Niobium

Niobium
zirconium ← niobium → molybdenum
V
↑
Nb
↓
Ta
Appearance
gray metallic, bluish when oxidized
A lump of gray shining crystals with hexagonal facetting
General properties
Name, symbol, number niobium, Nb, 41
Pronunciation /naɪˈoʊbiəm/
nye-oh-bee-əm;
alternatively, /kəˈlʌmbiəm/
kə-lum-bee-əm
Element category transition metal
Group, period, block 5, 5, d
Standard atomic weight 92.90638
Electron configuration [Kr] 4d4 5s1
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 (Image)
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 8.57 g·cm−3
Melting point 2750 K, 2477 °C, 4491 °F
Boiling point 5017 K, 4744 °C, 8571 °F
Heat of fusion 30 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization 689.9 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity 24.60 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 2942 3207 3524 3910 4393 5013
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 5, 4, 3, 2, -1
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.6 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies 1st: 652.1 kJ·mol−1
2nd: 1380 kJ·mol−1
3rd: 2416 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius 146 pm
Covalent radius 164±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure cubic body-centered
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity (0 °C) 152 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity 53.7 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion 7.3 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3480 m·s−1
Young's modulus 105 GPa
Shear modulus 38 GPa
Bulk modulus 170 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.40
Mohs hardness 6.0
Vickers hardness 1320 MPa
Brinell hardness 736 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-03-1
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of niobium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
91Nb syn 6.8×102 y ε - 91Zr
91mNb syn 60.86 d IT 0.104e 91Nb
92Nb syn 10.15 d ε - 92Zr
γ 0.934 -
92Nb syn 3.47×107y ε - 92Zr
γ 0.561, 0.934 -
93Nb 100% 93Nb is stable with 52 neutrons
93mNb syn 16.13 y IT 0.031e 93Nb
94Nb syn 2.03×104 y β− 0.471 94Mo
γ 0.702, 0.871 -
95Nb syn 34.991 d β− 0.159 95Mo
γ 0.765 -
95mNb syn 3.61 d IT 0.235 95Nb
v ·  /naɪˈoʊbiəm/) or columbium (/kəˈlʌmbiəm/), is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It's a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite. The name comes from Greek mythology: Niobe, daughter of Tantalus.

Niobium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of the element tantalum, and the two are therefore difficult to distinguish. The English chemist Charles Hatchett reported a new element similar to tantalum in 1801, and named it columbium. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston wrongly concluded that tantalum and columbium were identical. The German chemist Heinrich Rose determined in 1846 that tantalum ores contain a second element, which he named niobium. In 1864 and 1865, a series of scientific findings clarified that niobium and columbium were the same element (as distinguished from tantalum), and for a century both names were used interchangeably. The name of the element was officially adopted as niobium in 1949.

It was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially. Brazil is the leading producer of niobium and ferroniobium, an alloy of niobium and iron. Niobium is used mostly in alloys, the largest part in special steel such as that used in gas pipelines. Although alloys contain only a maximum of 0.1%, that small percentage of niobium improves the strength of the steel. The temperature stability of niobium-containing superalloys is important for its use in jet and rocket engines. Niobium is used in various superconducting materials. These superconducting alloys, also containing titanium and tin, are widely used in the superconducting magnets of MRI scanners. Other applications of niobium include its use in welding, nuclear industries, electronics, optics, numismatics and jewelry. In the last two applications, niobium's low toxicity and ability to be colored by anodization are particular advantages.

Contents

History

Oval black and white painting of a man with a prominent shirt collar and necktie
Charles Hatchett was the discoverer of columbium.
Black and white image of a marmor sculpture of a bowing woman with a child nestling in her lap
Picture of a Hellenistic sculpture representing Niobe by Giorgio Sommer

Niobium was discovered by the English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801.[1] He found a new element in a mineral sample that had been sent to England from Massachusetts, United States in 1734 by a John Winthrop,[2] and named the mineral columbite and the new element columbium after Columbia, the poetical name for America.[3] The columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum.[3]

