Guardian Council

Guardian Council شورای نگهبان
Type
Type	Election management body
Leadership
Chairman	Ahmad Jannati since August 29, 1988
Members	12
Meeting place
Tehran, Iran
Website
[1]

Iran

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Iran

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The Guardian Council of the Constitution^[1] (Persian: شورای نگهبان قانون اساسی, Shora-ye Negahban-e Qanun-e Assassi), also known as the Guardian Council or Council of Guardians, is an appointed and constitutionally-mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The Iranian constitution calls for the council to be composed of six Islamic faqihs(expert in Islamic Law), "conscious of the present needs and the issues of the day" to be selected by the Supreme Leader of Iran, and six jurists, "specializing in different areas of law, to be elected by the Majlis (the Iranian Parliament) from among the Muslim jurists nominated by the Head of the Judicial Power,"^[2] (who, in turn, is also appointed by the supreme leader).^[3]

It is charged with interpreting the Constitution of Iran,^[4] supervising elections of, and approving of candidates to, the Assembly of Experts, the President and the Majlis,^[5] and "ensuring ... the compatibility of the legislation passed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly [i.e. Majlis] ... with the criteria of Islam and the Constitution", i.e., as the watchdog of the constitution it can veto any law passed by the Majlis.^[6]

The Council has played a central role in allowing only one interpretation of Islamic values to inform Iranian law, as it consistently disqualifies reform-minded candidates—including the most well-known candidates—from running for office, and vetoes laws passed by the popularly elected Majlis.^[7][8] When the 2009 Presidential election was announced, the popular former president, Mohammad Khatami, would not discuss his plans to run against Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as the Council may disqualify the Muslim cleric as it has other reformist candidates on the grounds that they were not dedicated enough to Islamic values.^[9][10] It has also increased the influence the Islamic Revolutionary Guard (an ideological fighting force separate from the Iranian army) has on the economic and cultural life of the country.^[11]

Legislative functions

The Guardian Council does not introduce bills. Bills are introduced in the Majlis; but any bill passed by the Majlis must be reviewed and approved by the Guardian Council,^[12][13] The Majlis has no legal status without the Guardian Council.^[14]

According to Article 96 of the constitution, the Guardian Council holds veto power over all legislation approved by the Majlis. It can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against Islamic laws,^[15] or being against the constitution. While all the members vote on the laws being compatible with the constitution, only the six clerics vote on them being compatible with Islam.

If any law is rejected, it will be passed back to the Majlis for correction. If the Majlis and the Council of Guardians cannot decide on a case, it is passed up to the Expediency Council for a decision.^[16]

The Guardian Council is uniquely involved in the legislative process. Chapter 6 of the Constitution explains its interworkings with the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Articles 91-97 all fall in the legislative Chapter 6.

Judicial authority

The Council of Guardians also functions similar to a constitutional court. The authority to interpret the constitution is vested in the Council;^[17] interpretative decisions require a three-quarters majority of the Council. However, it does not conduct a court hearing where opposing sides are argued.

Electoral authority

Since 1991, all candidates of parliamentary or presidential^[18] elections, as well as candidates for the Assembly of Experts, have to be qualified by the Guardian Council in order to run in the election. The Council is accorded "supervision of elections".^[19][20]

The Guardian Council interprets the term supervision in Article 99 as "approbation supervision" (Persian: نظارت استصوابی)^[21] which implies the right for acceptance or rejection of elections legality and candidates competency. This interpretation is in contrast with the idea of "notification supervision" (Persian: نظارت استطلاعی) which does not imply the mentioned approval right.^[22] The "evidentiary supervision" (Persian: نظارت استنادی), which requires evidences for acceptance or rejection of elections legality and candidates competency, is another interpretation of mentioned article.^[23][24]

Role in the 2009 elections

Further information: Iranian presidential election, 2009

On Monday, June 29, 2009, the Guardian Council certified the results of the controversial election in which President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected.^[25] The Council had completed a recount of 10% percent of the overall votes in order to appease the citizens of Iran.^[26] As the "final authority on the election", the Council has declared the election closed.^[27] The certification of the results set off a wave of protests, disregarding the Iranian government's ban on street marches.^[25] The Iranian intelligence chief alleged that western and "Zionist" forces were responsible for inciting the protests.

Criticism

Increases the role of the army in everyday life

The Council favors military candidates at the expense of reform candidates. This ensures that the ideological Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution (separate from the Iranian army) holds a commanding influence over the political, economic, and cultural life of Iran.^[11]

Arbitrarily disqualifies candidates from elections

Hadi Khamenei, the brother of Supreme Leader Ali Khameni and an adviser in the administration of reformist former President Mohammad Khatami, said the Guardian Council's vetting of candidates threatens Iranian democracy. He believes some reformist candidates are wrongly kept from running.^[28] In 1998, the Guardian Council rejected Hadi Khamenei's candidacy for a seat in the Assembly of Experts for "insufficient theological qualifications."^[29][30]

After conservative candidates fared poorly in the 2000 parliamentary elections, the Council disqualified more than 3,600 reformist and independent candidates for the 2004 elections.^[31]

In the run-up to the Iranian Assembly of Experts election, 2006, all women candidates were disqualified.^[32]

The Council disqualified many candidates in the 2008 parliamentary elections. One third of them were members of the outgoing parliament it had previously approved.^[11] The Iranian Ministry of the Interior gave nebulous, arbitrary reasons for disqualifying the majority of the candidates, including narcotics addiction or involvement in drug-smuggling, connections to the Shah's pre-revolutionary government, lack of belief in or insufficient practice of Islam, being "against" the Islamic Republic, or having connections to foreign intelligence services.^[11]

Rule by unelected leaders

This unelected Council frequently vetoes bills passed by the popularly-elected legislature.^[32] It repeatedly vetoes bills in favor of women’s rights, electoral reform, the prohibition of torture and ratification of international human rights treaties.^[31]

Composition

The Council is composed of Islamic clerics and lawyers.^[33] Membership is for phased six-year terms: half the membership changes every three years.

