the construction of a Rosie the Riveter memorial in a city shoreline park (three years prior to the creation of the National Park), to honor the "Rosies", women who made up much of the workforce at the shipyards. The four Richmond shipyards with their combined 27 shipways, produced 747 ships, more than any other shipyard complex in the country. Richmond was home to 56 different war industries, more than any other city of its size in the United States. The city grew nearly overnight from 24,000 people to 100,000 people, overwhelming the available housing stock, roads, schools, businesses and community services.

The effort behind the memorial was initiated by then-Councilwoman Donna Powers. It grew under Project Director Donna Graves tobecome the first national tribute to home front American women.cite web | url=http://www.nps.gov/rori/upload/RORI%20Self-Guided%20Auto%20Tour%209-15-06.pdf | title=Self-Guided Auto Tour | work=Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park | publisher=National Park Service | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-04-04]

The memorial is located at Marina Bay Park, the site of former Kaiser Richmond Shipyard #2. It is the length of a Liberty ship with a form of the ship being built. The simple metal pier represents the stern at the water's edge, a simple cylinder frame is the smoke stack, and the bow is made of prefabricated parts similar to those assembled by the shipyard workers. A timeline of World War II is placed along the walkway running the length of the memorial. Interpretive panels within the structures present information on women's history, labor history, and the Home Front.

Ford Richmond Plant

The Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant was the largest assembly plant to be built on the West Coast.cite web | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/for.htm | title=Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant | work=World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area | publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=2007-04-03] One of only three tank depots in the entire country, approximately 49,000 jeeps were assembled and 91,000 other military vehicles were processed here. Ford employed thousands of workers at the site during World War II, many of them women who were entering the work force for the first time. "Rosie the Riveter" was a period song representing these women.

In mobilizing the wartime production effort to its full potential, Federal military authorities and private industry began to work closely together on a scale never seen before in American history. This laid the groundwork for what became known as the "military-industrial complex" during the Cold War years.

Noted architect Albert Kahn is credited with the design of the Ford plant in Richmond. After World War II, Ford moved its Northern California factory to Milpitas, where it became known as the San Jose Assembly Plant.

Richmond Shipyards

The four Richmond Shipyards were part of the Kaiser Shipyards. The construction of 747 ships during the war here is a feat not equaled anywhere else in the world, before or since.cite web | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/ric.htm | title=Richmond Shipyard Number Three | work=World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area | publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=2007-04-02] The park's Rosie memorial is located on the former grounds of Shipyard #2. Shipyard #3 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Both Liberty and Victory ships were constructed here. These ships were completed in two-thirds the amount of time and at a quarter of the cost of the average of all other shipyards. The SS "Robert E. Peary" was assembled in less than five days as a part of a special competition among shipyards; but by 1944 it was only taking the astonishingly brief time of a little over two weeks to assemble a Liberty ship by standard methods.

"Red Oak Victory"

The SS "Red Oak Victory" is a Victory ship preserved as a museum ship. It was one of 414 Victories built during World War II (constructed at the Richmond Shipyards), but one of only a few of these ships to be transferred from the Merchant Marine to the U.S. Navy. The vessel issued cargo and munitions to various ships in the fleet throughout 1945. During a hazardous tour of duty in the Pacific, SS "Red Oak Victory" handled many tons of ammunition, supplying the fleet without a single casualty.cite web | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/red.htm | title=SS "Red Oak Victory" (victory ship) | work=World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area | publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=2007-04-03]

Atchison Village Housing Project

The huge explosion of workers coming to live in cities like Richmond, caused intense strain on city infrastructure. One of these strains was the severe lack of housing. Workers arriving in these rapidly expanding urban centers were forced to find what they could. They slept in all night movie houses, shared "hot beds" (where three people used one bed, each getting an 8 hour stretch), or just camped out.

Atchison Village Housing Project is an example of the local-Federal collaboration that provided much needed housing and domestic support for defense workers and their families. The modest, wood-frame buildings clearly reflect the constraints (time, money and materials) placed on publicly-funded housing construction during the period. Just prior to and during the war, the Lanham Act of 1940 provided $150 million to the Federal Works Administration, which built approximately 625,000 units of housing in conjunction with local authorities nationwide. These were highly sought after and company managers were the most likely to be able to procure housing in Atchison Village.

Due to racial discrimination, minorities fared very poorly in gaining housing. They often lived in shacks, in the crates that brought the raw materials to the city, in trailers, or in automobiles. They and other lower income earning workers were lucky when they were able to move to barrack-like dormitories constructed for the mass of WWII workers.

