Use of capital punishment by country

The following is a summary of the use of capital punishment by country.

Capital Punishment In The World

Capital punishment has been used in almost every part of the globe, but in the last few decades many countries have abolished it. Usage of capital punishment is usually broken into the four categories set out below.

• 58 (29%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
• 96 (49%) have abolished it.
• 9 (5%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
• 34 (17%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.

The information above is accurate as of 14 Feb 2011 when Gabon announced the abolition of capital punishment.^[1]

Legend

  Abolished for all crimes

  Abolished for crimes but under exceptional/special circumstances (such as crimes committed in times of wars)

  Abolished in practice i.e. haven't used capital punishment or the death penalty in at least 10 years

  Retainers of capital punishment or the death penalty

• 2010 - The following 23 countries carried out executions in 2010: Bahrain (1), Bangladesh (9+), Belarus (2), Botswana (1), China (2000+), Egypt (4), Equatorial Guinea (4), Iran (252+), Iraq (1+), Japan (2), Libya (18+), Malaysia (1+), North Korea (60+), Palestinian Authority (5), Saudi Arabia (27+), Singapore (1+), Somalia (8+), Sudan (6+), Syria (17+), Taiwan (4), USA (46+), Vietnam (1+), Yemen (53+).^[2]

• 2011 - As of 5 May 2011 executions have been reported in the following 9 countries during 2011: Bangladesh, China, Iran, North Korea, the Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, UAE, USA.

• Child Execution - Since 2009 Iran and Saudi Arabia have executed offenders who were under the age of 18 at the time the crime was committed,^[3]

• Public Execution - Since 2009 public executions have reportedly been carried out by the governments of Iran, North Korea, the Palestinian Authority, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, and Yemen.

• Extrajudicial Execution- In some countries the practice of extrajudicial execution sporadically or systematically outside their own formal legal frameworks occurs. Information on this is not covered in this article.

The continental tables below contain the ten unrecognized states with de facto control over their territory which are not included in the above numbers. Of these 3 maintain the death penalty in law and practice (Palestinian Authority, Somaliland, & Taiwan), 2 have abolished the death penalty (Kosovo, & Sahrawi Rep.), and the remaining 5 have never used capital punishment since declaring independence and are considered de facto abolitionist (Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, & Transnistria).^[4]

Africa

Of the 54 independent states in Africa that are UN members:

• 14 (26%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
• 16 (30%) have abolished it.
• 0 (0%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
• 24 (44%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.

Of the two African limited recognition states not included in the above numbers - Somaliland maintains the death penalty in law and practice and Sahrawi Rep has abolished it.

The information above is accurate as of 14 Feb 2011 when Gabon announced the abolition of capital punishment.^[5]

• Libya is Africa`s leading executioner. There have been recent moves toward abolitionism with 4 states prohibiting the death penalty in the last few years Rwanda (2007), Burundi (2009), Togo (2009), and Gabon (2010). Following the Jasmine Revolution of 2011 Tunisia is moving towards abolition.

Executions in 2010: Botswana (1), Egypt (4), Equatorial Guinea (4), Libya (18+), Somalia (8+), Sudan (6+).^[2]

Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Key	Country	Year of Last Execution	Executions 2010	Year Abolished	Notes
	Algeria	1993		n/a	Death penalty for Treason; espionage; attempts to change the regime or actions aimed at incitement; destruction of territory; sabotage to public and economic utilities; massacres and slaughters; participation in armed bands or in insurrectionary movements; counterfeiting; Terrorism; acts of torture or cruelty; kidnapping; aggravated theft, currently under a moratorium. A project of abolition is being tabled in Parliament in Algeria by Louisa Hanoune and Ahmed Ouyahia since the summer of 2008.
	Angola	None since independence		1992	Abolished in 1992 by Constitution.
	Benin	1987		n/a	Death penalty for Armed robbery;[6] Murder;[7] traffickers involved in "labor exploitation"[8] Current steps are being taken for abolition.[9]
	Botswana	2010 [10]	1	n/a	Death penalty for murder; treason; attempt on the life of the head of state; mutiny; desertion in the face of the enemy
	Burkina Faso	1988		n/a	Death penalty for treason[11]
	Burundi	2000[12]		2009[13]
	Cameroon	1997[14]		n/a	Death penalty for Secession; espionage; incitement to war[15]
	Cape Verde	None since independence		1981	Last execution when a colony of Portugal was 1835. Abolished in 1981 by Constitution.
	Central African Republic	1981		n/a	Death penalty for Treason; espionage; charlatanism; witchcraft; assassination; murder[16]
	Chad	2003 [17]		n/a	Death penalty for murder
	Comoros	1997[18]		n/a
	Democratic Republic of the Congo	2003 [19]		n/a
	Congo	1982		n/a
	Côte d'Ivoire	None since independence[20]		2000
	Djibouti	None since independence		1995
	Egypt	2010 [21]	4	n/a	Death penalty for Rape, if accompanied by kidnapping of the victim; murder; treason; organized drug trafficking
	Equatorial Guinea	2010[22]	4	n/a
	Eritrea	None since independence		n/a	Last execution when part of Ethiopia was 1989.
	Ethiopia	2007 [23]		n/a	Death penalty for murder, Treason, armed conspiracy, genocide, outrages against the constitution
	Gabon	1981[24]		2010[25]	Abolition was made in Feb 2010, according to Hands Off Cain press release of 15 Feb 2011
	Gambia	1981		n/a	Death penalty for treason. Abolished 1993 but was reinstated by Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council in August 1995[26]
	Ghana	1993		n/a	Death penalty for murder; treason; armed robbery[26]
	Guinea-Bissau	1986		1993	Abolished 1993 by constitution.
	Guinea	2001[27]		n/a	Death penalty for murder
	Kenya	1987		n/a	Death penalty for murder, armed robbery,[28] treason. On August 3, 2009, the death sentences of all 4,000 death row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment, and government studies were ordered to determine if the death penalty has any impact on crime.
	Lesotho	1984		n/a
	Liberia	1995[26]		n/a	Death penalty for armed robbery, terrorism, hijacking. On 16 September 2005, Liberia acceded to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, abolishing the death penalty, but re-introduced elements of it in July, 2008.[29]
	Libya	2010 [30]	18+	n/a	Libya executed more people (18) in 2010 than any other African state. Current laws allow capital punishment for high treason; attempt to forcibly change the form of government; premeditated murder[31]
	Madagascar	None since independence		n/a	Last execution when a colony of France was in 1958.
	Malawi	1992[32]		n/a
	Mali	1980		n/a
	Mauritania	1987		n/a	Death penalty for Sodomy;[33] apostasy[34] (no recorded executions).
	Mauritius	1987		1995
	Morocco	1993		n/a	Death penalty for Terrorism.[28] An abolition law project is being presented to the Parliament of Morocco in spring 2007. (see Human rights in Morocco#Capital punishment)
	Mozambique	1986		1990	Abolished Nov 1990 by Constitution.
	Namibia	None since independence		1990	Last execution when occupied by South Africa was in 1988. Abolished Mar 1990 by Constitution.
	Niger	1976		n/a
	Nigeria	2002 [35]		n/a	Death penalty for sodomy,[36] kidnapping. Each of the 36 states has its own laws. In the north of the country, Sharia (Islamic law) is used. In Imo State, a bill that provided capital punishment for kidnapping was signed into law.
	Rwanda	1998		2007[37]	Since some of the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide fled to countries that refuse to extradite suspects to countries that use capital punishment, the Rwandan parliament voted to abolish capital punishment in 2007.
	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	None since independence		1991	The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic outlaws the death penalty: Article 13 from the 1991 revision reads "The death penalty is banned" (translated into English from the Arabic.)[38]
	São Tomé and Príncipe	None since independence		1990	Abolished Sep 1990 by Constitution.
	Senegal	1967		2004
	Seychelles	None since independence		1993	Abolished Jun 1993 by Constitution.
	Sierra Leone	1998		n/a	Death penalty for treason;[39] Murder; aggravated robbery. Under the Special Court for Sierra Leone the death penalty is not a punishment for war crimes
	Somalia	2011 [40]	8+	n/a	Somalia is the only African state that continues to carry out public executions. The Transitional Federal Government laws allow for execution (in the limited area of the country it controls) for murder and adultery.
	Somaliland	2006		n/a
	South Africa	1989		1995[41]	The last execution by the South African government was on 14 November 1989. An execution occurred in the internationally unrecognised "homeland" of Venda in 1991.[14] Capital punishment was declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court on 6 June 1995 in the case of S v Makwanyane and Another. In 1997 the Criminal Law Amendment Act formally removed the invalidated provisions from the statute-book, and made provision for the resentencing of prisoners previously sentenced to death.[42] On 25 May 2005 the Constitutional Court ordered that all remaining death sentences in the country be set aside and the prisoners resentenced as soon as possible.[43]
	South Sudan	None since independence		n/a	In Sudan, the death penalty could be given for sodomy;[44] Waging war against the state;[45] apostasy;[34] prostitution; treason; acts that may endanger the independence or unity of the state; murder; armed robbery; weapons possession and smuggling
	Sudan	2010 [46]	6+	n/a	Death penalty for sodomy;[47] Waging war against the state;[48] apostasy;[34] prostitution; treason; acts that may endanger the independence or unity of the state; murder; armed robbery; weapons possession and smuggling
	Swaziland	1983[49]		n/a	Death penalty for murder;[50] treason
	Tanzania	1994		n/a	Death penalty for murder; treason
	Togo	1978[51]		2009[52]
	Tunisia	1991		n/a	Death penalty for murder; violence and aggression; attacks against the internal security of the state; attacks against the external security of the state. Following the Jasmine Revolution the new interim government announced on 01 Feb 2011 that it would ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, including the Second Optional Protocol regarding the abolition of the death penalty.[53]
	Uganda	2005[54]		n/a	On June 14, 2005 the Constitutional court ruled that although the death penalty was constitutional, its use as a mandatory punishment for certain crimes was not.[55]
	Zambia	1997		n/a	Death penalty for murder; aggravated robbery; high treason. President Levy Mwanawasa stated in 2004 that "For as long as I remain President, I will not execute a death warrant."[32]
	Zimbabwe	2003[56]		n/a	Current capital crimes are drug trafficking; treason; murder; mutiny.[57]

The Americas

Of the 35 independent states in the Americas that are UN members:

• 3 (9%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
• 15 (43%) have abolished it.
• 4 (11%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
• 13 (37%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.

The information above is accurate as of 2010 when both Guatemala and the Bahamas became de facto abolitionist states by not having carried out executions for ten years.

• The United States carries out more executions than any other liberal democracy (as defined by Freedom House) in the world. The only other countries in the Americas which practice capital punishment are Cuba and St. Kitts and Nevis.