The Supreme Leader (Iran's Head of State) nominates six clerics,^[34] and may constitutionally dismiss them at will.^[35] The head of the judicial system of Iran, himself selected by the Supreme Leader, nominates six lawyers for confirmation by the Majlis.^[34]

Membership

Council Chairman:

• Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati (a cleric)

Deputy Chairman:

• Abbasali Kadkhodai (a lawyer)

Other cleric members:

• Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
• Mohammad Reza Modarresi-Yazdi
• Mohammad Momen
• Gholamreza Rezvani
• Mohammad Yazdi

Other lawyer members:

• Mohammad Reza Alizadeh
• Ebrahim Azizi
• Gholamhossein Elham (spokesman)
• Mohsen Esmaili
• Abbas Ka'bi

See also

• History of political Islam in Iran

References

1. ^ "Shora-gc.ir". Shora-gc.ir. http://www.shora-gc.ir/Portal/Home/. Retrieved 2010-08-21. 
2. ^ Powers and Authority of The Islamic Consultative Assembly
3. ^ Article No.91 http://mellat.majlis.ir/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
4. ^ Article 98 of the constitution
5. ^ Article 99 of the constitution
6. ^ Articles 96 and 94 of the constitution.
7. ^ Whose Iran?, Laura Secor, New York Times, January 28, 2007. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
8. ^ Iran: Voices Struggling To Be Heard, U.S. Department of State Fact Sheet, April 9, 2004. Retrieved September 22, 2008.
9. ^ Khatami reluctant to discuss candidacy, Maryam Sinaiee, The National, September 21, 2008.
10. ^ Split hard-liners hold Iran parliament, AP via USA Today, March 16, 2008.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} The Revolutionary Guards' Role in Iranian Politics, Ali Alfoneh, Middle East Quarterly, Fall 2008; accessed via AEI's website on September 22, 2008.
12. ^ Article 94 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
13. ^ IRANIAN LEGISLATURE APPROVES FUNDS FOR GASOLINE IMPORTS provides an example the need for approval of the Guardian Council.
14. ^ Article 93 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
15. ^ Article 4 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
16. ^ Article 112 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
17. ^ Article 98 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
18. ^ Article 110 Clause 9 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
19. ^ Article 99 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
20. ^ خانه ملت
21. ^ http://www.shora-gc.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=News&ID=7ca3f12d-47c1-4ac5-a088-397771794abb&LayoutID=e3152b95-620e-4dfd-97f1-1fefd0f696b1&CategoryID=8fac823a-5745-41b6-a9e2-b879c74deb7b
22. ^ magiran.com: نشريه حقوق اساسي، شماره 7
23. ^ Mellat Electronic Newspaper
24. ^ http://www.irannewspaper.ir/1382/820205/html/politic.htm#s210702
25. ^ ^{a b} Michael Slackman (June 29, 2009). "Iran Council Certifies Disputed Election Results". New York Times. 
26. ^ "Lebanon's President congratulates Admadinejad on re-election". Washington TV. June 30, 2009. http://televisionwashington.com/floater_article1.aspx?lang=en&t=2&id=11715. Retrieved June 30, 2009. 
27. ^ "Iran Electoral Body: Won't Accept More Election Objections". EasyBourse. June 30, 2009. http://www.easybourse.com/bourse-actualite/marches/iran-electoral-body-won-t-accept-more-election-objections-693959. Retrieved June 30, 2009. 
28. ^ "Khamenei's brother attacks reformist purge". BBC News. 2000-01-12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/600741.stm. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
29. ^ A. William Samii (2000-01-17). "Candidates rejected and Guardians Criticized". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Iran Report. http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2000/3-170100.html. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
30. ^ "Iranian Elections, 1997-2001". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/tehran/inside/elections.html. Retrieved 2009-07-28. 
31. ^ ^{a b} "Overview of Human Rights Issues in Iran". Human Rights Watch. 2005-01-13. http://www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2005/01/13/iran9803.htm3/iran9803_txt.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-28. ^{[dead link]}
32. ^ ^{a b} The Iranian Regime: Human Rights and Civil Liberties Under Siege, U.S. State Department Fact Sheet, April 18, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
33. ^ "irisn.com". Portal.irisn.com. http://portal.irisn.com/aza/aza.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-21. 
34. ^ ^{a b} Article 91 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM
35. ^ Article 110 http://mellat.majlis.ir/archive/CONSTITUTION/ENGLISH.HTM

External links

• Detailed article on the Guardian Council from Encyclopaedia Iranica
• The official website of the Guardian Council (in Persian)
• Photos of members from official website (in Persian)
• Iran's Silent Coup 12 January 2004