Subsequently, there was considerable confusion[4] over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. In 1809, the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm3, and tantalum—tantalite, with a density over 8 g/cm3, and concluded that the two oxides, despite the significant difference in density, were identical; thus he kept the name tantalum.[4] This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by the German chemist Heinrich Rose, who argued that there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, and named them after children of Tantalus: niobium (from Niobe), and pelopium (from Pelops).[5][6] This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. The claimed new elements pelopium, ilmenium and dianium[7] were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum.[8]

The differences between tantalum and niobium were unequivocally demonstrated in 1864 by Christian Wilhelm Blomstrand,[8] and Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire Deville, as well as Louis J. Troost, who determined the formulas of some of the compounds in 1865[8][9] and finally by the Swiss chemist Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac[10] in 1866, who all proved that there were only two elements. Articles on ilmenium continued to appear until 1871.[11]

De Marignac was the first to prepare the metal in 1864, when he reduced niobium chloride by heating it in an atmosphere of hydrogen.[12] Although de Marignac was able to produce tantalum-free niobium on a larger scale by 1866, it was not until the early 20th century that niobium was first used commercially, in incandescent lamp filaments.[9] This use quickly became obsolete through the replacement of niobium with tungsten, which has a higher melting point and thus is preferable for use in incandescent lamps. The discovery that niobium improves the strength of steel was made in the 1920s, and this application remains its predominant use.[9] In 1961 the American physicist Eugene Kunzler and coworkers at Bell Labs discovered that niobium-tin continues to exhibit superconductivity in the presence of strong electric currents and magnetic fields,[13] making it the first material to support the high currents and fields necessary for useful high-power magnets and electrically powered machinery. This discovery would allow — two decades later — the production of long multi-strand cables that could be wound into coils to create large, powerful electromagnets for rotating machinery, particle accelerators, or particle detectors.[14][15]

Naming of the element

Columbium (symbol Cb[16]) was the name originally given to this element by Hatchett, and this name remained in use in American journals—the last paper published by American Chemical Society with columbium in its title dates from 1953[17]—while niobium was used in Europe. To end this confusion, the name niobium was chosen for element 41 at the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949.[18] A year later this name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) after 100 years of controversy, despite the chronological precedence of the name Columbium.[18] The latter name is still sometimes used in US industry.[19] This was a compromise of sorts;[18] the IUPAC accepted tungsten instead of wolfram, in deference to North American usage; and niobium instead of columbium, in deference to European usage. Not everyone agreed, and while many leading chemical societies and government organizations refer to it by the official IUPAC name, many leading metallurgists, metal societies, and the United States Geological Survey still refer to the metal by the original "columbium".[20][21]

Characteristics

Physical

Niobium is a lustrous, grey, ductile, paramagnetic metal in group 5 of the periodic table (see table), although it has an atypical configuration in its outermost electron shells compared to the rest of the members. (This can be observed in the neighborhood of ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), and palladium (46).)

Z Element No. of electrons/shell
23 vanadium 2, 8, 11, 2
41 niobium 2, 8, 18, 12, 1
73 tantalum 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2
105 dubnium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2

Niobium becomes a superconductor at cryogenic temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors: 9.2 K.[22] Niobium has the largest magnetic penetration depth of any element.[22] In addition, it is one of the three elemental Type II superconductors, along with vanadium and technetium. The superconductive properties are strongly dependent on the purity of the niobium metal.[23] When very pure, it is comparatively soft and ductile, but impurities make it harder.[24]

The metal has a low capture cross-section for thermal neutrons;[25] thus it is used in the nuclear industries.[26]

Chemical

The metal takes on a bluish tinge when exposed to air at room temperature for extended periods.[27] Despite presenting a high melting point in elemental form (2,468 °C), it has a low density in comparison to other refractory metals. Furthermore, it is corrosion resistant, exhibits superconductivity properties, and forms dielectric oxide layers.

