Republic of the Congo

Not to be confused with the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly also known as the "Republic of the Congo".

For other uses, see Congo (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 1°26′24″S 15°33′22″E / 1.44°S 15.556°E / -1.44; 15.556

Republic of the Congo République du Congo (French) Repubilika ya Kongo (Kituba) Republiki ya Kongó (Lingala)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Unité, Travail, Progrès  (French) "Unity, Work, Progress"
Anthem: La Congolaise  (French) "The Congolese"
Capital (and largest city)		Brazzaville 4°16′S 15°17′E / 4.267°S 15.283°E / -4.267; 15.283
Official language(s)		French
Recognised regional languages		Kongo/Kituba, Lingala
Demonym		Brazzaville Congolese
Government		Presidential republic
-	President	Denis Sassou Nguesso
Independence
-	from France	August 15, 1960
Area
-	Total	342,000 km2 (64th) 132,047 sq mi
-	Water (%)	3.3
Population
-	2009 estimate	3,686,000[1] (128th)
-	Density	10.8/km2 (204th) 27.9/sq mi
GDP (PPP)		2010 estimate
-	Total	$17.108 billion[2]
-	Per capita	$4,426[2]
GDP (nominal)		2010 estimate
-	Total	$11.530 billion[2]
-	Per capita	$2,983[2]
HDI (2010)		0.489 [3] (medium) (126th)
Currency		Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zone		WAT (UTC+1)
Drives on the		right
ISO 3166 code		CG
Internet TLD		.cg
Calling code		242

The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo; Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, is a state in Central Africa. It is bordered by Gabon, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly known as Zaire), the Angolan exclave province of Cabinda, and the Gulf of Guinea.

The region was dominated by Bantu tribes, who built trade links leading into the Congo River basin. The republic is a former French colony.^[4] Upon independence in 1960, the former French region of Middle Congo became the Republic of the Congo. The People's Republic of the Congo was a Marxist-Leninist single-party state from 1970 to 1991. Multiparty elections have been held since 1992, although a democratically elected government was ousted in the 1997 Republic of the Congo Civil War.

History

Main article: History of the Republic of the Congo

The earliest inhabitants of the region were Pygmy people, who later were largely displaced and absorbed by Bantu who found tribes during the Bantu expansions. The Bakongo are a Bantu ethnicity that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, forming the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.^[5]

The court of N'Gangue M'voumbe Niambi, from the book Description of Africa (1668)

The mouth of the Congo was reached by the Portuguese explorer Diego Cao in 1484.^[6] Commercial relationships were quickly established between the inland Bantu kingdoms and European merchants who traded various commodities, manufactured goods, and slaves captured from the hinterlands. For centuries, the Congo river delta was a major commercial hub for transatlantic trade. However, when direct European colonization of the African continent began in the late 19th century, the power of the Bantu societies in the region eroded.^[7]

The area north of the Congo River came under French sovereignty in 1880 as a result of Pierre de Brazza's treaty with Makoko of the Bateke.^[6] This Congo Colony became known first as French Congo, then as Middle Congo in 1903. In 1908, France organized French Equatorial Africa (AEF), comprising Middle Congo, Gabon, Chad, and Oubangui-Chari (the modern Central African Republic). Brazzaville was selected as the federal capital. Economic development during the first 50 years of colonial rule in Congo centered on natural resource extraction. The methods were often brutal: establishment of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.^[6]

During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940–1943.^[8] The Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville.^[5] It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF was dissolved and its constituent parts reformed into autonomous colonies within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958^[9] and published its first constitution in 1959.^[10] Antagonism between the pro-Opangault Mbochis and the pro-Youlou Balalis resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which had to be subdued by the French army.