Executions in 2010: United States (46).^[2]

Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Key	Country	Year Last Execution	Executions 2010	Year Abolished	Notes
	Antigua and Barbuda	1991		n/a	Death penalty for murder
	Argentina	1916		2009	Constitution states "The penalty of death for political offences, all kinds of torture, and flogging, are forever abolished."[58] The Military Code of Justice (including the death penalty) was abolished on 6 August 2008 and into law six months later.[59]
	Bahamas	2000		n/a	Death penalty for treason; Piracy; Murder
	Barbados	1984[14]		n/a	Death penalty for murder; Treason. Presently under review before the IACHR despite strong national support.[60][61]
	Belize	1985 [14]		n/a	Death penalty for murder, except where extenuating circumstances can be proved[62]
	Bolivia	1974		1997 Other Crimes	Abolished for civil crimes 1997. Legal for certain military crimes committed during wartime such as genocide, crimes against humanity, treason, terrorism, and war crimes (Article 15).
	Brazil	1876		n/a	The last execution happened in 1885 in Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, when Manuel da Mota Coqueiro was convicted of an allegedly committed murder and hanged.[63] Brazil has always maintained the death penalty as part of its military code but capital punishment for civil offenses was abolished after Brazil became a republic in 1889, then reinstated and abolished again twice (1938–53 and 1969–78).[64][65][66][67] Only one person was ever sentenced to death during the Republican period, in 1969, and the execution was not carried out.[68] The current Constitution of Brazil (1988) expressly forbids the use of capital punishment by the civil penal justice system.[69] For more information see Capital punishment in Brazil.
	Canada	1962		1976	Abolished in 1976 For more information see Capital punishment in Canada
	Chile	1985		n/a	Abolished from civil justice in 2001.
	Colombia	1909		1910	Abolished in 1910 (by Constitutional reform) Prohibited by the Colombian Constitution of 1991: "The right to life is inviolable. There will be no death penalty."
	Costa Rica	1859[70]		1877	Abolished 1877 by Constitution.
	Cuba	2003 [71]		n/a	In 2008 all but three of the existing death sentences were commuted to prison sentences.[72]
	Dominica	1986		n/a
	Dominican Republic	1966		1966	Abolished in 1966 by Constitution.
	Ecuador	1884		1906	Abolished 1906 (by Constitution) For more information see Capital punishment in Ecuador.
	El Salvador	1973		n/a	May be imposed only in cases provided by military laws during a state of international war.[73] Abolished for other crimes 1983.
	Grenada	1978		n/a
	Guatemala	2000[74]		n/a
	Haiti	1972		1987	Abolished 1987 by Constitution.
	Guyana	1997		n/a	Death penalty for terrorist acts;[75] Murder; mass murder; rape; willful murder; treason; torture. The constitution states that it must not be a mandatory punishment.
	Honduras	1940		1956	Abolished 1956 by Constitution.
	Jamaica	1988[76]		n/a	Death penalty for murder[77]
	Mexico	1961		2005	Death penalty abolished by Constitution in 1917 except for military crimes, 2005 all crimes. Since the kidnap and murder of 14-year-old Fernando Martí in July 2008 at the hands of an organized group of criminals that included police officers, there had been social pressure to reinstate capital punishment (including from the Green Party) and the issue was brought up in Congress, but Congress refused to reinstate it. In 2009 the Green Party used its pro-death penalty position in an ineffective attempt to garner-up votes on the cheap. Additionally, as Mexico is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS), it is prohibited from reinstating the death penalty after it had been abolished.[78][79] See Capital punishment in Mexico.
	Nicaragua	1930		1979	Abolished 1979 by Constitution
	Panama	None since independence		1903	Abolished 1903 by Constitution.
	Paraguay	1928		1992	Abolished 1992 (by Constitution)
	Peru	1979		n/a	Death penalty for treason,Terrorism,Espionage,Genocide,Mutiny,Desertion in times of war.[73] Abolished for other crimes 1979.
	Saint Kitts and Nevis	2008 [80]		n/a	Death penalty for murder
	Saint Lucia	1995		n/a	Death penalty for murder; Treason
	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1995		n/a	Death penalty for murder; Treason
	Suriname	1982		n/a	The last execution in 1982, was arbitrary, by military firing squad and without due process. The perpetrators are presently being tried. The death penalty is de facto, but not de jure abolished by signing the treaty of San Jose in 1987. Aggravated or premeditated murder; treason[81] For more information see Capital punishment in Suriname
	Trinidad and Tobago	1999		n/a	Death penalty for murder; Treason[82]
	United States	2011 [83]	46	n/a	Capital punishment was suspended in the United States from 1972 through 1976. Currently Federal law provides the death penalty for many homicide-related crimes; espionage; treason;[84] As of 2011, 34 of the 50 US states still exercise the death penalty. The 16 states who have abolished capital punishment are (with abolition date): Michigan (1846), Wisconsin (1853), Maine (1887), Minnesota (1911), Hawaii (1948), Alaska (1957), Vermont (1964), Iowa (1965), West Virginia (1965), North Dakota (1973), Rhode Island (1979), Massachusetts (1984 - de facto judicial abolition, retains statute), New York (2004 - de facto judicial abolition, retains statute), New Jersey (2007), New Mexico (2009), and Illinois (2011).[85] As of 17 Apr 2011 bills proposing death penalty abolition are being considered by the legislatures of Connecticut, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas - bills proposing the reinstatement of the death penalty are being considered by the legislatures of Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts,and New Jersey.[86] Oregon re-introduced the death penalty which occurred in 1978 after abolition in 1964. Delaware re-introduced the death penalty on December 18, 1961 after having abolished it on April 2, 1958. Of the US non-state entities US Samoa still has capital punishment as a local statute.[87] The remaining non-state entities have abolished the death penalty, Puerto Rico (1929), Washington DC (1981), Mariana Is (never a local statute), Guam, US Virgin Is. In practice the death penalty is used only for murder; conspiracy to commit murder. Sentences of death may be handed down by a jury or a judge (upon a bench trial or a guilty plea). For more information see Capital punishment in the United States.
	Uruguay	1905		1907	Abolished 1907 (by Constitution)
	Venezuela	None since independence		1863	Abolished in 1863 by Constitution

Asia-Pacific

Of the 55 independent states in the Asia-Pacific region that are UN members:

• 24 (44%) maintain the death penalty in both law and practice.
• 18 (33%) have abolished it.
• 2 (4%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
• 11 (20%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.