The Richmond Housing Authority was selected to be the first authority in the country to manage a defense project. Atchison Village represents one of 20 public housing projects built in Richmond before and during World War II. Constructed in 1941 as Richmond's first public defense housing project, it is the only project funded by the Lanham Act that still exists in Richmond, and one of the few in the nation not destroyed after the war.

Today, Atchison Village is a collection of privately owned houses managed by a cooperative of the homeowners. While most of the dormitories and other low income housing of WWII are gone, Atchison Village, built as permanent housing, remains.

Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital

More American workers died in Home Front accidents then US soldiers killed on WWII battlefields. This was true up to the Battle of Normandy in June 1944. Henry J. Kaiser, owner of the Richmond Shipyards, realized that only a healthy work force could meet the deadlines and construction needs of wartime America. He institutionalized a revolutionary idea, pre-paid medical care for workers, which soon expanded beyond workers. For many workers, this was the first time they had seen a doctor.

The Kaiser Richmond Field Hospital for the Richmond Shipyards was financed by the U.S. Maritime Commission, and opened on August 10, 1942.

By August 1944, 92.2 percent of all Richmond shipyard employees had joined the plan, the first voluntary group plan in the country to feature group medical practice, prepayment and substantial medical facilities on such a large scale.By 1990, Kaiser Permanente was still the country's largest nonprofit HMO.cite web | url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wwIIbayarea/ros.htm | title=Rosie the Riveter--World War II Home Front National Historical Park | work=World War II in the San Francisco Bay Area | publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=2007-04-02]

In part due to wartime materials rationing, the Field Hospital is a single-story wood frame structure designed in a simple modernist mode. The Field Hospital operated as a Kaiser Permanente hospital until closing in 1995.

Maritime and Ruth Powers Child Development Centers

The Maritime and Ruth Powers Child Development Centers were two of approximately 35 nursery school units of varying sizes established in the Richmond area during World War II in order to provide child care for women working in the Kaiser shipyards. The Maritime center was funded and constructed by the Maritime Commission as part of a larger development that also included housing, an elementary school and a fire station. The temporary housing was demolished after the war but a larger permanent housing complex remains as do the other buildings.

The Maritime Child Development Center, a wood frame, modernist style building operated by the Richmond School District, incorporated progressive educational programming, and was staffed with nutritionists, psychiatrists and certified teachers. It had a capacity of 180 children per day. At its peak, with 24,500 women on the Kaiser payroll, Richmond's citywide child care program maintained a total daily attendance of 1,400 children. Unlike the Federally-funded WPA day care facilities implemented during the New Deal, the World War II centers were not intended for use by the destitute, but for working mothers.

The Kaiser-sponsored Child Care Centers, particularly those at Kaiser's industrial sites in Vanport, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington, gained a reputation for innovative and high quality child care. The center is still in operation today.

Lucretia Edwards Shoreline Park

Lucretia Edwards Shoreline Park, named in honor of local community activist Lucretia W. Edwards, honors the wartime contributions made by the Bay Area Shipyards during World War II. [ [http://www.ci.richmond.ca.us/index.asp?NID=754 About the Art Site] . City of Richmond Art Commission website. Accessed August 22 2007]

In addition to the local Richmond Shipyards, shipworker's bootprints with plaques set in the sidewalks and long low seating walls point visitors to the other Bay Area shipyards.

The following inscriptions are engraved into the concrete walls:

*Bethlehem San Francisco - The only privately owned shipyard in the nation to operate a submarine repair base, this 16th Street yard overhauled 31 subs in two years.
*Moore Dry Dock handled the difficult jobs of production, repair and conversion that slowed overall output in other yards.
*Hunter Point Naval Dry Dock - Hunter Point repaired 600 fighting and support ships.
*Mare Island Naval Shipyard - Mare Island build more than 400 vessels. Mare Island Naval Shipyard set a shipbuilding record for a destroyer that was never broken completing the USS Ward in just 17 1/2 days.
*Marinship - The 75,000 Americans who poured into Marinship during the war years build 93 ships.

References

External links

* [http://www.nps.gov/rori National Park Service: Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front NHP]
* [http://www.rosietheriveter.org: Rosie the Riveter Trust, the non-profit partner to Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front NHP]
* [http://www.ford.com/go/rosie Ford-National Parks Foundation Site]