The Republic of the Congo was granted full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat. Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term.^[5] The regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology.^[11]

In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam.^[11] Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional and ideological factions^[11] and his regime ended abruptly with an August 1968 coup d'état. Marien Ngouabi, who had participated in the coup, assumed the presidency on December 31, 1968. One year later, President Ngouabi proclaimed Congo to be Africa's first "people's republic" and announced the decision of the National Revolutionary Movement to change its name to the Congolese Labour Party (PCT). On March 16, 1977, President Ngouabi was assassinated. An 11-member Military Committee of the Party (CMP) was named to head an interim government with Joachim Yhombi-Opango to serve as President of the Republic. Two years later, Yhombi-Opango was forced from power and Denis Sassou Nguesso become the new president.^[5]

Sassou Nguesso aligned the country with the Eastern Bloc and signed a twenty-year friendship pact with the Soviet Union. Over the years, Sassou had to rely more on political repression and less on patronage to maintain his dictatorship.^[12]

Pascal Lissouba, another socialist who followed Sassou as president, did not bring much change. He delayed economic reforms.^[13]

Congo's democratic progress was derailed in 1997 when Lissouba and Sassou started to fight over power. As presidential elections scheduled for July 1997 approached, tensions between the Lissouba and Sassou camps mounted. On June 5, President Lissouba's government forces surrounded Sassou's compound in Brazzaville and Sassou ordered members of his private militia (known as "Cobras") to resist. Thus began a four-month conflict that destroyed or damaged much of Brazzaville and caused tens of thousands of civilian deaths. In early October, the Angolan socialist regime began an invasion of Congo to install Sassou to power. In mid-October, the Lissouba government fell. Soon thereafter, Sassou declared himself President.^[5]

In the controversial elections in 2002, Sassou won with almost 90% of the vote cast. His two main rivals Lissouba and Bernard Kolelas were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, Andre Milongo, advised his supporters to boycott the elections and then withdrew from the race.^[14] A new constitution, agreed upon by referendum in January 2002, granted the president new powers, extended his term to seven years, and introduced a new bicameral assembly. International observers took issue with the organization of the presidential election and the constitutional referendum, both of which were reminiscent in their organization of Congo's era of the single-party state.^[15] Following the presidential elections, fighting restarted in the Pool region between government forces and rebels led by Pastor Ntumi; a peace treaty to end the conflict was signed in April 2003.^[16]

The regime held the presidential election in July 2009.^[17] According to the Congolese Observatory of Human Rights, a non-governmental organization, the election was marked by "very low" turnout and "fraud and irregularities."^[18] The regime announced Sassou as the winner.

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of the Republic of the Congo

See also: Foreign relations of the Republic of the Congo and Military of the Republic of the Congo

Congo-Brazzaville has had a multi-party political system since the early 1990s, although the system is heavily dominated by President Denis Sassou Nguesso; he has lacked serious competition in the presidential elections held under his rule. Sassou Nguesso is backed by his own Congolese Labour Party (PCT) as well as a range of smaller parties.

Internationally, Sassou's regime has been hit by corruption revelations despite attempts to censor them. One French investigation found over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France; Sassou denounced embezzlement investigations as "racist" and "colonial".^[19][20][21]

Human rights

Main article: Human rights in the Republic of the Congo

As of 2008, the main media are owned by the government but many more privately-run forms of media are being created. There is one government-owned television station and around 10 small private television channels.

Many Pygmies in Congo live in precarious conditions, to which UNICEF and human-rights activists have voiced their concerns ^[22] On the 30th December 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples. This law is the first of its kind in Africa, and its adoption is a historic development for indigenous peoples on the continent.^[23]

Administrative divisions

Main articles: Departments of the Republic of the Congo, Communes of the Republic of the Congo, and Districts of the Republic of the Congo

The Republic of the Congo is divided into 12 départements (departements). Departments are divided into communes and/or districts.^[24] These are:

Bouenza Cuvette Cuvette-Ouest Kouilou Lékoumou Brazzaville

Likouala Niari Plateaux Pool Sangha Pointe Noire

Geography and climate

Main article: Geography of the Republic of the Congo

Map of the Republic of the Congo

View of Livingstone Falls.