Of the 2 Asian limited recognition states not included in the above numbers - both the Taiwan and the Palestinian Authority maintain the death penalty in law and practice.

The information above is accurate as of 14 Jan 2010 when Mongolia announced a moratorium on capital punishment.

• Asia has the worlds four leading practitioners of capital punishment - China, Iran, North Korea and Yemen.

Executions in 2010: Bahrain (1), Bangladesh (9+), China (2000+), Iran (252+), Iraq (1+), Japan (2), Saudi Arabia (27+), Singapore (1+), Palestinian Authority (5), Syria (17+), Taiwan (ROC) (4), Malaysia (1+), North Korea (60+), Yemen (53+), Vietnam (1+).^[2]

Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Key	Country	Year of Last Execution	Executions 2010	Year Abolished	Notes
	Afghanistan	2008 [88]		n/a	Current laws allow capital punishment for apostasy,[89] homosexuality, and murder.
	Australia	1967[90]		1985	Capital punishment was abolished in Queensland in 1922, Tasmania in 1968, The Northern Territory; Australian Capital Territory and the Commonwealth in 1973, Victoria in 1975, South Australia in 1976, Western Australia in 1984 and New South Wales in 1985. For more information see Capital punishment in Australia.
	Bahrain	2010 [91]	1+	n/a	Death penalty for premeditated murder; plotting to topple the regime; collaborating with a foreign hostile country; threatening the life of the Emir; defiance of military orders in time of war or martial law
	Bangladesh	2011 [92]	9+	n/a	Death penalty for murder;[93] drug offences;[94] Trafficking in children for immoral or illegal purposes; trafficking in women for purposes of prostitution[95]
	Bhutan	1974[32]		2004
	Brunei	None since independence		n/a	Last execution when a protectorate of Britain was in 1957. Death penalty for murder; unlawful possession of firearms and explosives; possession of heroin or morphine of more than 15 grams, cocaine of more than 30 grams, cannabis of more than 500 grams, syabu or methamphetamine of more than 50 grams, or opium of more than 1.2 kg[96]
	Cambodia	1989		1989	Abolished in 1989 by Constitution.
	China	2011 [97]	2000+	n/a	China carries out far more executions than all of the rest of the world combined, and is notable as the only country in the world that regularly executes thousands of people every year.[98] On 25 Feb 2011 China's newly revised Criminal Law reduced the number of crimes punishable by death by 13 to 55.[99] Among these are embezzlement; rape of children; fraud; bombing; people trafficking; piracy; rape; corruption; arson; murder; poaching; endangerment of national security; terrorism[100] (see Capital punishment in the People's Republic of China) Hong Kong and Macau, have separate legal systems and have abolished the death penalty. In Hong Kong it was abolished in 1993 by the then British colonial government, and last used in 1966 (see Capital punishment in Hong Kong). In Macau it was last used in 19th Century and abolished in 1976 when Portugal abolished the death penalty on all its territories (see Capital punishment in Macau).
	Fiji	None since independence		n/a	Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1964. Death penalty for only for crimes under the Republic of Fiji Military Forces Act. Abolished for other crimes 1979.
	India	2004[101]		n/a	Death penalty for Murder; instigating a child's suicide; treason; acts of terrorism; a second conviction for drug trafficking. For more information see Capital punishment in India
	Indonesia	2008 [102]		n/a	Death penalty for murder; Drug trafficking;[103] Terrorism;[104] Capital punishment is regulated by state Law No. 2/1964, which stipulates that death sentences should be carried out by firing squad.[105]
	Iran	2011[106]	252+	n/a	Iran is second only to China in the number of executions it carries out - regularly killing hundreds every year (many in public)[98] Currently the death penalty can be given for murder; armed robbery; drug trafficking; kidnapping; rape; paedophilia; homosexuality; espionage; terrorism; apostasy (no recorded excecutions)
	Iraq	2010[107]	1+	n/a	Death penalty for murder; endangering national security; distributing drugs; rape; attacks on transport convoys; financing and execution of terrorism.[108] Suspended in June 2003 after 2003 invasion; reinstated August 2004.[109]
	Israel	1962		n/a	Death penalty for crimes against humanity,[110] high treason, genocide, crimes against the Jewish people, terrorism. Only two executions: accused traitor Meir Tobiansky (posthumously acquitted) and high-ranking Nazi Adolf Eichmann. Abolished for other crimes 1954.
	Japan	2010 [111]	2	n/a	Prosecutors push for the death penalty only in the case of multiple murders, or single murder with aggravating circumstances.[112] Judges usually impose death penalty in case of multiple homicides. Between 1946 and 2003 766 people were sentenced to death, 608 of whom were executed. For 40 months from 1989 to 1993 successive ministers of justice refused to authorise executions, which amounted to an informal moratorium. (See Capital punishment in Japan)
	Jordan	2006 [113]		n/a	Death penalty for murder[114]
	North Korea	2011[115]	60+	n/a	North Korea performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for prostitution;[116] “drug transactions”; plots against national sovereignty; terrorism; treason against the Motherland by citizens; treason against the people; murder[117]
	South Korea	1997[118]		n/a	Death penalty for murder.[119] There has been an unofficial moratorium on executions since President Kim Dae-jung took office in February 1998.[120] However, a man was recently sentenced to death, a sentence which had not been carried out as of April 2009 [121]
	Kiribati	None since independence		1979
	Kuwait	2007 [122]		n/a	Death penalty for drug trafficking; rape; murder
	Kyrgyzstan	None since independence		2007	Kyrgyz authorities had extended a moratorium on executions each year since 1998. Abolished by constitution in 2007[123][124]
	Laos	1989		n/a	Death penalty for drugs trafficking[125]
	Lebanon	2004 [126]		n/a	Death penalty for murder[127]
	Malaysia	2010[128]	1+	n/a	Death penalty mandatory for trafficking in dangerous drugs; discharging a firearm in the commission of a scheduled offence; accomplices in case of discharge of firearm; offences against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong’s person; murder. Discretionary for kidnapping; consorting with a person carrying or having possession of arms or explosives; waging or attempting to wage war or abetting the waging of war against the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, a Ruler or Yang di-Pertua Negeri[129]
