- List of countries by system of government
-
This is a list of the countries categorised by system of government.
Contents
- 1 Alphabetical list of countries
- 2 Map
- 3 Systems of Governance
- 4 Systems of Internal Governance
- 5 European Union
- 6 Notes
- 7 See also
- 8 External links
Alphabetical list of countries
Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy Afghanistan
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Albania
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Algeria
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Andorra
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Angola
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Antigua and Barbuda
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Argentina
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Armenia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Australia
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Austria
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Azerbaijan
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature The Bahamas
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Bahrain
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Bangladesh
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Barbados
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Belarus
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Belgium
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Belize
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Benin
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Bhutan
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Bolivia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Botswana
Republic Executive Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence Brazil
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Brunei
Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Bulgaria
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Burkina Faso
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Burundi
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Cambodia
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cameroon
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Canada
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cape Verde
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Central African Republic
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Chad
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Chile
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Colombia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Comoros
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Costa Rica
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Côte d'Ivoire
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Croatia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cuba
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Cyprus
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Czech Republic
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Denmark
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Djibouti
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Dominica
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Dominican Republic
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature East Timor
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ecuador
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Egypt
n/a n/a n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime El Salvador
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Equatorial Guinea
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Eritrea
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Estonia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ethiopia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Fiji
n/a n/a n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime Finland
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence France
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Gabon
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature The Gambia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Georgia
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Germany
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ghana
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Greece
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Grenada
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Guatemala
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Guinea
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Guinea-Bissau
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Guyana
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Haiti
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Honduras
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Hungary
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Iceland
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence India
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Indonesia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Iran
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Iraq
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ireland
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Israel
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Italy
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Jamaica
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Japan
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Jordan
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Kazakhstan
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kenya
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Kiribati
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kuwait
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Kyrgyzstan
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Laos
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Latvia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Lebanon
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Lesotho
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Liberia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Libya
n/a n/a n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime Liechtenstein
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Lithuania
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Luxembourg
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Macedonia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Madagascar
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Malawi
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Malaysia
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Maldives
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Mali
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Malta
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Marshall Islands
Republic Executive Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence Mauritania
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Mauritius
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Mexico
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature FSM
Republic Executive Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence Moldova
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Monaco
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Mongolia
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Montenegro
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Morocco
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Mozambique
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Myanmar
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Namibia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Nauru
Republic Executive Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence Nepal
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Netherlands
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence New Zealand
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Nicaragua
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Niger
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Nigeria
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature North Korea
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Norway
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Oman
Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Pakistan
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Palau
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Palestine
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Panama
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Papua New Guinea
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Paraguay
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature People's Republic of China
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Peru
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Philippines
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Poland
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Portugal
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Qatar
Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Republic of the Congo
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Romania
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Russia
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Rwanda
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Sahrawi Republic
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Saint Kitts and Nevis
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saint Lucia
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Samoa
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence San Marino
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence São Tomé and Príncipe
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Saudi Arabia
Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Senegal
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Serbia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Seychelles
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Sierra Leone
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Singapore
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Slovakia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Slovenia
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Solomon Islands
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Somalia
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Stateless society South Africa
Republic Executive Presidency and ministry are subject to parliamentary confidence South Korea
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature South Sudan
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Spain
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Sri Lanka
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Sudan
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Suriname
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Swaziland
Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Sweden
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Switzerland
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Syria
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Republic of China (Taiwan)
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Tajikistan
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Tanzania
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Thailand
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Togo
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Tonga
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Trinidad and Tobago
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Tunisia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Turkey
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Turkmenistan
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Tuvalu
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Uganda
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Ukraine
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature United Arab Emirates
Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions United Kingdom
Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence United States
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Uruguay
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Uzbekistan
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Vanuatu
Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Vatican City
Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Venezuela
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Vietnam
Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Yemen
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Zambia
Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Zimbabwe
Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry subject to parliamentary confidence Map
Legend
- orange - parliamentary republics
- green - presidential republics, executive presidency linked to a parliament
- yellow - presidential republics, semi-presidential system
- blue - presidential republics full presidential system
- red - parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power
- magenta - constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often (but not always) alongside a weak parliament
- purple - absolute monarchies
- brown - republics where the dominant role of a single party is codified in the constitution
- dark green - countries that constitutional provisions for government have been suspended
- gray - countries that does not fit in any of the above listed systems
Note that this chart aims to represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy. Several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics may also be broadly described as authoritarian states.
Systems of Governance
Presidential/Separated republics
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
Full presidential systems
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the pleasure of the president.
Presidential systems without a prime minister
Afghanistan
Angola
Argentina
Benin
Bolivia
Brazil
Burundi
Chile
Colombia
Comoros
Costa Rica
Cyprus
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Gambia
Ghana
Guatemala
Honduras
Indonesia
Iran[1] (to some degree)
Kiribati
Liberia
Malawi
Maldives
Mexico
Myanmar
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Rwanda
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Sudan
Sudan
Suriname
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zambia
Presidential systems with a prime minister
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Guinea (Guinea-Conakry)
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Kazakhstan
Mauritania
Mozambique
Namibia
Peru
Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)
South Korea
Sri Lanka[2]
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Yemen
Semi-presidential systems
In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister.