Climate diagram for Brazzaville

Congo is located in the central-western part of sub-Saharan Africa, along the Equator, lying between latitudes 4°N and 5°S, and longitudes 11° and 19°E. To the south and east of it is the Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also bounded by Gabon to the west, Cameroon and the Central African Republic to the north, and Cabinda (Angola) to the southwest. It has a short Atlantic coast.

The capital, Brazzaville, is located on the Congo River, in the south of the country, immediately across from Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins to the south and north. Forests are under increasing exploitation pressure.^[25]

Since the country is located on the Equator, the climate is consistent year-round, with the average day temperature being a humid 24 °C (75 °F) and nights generally between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). The average yearly rainfall ranges from 1,100 millimetres (43 in) in south in the Niari valley to over 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in central parts of the country. The dry season is from June to August while in the majority of the country the wet season has two rainfall maxima: one in March–May and another in September–November.^[26]

In 2006–07, researchers from the Wildlife Conservation Society studied gorillas in heavily forested regions centered on the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region. They suggest a population on the order of 125,000 Western Lowland Gorillas, whose isolation from humans has been largely preserved by inhospitable swamps.^[27]

Economy

Main article: Economy of the Republic of the Congo

Cassava is an important food crop in the Republic of Congo.

The economy is a mixture of village agriculture and handicrafts, an industrial sector based largely on petroleum,^[28] support services, and a government characterized by budget problems and overstaffing. Petroleum extraction has supplanted forestry as the mainstay of the economy. In 2008, oil sector accounted for 65% of the GDP, 85% of government revenue, and 92% of exports.^[29]

In the early 1980s, rapidly rising oil revenues enabled the government to finance large-scale development projects with GDP growth averaging 5% annually, one of the highest rates in Africa. The government has mortgaged a substantial portion of its petroleum earnings, contributing to a shortage of revenues. The January 12, 1994 devaluation of Franc Zone currencies by 50% resulted in inflation of 46% in 1994, but inflation has subsided since.^[30]

Economic reform efforts continued with the support of international organizations, notably the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The reform program came to a halt in June 1997 when civil war erupted. When Sassou Nguesso returned to power at the end of the war in October 1997, he publicly expressed interest in moving forward on economic reforms and privatization and in renewing cooperation with international financial institutions. However, economic progress was badly hurt by slumping oil prices and the resumption of armed conflict in December 1998, which worsened the republic's budget deficit.

The current administration presides over an uneasy internal peace and faces difficult economic problems of stimulating recovery and reducing poverty, despite record-high oil prices since 2003. Natural gas and diamonds are also recent major Congolese exports, although Congo was excluded from the Kimberley Process in 2004 amid allegations that most of its diamond exports were in fact being smuggled out of the neighboring Democratic Republic of Congo; it was re-admitted to the group in 2007.^[31][32]

The Republic of the Congo also has base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits.^[33] The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).^[34] The Congolese government has signed an agreement to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.^[35][36]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of the Republic of the Congo

Religion in Republic of the Congo
religion			percent
Roman Catholic			50.5%
Protestant			40.2%
Muslim			1.3%
Animism			2.2%
Baha’i			0.4%
Other			2.2%

Congolese woman.

The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.^[37]

Ethnically and linguistically the population of the Republic of the Congo is diverse—Ethnologue recognises 62 spoken languages in the country^[38]—but can be grouped into three categories. The Kongo are the largest ethnic group and form roughly half of the population. The most significant subgroups of the Kongo are Laari in Brazzaville and Pool regions and Vili around Pointe-Noire and along the Atlantic coast. The second largest group are the Teke who live to the north of Brazzaville with 17% of the population. Boulangui (M’Boshi) live in northwest and in Brazzaville and form 12% of the population.^[39][40]

Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains.^[37] Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.^[37] Nearly 2,000 white South African farmers have expressed interest in going to Congo.^[41] Pygmies make up between 5-10% of Congo's population.^{[42][dubious – discuss]}