	Maldives	None since independence		n/a	Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1952. Death penalty for murder[130]
	Marshall Islands	None since independence		1986	Abolished in 1986 by Constitution
	Mongolia	2008		n/a	Death penalty for terrorist acts committed for political purposes; terrorist acts against representatives of a foreign State for political purposes; sabotage; premeditated murder committed with aggravating circumstances; rape with aggravating circumstances; armed robbery.[131] According to Amnesty International, executions were carried out in secret and there are no official statistics[132] On January 14, 2010, President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announced that he would, henceforth, systematically use his prerogative to pardon all persons sentenced to death. He stated that most countries in the world had abolished the death penalty, and that Mongolia should follow their example; he suggested that it be replaced with a thirty year prison sentence.[133] As of Jan 2011 a bill to ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, is awaiting a final vote in the State Great Khural (parliament).[134] (See: Capital punishment in Mongolia)
	Federated States of Micronesia	None since independence		1986	Abolished in 1986 by Constitution
	Myanmar	1993		n/a	Death penalty for high treason[135]
	Nauru	None since independence		n/a	Death penalty for treason; Piracy; Murder
	Nepal	1979		1997	Abolished 1997 by Constitution.
	New Zealand	1957		2007	Abolished in New Zealand in 1989. In 2007 the Cook Islands became the last of New Zealand`s overseas territories to abolish capital punishment. For more information see Capital punishment in New Zealand
	Oman	2001[136]		n/a	Death penalty for murder; Drug trafficking[137]
	Pakistan	2008 [138]		n/a	Death penalty for murder,drug smuggling,terrorism,rape,unlawful asslembly and blasphemy;. (See Capital punishment in Pakistan)
	Palau	None since independence		1994
	Palestinian National Authority	2011[139]	5	n/a	The Palestinian Authority performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for murder, rape, collaborating with Israeli forces.[140][141] There are a total of 17 offenses in the West Bank and 15 in the Gaza Strip for which the death penalty can be imposed under the Palestinian Penal Code.[5] There had been an unofficial moratorium since 2002 after President Yasser Arafat stopped authorising executions. The Hamas Islamic court has sentenced people to death for murder.[6]
	Papua New Guinea	None since independence[142]		n/a	Last execution when a colony of Britain was in Nov 1954. Treason; Piracy; Attempted piracy; willful murder. For more information, see Capital punishment in Papua New Guinea.
	Philippines	2000		2006	Abolished in 1987 under the present constitution, re-introduced in 1993, re-abolished on 24 June 2006 under Republic Act No. 9346.
	Qatar	2003[143]		n/a	Death penalty for espionage;[144] Threat to national security;[145] Apostasy[34](no recorded executions)
	Samoa	None since independence		2004[146]
	Saudi Arabia	2011 [147]	27+	n/a	Saudi Arabia performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for many violent and nonviolent offenses, including murder; apostasy (no recorded excecutions); drug trafficking; rape and armed robbery[148] drug offenses; witchcraft; sexual misconduct.[149] Method most often used is beheading by a sword
	Singapore	2010 [128]	1+	n/a	Death penalty for murder; kidnapping; treason; certain firearm offenses; trafficking in more than 15 grams of heroin or morphine, 30 grams of cocaine or 500 grams of cannabis[150] (see capital punishment in Singapore)
	Solomon Islands	None since independence		1978
	Sri Lanka	1976		n/a	Death penalty for murder; perjury causing an innocent person to be executed; rape; drug trafficking. Moratorium since 1976.
	Syria	2010 [128]	17+	n/a	Syria performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for treason; murder; political acts such as bearing arms against Syria in the ranks of the enemy, desertion of the armed forces to the enemy and acts of incitement under martial law or in wartime; violent robbery; rape; verbal opposition to the government; membership of the Muslim Brotherhood
	Taiwan	2011 [151]	4	n/a	Between 2004-2010 death sentences were not carried out Capital punishment in the Republic of China. Executions resumed in 2010. On March 4, 2011, five people executed. On 3 May 2011 Taiwan removed the death penalty clauses from its Military Law statutes[152]
	Tajikistan	2004		n/a	Death penalty for murder with aggravating circumstances; rape with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; biocide; genocide.[153] Moratorium introduced 30 April 2004 by President Emomalii Rahmon
	Thailand	2009[154]		n/a	Death penalty for regicide; sedition or rebellion; offences committed against the external security of Thailand; murder or attempted murder of a foreign head of state; bribery; arson; rape; murder with intent; kidnapping; robbery resulting in death. For a full list see here (PDF)
	Timor-Leste	None since independence		2002.[155]	Death penalty suspended following UN administration in 1999 when still a province of Indonesia. Capital Punishment abolished by constitution 2002.[155]
	Tonga	1982[156]		n/a	Death penalty for treason, Murder; For more information see Capital punishment in Tonga
	Turkmenistan	1997		1999	Abolished 1999 by Constitution.
	Tuvalu	None since independence		1978
	United Arab Emirates	2011[157]		n/a	Death penalty for murder; Drug offences;[158] Rape; treason; aggravated robbery; terrorism
	Uzbekistan	2005[159]		2008	President Islam Karimov signed a decree on 1 August 2005 that replaced the death penalty with life imprisonment on 1 January 2008[160][161]
	Vanuatu	None since independence		1980
	Vietnam	2010[162]	1+	n/a	Death penalty for treason; taking action to overthrow the government; espionage; rebellion; banditry; terrorism; sabotage; hijacking; destruction of national security projects; undermining peace; war crimes; crimes against humanity; manufacturing, concealing and trafficking in narcotic substances; murder; rape; robbery; embezzlement; fraud[163]
	Yemen	2010 [164]	53+	n/a	Yemen performs public executions. Current laws allow the death penalty for murder;[165] Adultery;[166] homosexuality;[167][168] Apostasy[34] (no recorded executions)