Algeria
Burkina Faso
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)
Djibouti
France
Georgia
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Lithuania
Madagascar
Mali
Mongolia
Niger
Palestine
Portugal
Russia
Romania
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Somalia
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Tajikistan
Zimbabwe
Directorial systems
The directorial system is the collective version of the presidential system. In a directorial republic a council jointly exercises both presidential and governmental powers. The council is appointed by the parliament (and democratically elected at local level), but it is not subject to political confidence during its term which has a fixed duration.
Parliamentary republics
A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (e.g. Pakistan) to little or none at all (e.g. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.
Albania
Austria
Bangladesh[4]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[5]
Bulgaria
Cape Verde
Croatia
Czech Republic
Dominica
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland[6]
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Lebanon
Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Montenegro
Nepal
Pakistan
Poland
Samoa
San Marino
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
Vanuatu
Mixed republican systems
A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature, however they are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term (although their cabinet is).
Constitutional monarchies
These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained or held back by constitutional law.
Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence.[8][9][dubious ] The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives.
Andorra[10]
Antigua and Barbuda[11]
Australia[11]
Bahamas[11]
Barbados[11]
Belgium
Belize[11]
Cambodia
Canada[11]
Denmark
Grenada[11]
Jamaica[11]
Japan
Lesotho
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Netherlands
New Zealand[11]
Norway
Papua New Guinea[11]
Saint Kitts and Nevis[11]
Saint Lucia[11]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[11]
Solomon Islands[11]
Spain
Sweden
Thailand
Tuvalu[11]
United Kingdom[11]
Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs
The prime minister is the nation's active executive but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.
Absolute monarchies
Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law.
Theocracies
States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy.
Single political movement states
States in which political power is by law concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (as opposed to states where the law establishes a multi-party system but this fusion is not achieved anyway through electoral fraud or simple inertia). However, some do have elected governments.
Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)(Workers' Party) (list)
Eritrea (presidential republic)
Laos (People's Revolutionary Party) (list)
People's Republic of China (Communist Party) (list)
Sahrawi Republic (Polisario Front) (Politics of the Sahrawi Republic)
Syria (Arab Socialist Ba'th Party) (list)
Turkmenistan (Democratic Party) (list)
Vietnam (Communist Party) (list)
Military junta states
The nation's military control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.
Transitional
States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are classified with the current direction of change.
Systems of Internal Governance
Federal
States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. The central government may or may not be (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; prime examples are Switzerland and the United States.
Argentina (23 provinces and one autonomous city)
Australia (six states and three territories)
Austria (nine states)
Belgium (three regions and three linguistic communities)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska and Brčko District)
Brazil (26 states and the Brazilian Federal District)
Canada (ten provinces and three territories)
Comoros (Anjouan, Grande Comore, Mohéli)
Ethiopia (nine regions and three chartered cities)
Germany (16 states)
India (28 states and seven union territories)
Iraq (18 governorates and one one region (Iraqi Kurdistan))
Malaysia (13 states and three federal territories)
Mexico (31 states and one federal district (Mexico City))
Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
Nepal (14 zones)
Nigeria (36 states and one federal territory (the Federal Capital Territory)
Pakistan (4 provinces, 2 autonomous areas and 2 territories)
Russia (46 oblasts, 21 republics, nine krais, four autonomous okrugs, two federal cities, one autonomous oblast)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (two states)
South Sudan (10 states)
Sudan (15 states)
Switzerland (26 cantons)
United Arab Emirates (seven emirates)
United States (50 states, one incorporated territory, and one federal district (District of Columbia))
Venezuela (23 states, one capital district and one federal dependency)
Regionalised unitary
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities.
Indonesia (30 autonomous province, 4 special autonomous province)
Italy (5 autonomous regions)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (4 constituent countries)
People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions)
Philippines (1 autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 16 other non-autonomous regions)
Spain (State divided in autonomous communities)
Tanzania (21 mainland regions and
Zanzibar)
Ukraine (24 oblasts, 2 special-status cities, and
Crimea)
United Kingdom (3 devolved administrations)
Unitary states
Confederation
European Union
The exact political character of the European Union is widely debated, some arguing that it is sui generis (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation. It has elements of intergovernmentalism, with the European Council acting as its collective "president", and also elements of supranationalism, with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy.[14] But it is not easily placed in any of the above categories.
Notes
- ^ a b Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
- ^ While the office of prime minister exists, the president is both the head of state and government.
- ^ The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government.
- ^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
- ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
- ^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it's now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008), quotes Jaakko Nousiainen in "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government" in Scandinavian Political Studies 24 (2) p95-109 as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union.
- ^ a b Combines aspects of a presidential system with aspects of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence, unlike a prime minister.
- ^ Norwegian Parliament web page
- ^ CIA factbook on Norway
- ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex-officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms"
- ^ The UAE's constitution establishes the state as a federation of emirates, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs, but each emirate in turn functions as an absolute monarchy
- ^ a b The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy; its monarch, the Pope, is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church. His power within the Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution, but all persons resident within the Vatican have consented to obey the Pope, either by virtue of being ordained Catholic clergy or members of the Swiss Guard.
- ^ For more detailed discussion, see John McCormick, European Union Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Chapters 1 and 2.
See also
- List of forms of government
- List of countries
- List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
External links
- Global Scan- Election Tracker
- Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century
- [1] A Chronology of political history based on Government form
- Political Chronology Chronological development of political history
Categories:- Lists of countries
- Government-related lists
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.