The people of Republic of the Congo are largely a mix of Catholics and Protestants, who account for 50.5% and 40.2% of the population respectively. The majority of Christians in the country are Catholic, while the remaining comprises various other Christian denominations. Followers of Islam make up 1.3% of the population, and this is primarily due to an influx of foreign workers into the urban centres.^[43]

Health

Public expenditure on health was at 1.2% of the GDP in 2004, whereas private expenditure was at 1.3%.^[44] HIV prevalence is at several percent among 15–49 year olds.^[44] Health expenditure was at US$ 30 per capita in 2004^[44] A large proportion of the population is undernourished.^[44] There were 20 physicians per 100,000 persons in the early 2000s.^[44]

Culture

Main article: Culture of the Republic of the Congo

Education

School children in the classroom, Republic of the Congo

Public expenditure of the GDP was less in 2002–05 than in 1991.^[44] Public education is theoretically free and compulsory for under-16-year olds,^[45] but in practice, expenses exist.^[45] Net primary enrollment rate was 44% in 2005, much less than the 79% in 1991.^[44] The country has universities. Education between ages six and sixteen is compulsory. Students who complete six years of primary school and seven years of secondary school obtain a baccalaureate. At the university, students can obtain a bachelor's degree in three years and a master's after four. Marien Ngouabi University—which offers courses in medicine, law, and several other fields—is the country's only public university. Instruction at all levels is in French, and the educational system as a whole models the French system. The educational infrastructure has been seriously degraded as a result of political and economic crises. There are no seats in most classrooms, forcing children to sit on the floor. Enterprising individuals have set up private schools, but they often lack the technical knowledge and familiarity with the national curriculum to teach effectively. Families frequently enroll their children in private schools only to find they cannot make the payments.

See also

Geography portal Africa portal Republic of the Congo portal

• Outline of the Republic of the Congo
  
• Index of Republic of the Congo-related articles
  
• French Congo
• French Equatorial Africa
• List of Congolese
• List of writers from the Republic of the Congo
• Music of the Republic of the Congo
• Public holidays in the Republic of the Congo