Europe

Of the 50 independent states in Europe that are UN members or have UN Observer status:

• 1 (2%) maintains the death penalty in both law and practice.
• 46 (92%) have abolished it.
• 2 (4%) retain it for crimes committed in exceptional circumstances (such as in time of war).
• 1 (2%) permit its use for ordinary crimes, but have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions, or it is under a moratorium.

Of the 6 European limited recognition states not included in the above numbers - Kossovo has abolished capital punishment and the remaining 5 are considered de facto abolitionist -Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, & Transnistria.

The information above is accurate as of 2010 when the last Netherlands overseas territory announced the abolition of capital punishment.^[169]

• Belarus is the only country in Europe to still carry out executions. 2009 is the only year in recorded history when Europe was completely free of executions.

Main article: Capital punishment in Europe

Executions in 2010: Belarus (2).^[2]

Note: The tables can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon.

Key	Country	Year Last Execution	Executions 2010	Year Abolished	Notes
	Abkhazia	None since independence		n/a
	Albania	1995[170]		2007	Ratification of Protocol No. 13 of ECHR took place on 6 February 2007, in effect by 1 June 2007.[171]
	Andorra	1943		1990	Abolished 1990 by Constitution
	Armenia	None since independence		1998	Abolished in 1998 by Constitution
	Austria	1950		1968	Abolished in peacetime 1950. Completely abolished in 1968 by Constitution.
	Azerbaijan	1993		1998
	Belarus	2011	2	n/a	Belarus is the last remaining country in Europe to practice the death penalty. Current laws allow capital punishment for acts of aggression; murder of a representative of a foreign state or international organization with the intention to provoke international tension or war; international terrorism; genocide; crimes against the security of humanity; murder with aggravating circumstances; terrorism; terrorist acts; treason that results in loss of life; conspiracy to seize power; sabotage; murder of a police officer; use of weapons of mass destruction; and violations of the laws and customs of war[172] (see Capital punishment in Belarus)
	Belgium	1950		1996	Last execution for common law crimes was in 1863. Last execution for war crimes was in 1950. Abolished 1996 by Constitution.
	Bosnia and Herzegovina	None since independence		1998	Last execution when part of Yugoslavia was in 1975. Abolished 1998 by Constitution
	Bulgaria	1989		1998
	Cyprus	1962		2002	Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1983.
	Croatia	None since independence		1991	Last execution when part of Yugoslavia was in 1973.[170] Abolished in 1990 for the Croatian Yugoslav Republic by the Constitution. Upon declaration of independence in 1991 Croatia removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Federal Yugoslav capital punishment statutes effectively achieving complete abolition. Death penalty is prohibited by the article 21 of the Croatian Constitution.[173]
	Czech Republic	None since independence		1990	Last execution when part of Czechoslovakia was in Jun 1989. For more info see Capital punishment in the Czech Republic.Abolished 1990 by Constitution
	Denmark	1950		1978	Last execution for common law crimes 1892. Last execution for war crimes 1950. Capital punishment was retroactively carried out 1945-50 for crimes related to the German occupation in World War II, repealed in 1951 and confirmed in 1993. A similar rule was active 1952-1978 in the civil penalty law for war crimes committed under extreme circumstances. See Capital punishment in Denmark.
	Estonia	1991		1998
	Finland	1944		1972	Last peacetime execution 1825. Last wartime execution 1944. Capital punishment was abolished on civilian crimes 1949 (all existing sentences commuted to life imprisonment) and on all crimes 1972. 1984 death penalty was outlawed in the Finnish Constitution.
	France	1977		1981	The death penalty was initially abolished by the Directory in 1795 but re-introduced by Napoleon in 1810. It was re-abolished in law in 1981 and by Constitution in 2007. For more info see Capital punishment in France
	Georgia	1995[170]		2006	The death penalty was abolished for most offenses in 1997, but the constitution stated that the Supreme Court had the power to impose the death penalty in exceptionally serious cases of "crimes against life". On 27 December 2006, President Mikheil Saakashvili signed into a law a new constitutional amendment totally abolishing the death penalty in all circumstances
	Germany	1949		1949	Last execution by German staat´s authorities 1949. US military authorities carried out an execution on FRG territory in 1956. The now defunct GDR`S last execution in East Germany was in 1981. Prohibited by the Basic Law since 1949. In GDR was forbiden since 1988 and (West-)Berlin forbidden since the reunification 1990.
	Greece	1972		2001	Abolished in 1994 (Law 2207/1994) except for high treason in time of war; abolished completely with the Constitutional amendment of 2001
	Hungary	1988		1990	Capital punishment was abolished in 1990 and the last execution was of Vadász Ernő on the 14th of July 1988 for murder.
	Iceland	None since independence		1928	Last execution when a colony of Denmark was in 1830. Abolished in 1928; reintroduction made unconstitutional in 1995 by unanimous vote of parliament
	Ireland	1954		1990	21st Amendment to the Constitution (2001) passed by national referendum made reintroduction unconstitutional without a further constitutional amendment (and referendum). Until 1990 it was still technically lawful to execute the murderer of a police officer; however, in practice this never occurred, likely due to widespread moral objection.
	Italy	1947		1994	On 30 Nov 1786 the Duchy of Tuscany (then independent,now a part of Italy) became the first state in the modern era to completely abolish the death penalty. The short lived Roman Republic of Feb-Jul 1849 abolished the death penalty before being overthrown by French troops. When the Republic of Italy was formed in 1860 all the constituent states except Tuscany allowed capital punishment until it was abolished from the civil code in 1889 - although it was maintained under military and colonial law. In 1926 Mussolini reintroduced the death penalty into civil Italian law. It was re-abolished from the civil code except in time of war in 1948 (by the Constitution). Capital punishment was finally completely abolished by removing it from from the military penal code in 1994. Constitution amended in 2007 to make reintroduction unconstitutional without a further constitutional amendment.See Capital punishment in Italy
	Kazakhstan	2003[174]		n/a	Currently capital punishment for terrorism and crimes in wartime.[175] Moratorium since 17 December 2003. Abolished on 30 July 2009 for other crimes[176] On 28 Mar 2011 the Presidential Commission for Human Rights in Astana asked the government to abolish capital punishment.[177]
	Kosovo	None since independence		2008	Prohibited by 2008 Constitution[178]
	Latvia	1996[170]		n/a	Death penalty for murder with aggravating circumstances if committed during wartime.[179] Abolished for other crimes 1999.
	Liechtenstein	1785		1987
	Lithuania	1995		1998
	Luxembourg	1949		1979	Abolished by Constitution 1979
	Macedonia	None since independence		1991	Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1988.[170] Abolished by Constitution 1991.
	Malta	None since independence		2000	Last execution when a colony of Britain was in 1943. Capital punishment for murder abolished in 1971; part of the military code until 2000.
	Moldova	None since independence		2005	Last execution when a part of the USSR was in 1985[170] . On 23 September 2005 the Moldovan Constitutional Court approved constitutional amendments that abolished the death penalty.[180]
	Monaco	1847		1962	Abolished by Constitution 1962
	Montenegro	None since independence		2006	Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1992. Capital punishment abolished by Yugoslavia Federal Republic in 1995. When Montenegro declared independence in 2006 it became an abolitionist state.
	Netherlands	1952		2010	Last execution for peacetime offences 1860. Abolished for peacetime offences in 1870. Abolished in Netherlands by Constitution 1982. Last Netherlands overseas territory to abolish was Netherlands Antilles in 2010.[169]
	Nagorno-Karabakh Republic	None since independence		n/a
	Norway	1948		1979	Abolished for peacetime offences in 1902, last execution for peacetime offences 1876. Last executions of wartime offenders conducted on 37 men convicted of treason in WWII in 1947-48.
	Poland	1988		1997	A criminal law reform including reintroduction of death penalty was proposed in 2004 by Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, but lost its first reading vote in the Sejm by 198 to 194 with 14 abstentions). It is said that this was only populism, as Poland was in the European Union and so this initiative hardly had a chance.[32]
	Portugal	1846		1976	Capital Punishment was abolished for civil crimes in 1867. It was completely abolished for all crimes in 1911, but reinstated in 1916 for treasonous offenses in time of war. It was completely abolished again in 1976.[181]
	Romania	1989		1990[182]	The last people to be convicted and executed in Romania were the former dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife, Elena, following the Romanian Revolution of 1989. Their accusations ranged from crimes against humanity to high-treason. Abolished in 1990 by Constitution
	Russia	1996		n/a	There have been 3 brief periods when Russia has completely abolished the death penalty, 12 Mar 1917 to 12 Jul 1917 following the overthrow of the Tsar, 27 Oct 1917 to 16 Jun 1918 following the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks, and 1947-1950 after the end of the Second World War. Currently the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation envisages the death penalty for five crimes: murder with aggravating circumstances, assassination attempt against a state or public figure, attempt on the life of a person administering justice or preliminary investigations, attempt on the life of a law-enforcement officer, and genocide.[183] On 16 April 1997 Russia signed the Sixth Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, but has yet to ratify it. There has been a moratorium on executions since 1996; no executions in the Russian Federation since August 1996 (except one in 1999 in the Chechen Republic a former limited recognition state). In November 2009, the Constitutional Court of Russia extended the moratorium pending ratification of the Sixth Protocol.
	San Marino	1468		1865	Capital Punishment was abolished for civil crimes in 1848. The Death penalty was completely abolished for all crimes in 1865.
	Serbia	1992		2002	Abolished in 1995 on the federal level (Serbia was the part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). Local (Serbian) legislation was adjusted in 2002[184]
	Slovakia	None since independence		1993	Last execution when a part of Czechoslovakia was in 1989. Abolished 1990 by Constitution when still a constituent part of Czechoslovakia. Upon independence on 01 Jan 1993 Slovakia became a new abolitionist state.
	South Ossetia	None since independence		n/a
	Slovenia	None since independence		1991	Last execution when a part of Yugoslavia was in 1959. Abolished in Slovenian Yugoslav Republic 1989 by Constitution. Upon declaration of independence in 1991 Slovenia removed itself from the jurisdiction of the Federal Yugoslav capital punishment statutes effectively achieving complete abolition.
	Spain	1975		1995	Abolished in 1978 by constitution except for military laws during wartime. Abolished from the military penal code in 1995.[185]
	Sweden	1910		1973	Peacetime offences 1921, Wartime offences 1973. Constitutionally prohibited since 1975. See also capital punishment in Sweden.
	Switzerland	1944		1992	Capital Punishment was abolished in 1874, but reinstated in 1879. It was practiced by a few cantons (nine executions up to 1940). Abolished by popular vote in 1938, except for wartime military crimes, for which it was abolished in 1992.
	Transnistria	None since independence		n/a	Death penalty for murder; attempt to murder a state or public official; armed rebellion; attempt to murder a magistrate or investigator; attempt to murder a law enforcement agent; genocide. Moratorium since 1 January 1999
	Turkey	1984		2004	Abolished in 2004 by Constitution
	Northern Cyprus	None since independence		n/a	Death penalty for treason during wartime, acts of terrorism and piracy jure gentium (by the law of nations), and for repeated murders[186]
	Ukraine	1997[187]		2000	Abolished February 2000 after the Constitutional Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional in December 1999. New criminal code passed in April 2001.
	United Kingdom	1964		1998	Last execution in the UK was in 1964. The last execution on British Overseas Territory occurred in Bermuda in 1977. Abolished for murder in 1969 in Great Britain and 1973 in Northern Ireland. Abolished for all remaining offences (high treason, piracy with violence and offences under military jurisdiction) in UK in 1998. European Convention, Thirteenth Protocol ratified in 2003 confirming total abolition. See Capital punishment in the United Kingdom. The last British Territory or Crown Dependency to completely abolish capital punishment was Jersey on 10 Dec 2006.[188]
	Vatican City	1870 [189]		1969