References

1. ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} "Republic of the Congo". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2011/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=89&pr.y=0&sy=2008&ey=2011&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=634&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2011-04-21. 
3. ^ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2009_EN_Tables.pdf
4. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Congo, Republic of the". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cf.html. Retrieved 2008-12-26. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Background Note: Republic of the Congo". Department of State. March 2009. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2825.htm. 
6. ^ ^{a b c} Olson, James S. & Shadle, Robert. Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism, p. 225. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN: 0313262578. Accessed 9 Oct 2011.
7. ^ C. R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825
8. ^ United States State Department. Office of the Historian. A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776. "Republic of the Congo". Accessed 9 October 2010.
9. ^ United States State Department. Bureau of African Affairs. Background Notes. "Republic of the Congo". Accessed 9 October 2011.
10. ^ Robbers, Gerhard. Encyclopedia of World Constitutions. Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN: 0816060789. Accessed 9 October 2011.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Kevin Shillington. Encyclopedia of African history. p. 301. 
12. ^ Kevin Shillington. Encyclopedia of African history. p. 302. 
13. ^ Kevin Shillington. Encyclopedia of African history. p. 303. 
14. ^ "Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville)". Freedom House. 2006. http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=7093. Retrieved 2009-06-12. 
15. ^ "Congo approves new constitution". BBC. 24 January 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1779007.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-12. 
16. ^ "Congo peace deal signed". BBC. 18 March 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2859881.stm. Retrieved 2009-06-15. 
17. ^ "17 candidates in Congo presidential race: commission". AFP. June 13, 2009‎. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jqfjSxI0cOeNG4TITywUuuQMNTGA. Retrieved 2009-06-15. 
18. ^ Vote results expected as opposition alleges fraud. France24
19. ^ "Congo leader son fails in gag bid". BBC. 15 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6948281.stm. 
20. ^ "Propping Up Africa's Dictators". Foreign Policy In Focus. June 22, 2009. http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/6209. 
21. ^ "FACTBOX-African leaders' French assets under scrutiny". Reuters. April 29, 2009. http://af.reuters.com/article/idAFLR9382820090429?pageNumber=3&virtualBrandChannel=0. 
22. ^ Thomas, Katie (2007-03-04). "Slaves of the Congo http://internationalreportingproject.org/stories/detail/slaves-of-the-congo/". International Reporting Project. 
23. ^ http://www.iwgia.org/sw153.asp#516_35010
24. ^ With inconsistent figures:
    • The site of the Presidency of the Republic of Congo lists 11 departments, 7 communes, and 76 districts.
    • The 2004 Statistical directory of Congo lists 12 departments, 6 communes, and 85 districts
    • A list of subprefects (higher representatives of State in a district) nominated in December 2008 lists 86 districts. Search[1]
    • Finally, the good figures seem to come from this site: 12 departments, 7 communes, and 86 districts
25. ^ Map: Situation de l'exploitation forestière en République du Congo
26. ^ Samba G., Nganga D., Mpounza M. (2008). "Rainfall and temperature variations over Congo-Brazzaville between 1950 and 1998". Theoretical and Applied Climatology 91 (1–4): 85–97. doi:10.1007/s00704-007-0298-0. http://www.springerlink.com/content/ah8jx745740m4353/. Retrieved 2008-06-11. 
27. ^ "'Mother Lode' Of Gorillas Found In Congo Forests : NPR". http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93254830. Retrieved 2008-08-15. 
28. ^ "Congo-Brazzaville". Energy Information Administration, U.S. Government. http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/congo2.html. Retrieved 2009-06-11. 
29. ^ Republic of Congo World Bank
30. ^ "Congo, Republic of". EconStats. http://www.econstats.com/weo/CCOG.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-11. 
31. ^ "Kimberley Process Removes the Republic of Congo from the List of Participants". Kimberley Process. 2004-07-09. http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/310. Retrieved 2008-06-11. 
32. ^ "2007 Kimberley Process Communiqué". Kimberley Process. 2007-11-08. http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/download/getfile/678. Retrieved 2008-06-11. 
33. ^ "Mining in Congo". MBendi. http://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/af/co/p0005.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-14. 
34. ^ "OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa". http://www.ohada.com/index.php. Retrieved 2009-03-22 
35. ^ "South Africa’s white farmers prepare to trek to the Congo". National Post. October 21, 2009.
36. ^ "Congo hands land to South African farmers". Telegraph. October 21, 2009.
37. ^ ^{a b c} Background Note: Republic of the Congo United States Department of State. Accessed on August 21, 2008.
38. ^ "Languages of Congo". SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CG. Retrieved 2009-06-13. 
39. ^ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic groups worldwide. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 120–121. ISBN 9781573560191. http://books.google.com/?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA120&lpg=PA120. 
40. ^ "Congo Overview". Minority Rights Group International. http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=4141. Retrieved 2009-06-13. 
41. ^ "SA farmers to rent land in Congo". BBC News. October 20, 2009.
42. ^ Thomas, Katie (2007-03-12). "Congo's www.newsobserver.com/110/story/552528.html". The News & Observer. 
43. ^ Religiously Remapped - Mapping Religious Trends In Africa - Dataset of Religious Affiliations
44. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_COG.html
45. ^ ^{a b} http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,COG,456d621e2,4aba3ee628,0.html

Further reading

• Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006) ISBN 9781-4259-11980

External links

Government

• Congolese Government Portal
• Presidency of the Republic
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members

General

• Country Profile from BBC News
• Republic of the Congo entry at The World Factbook
• Republic of the Congo from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Republic of the Congo at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of the Republic of the Congo
• Crisis briefing on the Republic of Congo's struggle for peace from Reuters AlertNet
• Review of Congo by the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review, May 6, 2009.
• Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN – Congo

Tourism

• Congo-Brazzaville.com
• Republic of the Congo travel guide from Wikitravel