Abolition Chronology

The table below lists in chronological order the 95 independent states, that are either UN members or have UN observer status, that have completely abolished the death penalty. In the hundred years since Venezuela abolished capital punishment in 1863 only 10 more countries were able to maintain abolition - although more tried but failed to prevent re-instatement after an initial abolition. From the 1960`s there has been a growing momentum towards abolition worldwide. In the 1960`s 4 countries abolished (a record up to that time for any decade), in the 1970`s a limited momentum was achieved when 10 countries abolished, the 1980`s saw a further 9 countries abolish, but it was the fall of Communism in 1989 which turned the trickle into a torrent - no fewer than 34 countries abolished in the 1990`s, the individual years 1990 and 1998 are especially notable because 8 and 7 countries respectively abolished in those single years. This momentum is continuing as a further 26 countries abolished in the first decade of this century. Since 1985 there have been only two years when no country has abolished the death penalty, 1988 & 2003.

Note - Where a country has abolished, re-instated, and abolished again (e.g. Philippines, Switzerland, Portugal) only the later abolition date is included. Countries who have abolished and since reinstated (e.g. Liberia) are not included. The ten limited recognition states are not included in this table, as they are not included in the statistics throughout this article (although they do appear in the continental tables above for information). Non-independent territories are considered to be under the jurisdiction of their parent country - which leads to unexpectedly late abolition dates for the UK, New Zealand and the Netherlands, where Jersey (UK), the Cook Is (NZ), and the Netherlands Antilles, were the last territories of those states to abolish capital punishment, and all were rather later than the more well known abolitions on the respective mainlands. Defunct countries such as the GDR (East Germany), which abolished capital punishment in 1987 but was dissolved in 1990, are also not included. References are in the continental tables above and not repeated here.

	Year Abolished	Country	In-Year Total	Running Total
	1863	Venezuela	1	1
	1865	San Marino	1	2
	1877	Costa Rica	1	3
	1903	Panama	1	4
	1906	Ecuador	1	5
	1907	Uruguay	1	6
	1910	Colombia	1	7
	1928	Iceland	1	8
	1949	Germany	1	9
	1956	Honduras	1	10
	1962	Monaco	1	11
	1966	Dominican Republic	1	12
	1968	Austria	1	13
	1969	Vatican City	1	14
	1972	Finland	1	15
	1973	Sweden	1	16
	1976	Canada  Portugal	2	18
	1978	Denmark  Solomon Islands  Tuvalu	3	21
	1979	Kiribati  Luxembourg  Nicaragua  Norway	4	25
	1980	Vanuatu	1	26
	1981	Cape Verde  France	2	28
	1985	Australia	1	29
	1986	Marshall Islands  Federated States of Micronesia	2	31
	1987	Haiti  Liechtenstein	2	33
	1989	Cambodia	1	34
	1990	Andorra  Czech Republic  Hungary  Ireland  Mozambique  Namibia  Romania  São Tomé and Príncipe	8	42
	1991	Croatia  Macedonia  Slovenia	3	45
	1992	Angola  Paraguay  Switzerland	3	48
	1993	Guinea-Bissau  Slovakia  Seychelles	3	51
	1994	Italy  Palau	2	53
	1995	Djibouti  Mauritius  South Africa  Spain	4	57
	1996	Belgium	1	58
	1997	Nepal  Poland  Bolivia	2	60
	1998	Armenia  Azerbaijan  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Estonia  Lithuania  United Kingdom	7	67
	1999	Turkmenistan	1	68
	2000	Côte d'Ivoire  Malta  Ukraine	3	71
	2001	Greece	1	72
	2002	Cyprus  Serbia  Timor-Leste	3	75
	2004	Bhutan  Samoa  Senegal  Turkey	4	79
	2005	Mexico Moldova	2	81
	2006	Georgia  Montenegro  Philippines	3	84
	2007	Albania  Kyrgyzstan  New Zealand  Rwanda	4	88
	2008	Uzbekistan	1	89
	2009	Argentina  Burundi  Togo	4	93
	2010	Gabon  Netherlands Antilles	2	95

See also

• List of most recent executions by jurisdiction

References

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External links

• Amnesty International
• The Death Penalty Worldwide
• Countries retaining death penalty fail to give details of executions - United Nations, 14 July 2005
• Death Penalty in Asia-Pacific
• Monthly updates of world-wide executions
• Hands Off Cain (results may vary)
• Abolition UK