Niobium is slightly less electropositive and more compact than its predecessor in the periodic table, zirconium, whereas it is virtually identical in size to the heavier tantalum atoms, owing to the lanthanide contraction.[24] As a result, niobium's chemical properties are very similar to those for tantalum, which appears directly below niobium in the periodic table.[9] Although its corrosion resistance is not as outstanding as that of tantalum, its lower price and greater availability make niobium attractive for less demanding uses such as linings in chemical plants.[24]

Isotopes

Main article: Isotopes of niobium

Naturally occurring niobium is composed of one stable isotope, 93Nb.[28] As of 2003, at least 32 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 81 to 113. The most stable of these is 92Nb with a half-life of 34.7 million years. One of the least stable is 113Nb, with an estimated half-life of 30 milliseconds. Isotopes that are lighter than the stable 93Nb tend to decay by β+ decay, and those that are heavier tend to decay by β- decay, with some exceptions. 81Nb, 82Nb, and 84Nb have minor β+ delayed proton emission decay paths, 91Nb decays by electron capture and positron emission, and 92Nb decays by both β+ and β- decay.[28]

At least 25 nuclear isomers have been described, ranging in atomic mass from 84 to 104. Within this range, only 96Nb, 101Nb, and 103Nb do not have isomers. The most stable of niobium's isomers is 93mNb with a half-life of 16.13 years. The least stable isomer is 84mNb with a half-life of 103 ns. All of niobium's isomers decay by isomeric transition or beta decay except 92m1Nb, which has a minor electron capture decay chain.[28]

Occurrence

See also: Category:Niobium minerals

Niobium is estimated to be 33rd on the list of the most common elements in the Earth’s crust with 20 ppm.[29] Some think that the abundance on Earth should be much greater, but that the “missing” niobium may be located in the Earth’s core due to the metal's high density.[20] The free element is not found in nature, but it does occur in minerals.[24] Minerals that contain niobium often also contain tantalum, such as columbite ((Fe,Mn)(Nb,Ta)2O6) and columbite-tantalite (or coltan, (Fe,Mn)(Ta,Nb)2O6).[30] Columbite-tantalite minerals are most usually found as accessory minerals in pegmatite intrusions, and in alkaline intrusive rocks. Less common are the niobates of calcium, uranium, thorium and the rare earth elements such as pyrochlore ((Na,Ca)2Nb2O6(OH,F)) and euxenite ((Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6). These large deposits of niobium have been found associated with carbonatites (carbonate-silicate igneous rocks) and as a constituent of pyrochlore.[31]

The two largest deposits of pyrochlore were found in the 1950s in Brazil and Canada, and both countries are still the major producers of niobium mineral concentrates.[9] The largest deposit is hosted within a carbonatite intrusion at Araxá, Minas Gerais Brazil, owned by CBMM (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração); the other deposit is located at Goiás owned by Anglo American plc (through its subsidiary Mineração Catalão), also hosted within a carbonatite intrusion.[32] Altogether these two Brazilian mines produce around 75% of world supply. The third largest producer of niobium is the carbonatite-hosted Niobec Mine, Saint-Honoré near Chicoutimi, Quebec owned by Iamgold Corporation Ltd, which produces around 7% of world supply.[32]

Extensive unexploited resources are located in Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Australia, Afghanistan, Russia and Colombia.

Production

Grey and white world map with Brazil colored red representing 90% of niobium world production and Canada colored in dark blue representing 5% of niobium world production
Niobium producers in 2007

After the separation from the other minerals, the mixed oxides of tantalum Ta2O5 and niobium Nb2O5 are obtained. The first step in the processing is the reaction of the oxides with hydrofluoric acid:[30]

Ta2O5 + 14 HF → 2 H2[TaF7] + 5 H2O
Nb2O5 + 10 HF → 2 H2[NbOF5] + 3 H2O

The first industrial scale separation, developed by de Marignac, exploits the differing solubilities of the complex niobium and tantalum fluorides, dipotassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate (K2[NbOF5]·H2O) and dipotassium heptafluorotantalate (K2[TaF7]) in water. Newer processes use the liquid extraction of the fluorides from aqueous solution by organic solvents like cyclohexanone.[30] The complex niobium and tantalum fluorides are extracted separately from the organic solvent with water and either precipitated by the addition of potassium fluoride to produce a potassium fluoride complex, or precipitated with ammonia as the pentoxide:[33]

H2[NbOF5] + 2 KF → K2[NbOF5]↓ + 2 HF

Followed by:

2 H2[NbOF5] + 10 NH4OH → Nb2O5↓ + 10 NH4F + 7 H2O

Several methods are used for the reduction to metallic niobium. The electrolysis of a molten mixture of K2[NbOF5] and sodium chloride is one; the other is the reduction of the fluoride with sodium. With this method niobium with a relatively high purity can be obtained. In large scale production the reduction of Nb2O5 with hydrogen or carbon[33] is used. In the process involving the aluminothermic reaction a mixture of iron oxide and niobium oxide is reacted with aluminium:

3 Nb2O5 + Fe2O3 + 12 Al → 6 Nb + 2 Fe + 6 Al2O3

To enhance the reaction, small amounts of oxidizers like sodium nitrate are added. The result is aluminium oxide and ferroniobium, an alloy of iron and niobium used in the steel production.[34][35] The ferroniobium contains between 60 and 70% of niobium.[32] Without addition of iron oxide, aluminothermic process is used for the production of niobium. Further purification is necessary to reach the grade for superconductive alloys. Electron beam melting under vacuum is the method used by the two major distributors of niobium.[36][37]

The United States Geological Survey estimates that the production increased from 38,700 tonnes in 2005 to 44,500 tonnes in 2006.[38][39] The worldwide resources are estimated to be 4,400,000 tonnes.[39] During the ten-year period between 1995 and 2005, the production more than doubled, starting from 17,800 tonnes in 1995.[40]

Compounds

See also: Category:Niobium compounds

Niobium is in many ways similar to tantalum and zirconium. It reacts with most nonmetals at high temperatures: niobium reacts with fluorine at room temperature, with chlorine and hydrogen at 200 °C, and with nitrogen at 400 °C, giving products that are frequently interstitial and nonstoichiometric.[24] The metal begins to oxidize in air at 200 °C,[33] and is resistant to corrosion by fused alkalis and by acids, including aqua regia, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric and phosphoric acids.[24] Niobium is attacked by hydrofluoric acid and hydrofluoric/nitric acid mixtures.

Although niobium exhibits all of the formal oxidation states from +5 to -1, in most commonly encountered compounds, it is found in the +5 state.[24] Characteristically, compounds in oxidation states less than 5+ display Nb-Nb bonding.

Oxides and sulfides

Niobium forms oxides with the oxidation states +5 (Nb2O5), +4 (NbO2), and +3 (Nb2O3),[33] as well as with the rarer oxidation state +2 (NbO).[41] Most commonly encountered is the pentoxide, precursor to almost all niobium compounds and alloys.[33][42] Niobates are generated by dissolving the pentoxide in basic hydroxide solutions or by melting it in alkali metal oxides. Examples are lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and lanthanum niobate (LaNbO4). In the lithium niobate is a trigonally distorted perovskite-like structure, whereas the lanthanum niobate contains lone NbO43− ions.[33] The layered niobium sulfide (NbS2) is also known.[24]

Halides

Watch glass on a black surface with a small portion of yellow crystals
A sample of niobium pentachloride (yellow portion) that has partially hydrolyzed (white material).
Ball-and-stick model of niobium pentachloride, which exists as a dimer

Niobium forms halides in the oxidation states of +5 and +4 as well as diverse substoichiometric compounds.[33][36] The pentahalides (NbX5) feature octahedral Nb centres. Niobium pentafluoride (NbF5) is a white solid with a melting point of 79.0 °C and niobium pentachloride (NbCl5) is yellow (see image at left) with a melting point of 203.4 °C. Both are hydrolyzed to give oxides and oxyhalides, such as NbOCl3. The pentachloride is a versatile reagent being used to generate the organometallic compounds, such as niobocene dichloride ((C5H5)2NbCl2).[43] The tetrahalides (NbX4) are dark-coloured polymers with Nb-Nb bonds, for example the black hygroscopic niobium tetrafluoride (NbF4) and brown niobium tetrachloride (NbCl4).

Anionic halide compounds of niobium are well known, owing in part to the Lewis acidity of the pentahalides. The most important is [NbF7]2-, which is an intermediate in the separation of Nb and Ta from the ores.[30] This heptafluoride tends to form the oxopentafluoride more readily than does the tantalum compound.Other halide complexes include octahedral [NbCl6]-:

Nb2Cl10 + 2 Cl- → 2 [NbCl6]-

As for other early metals, a variety of reduced halide clusters are known, the premier example being [Nb6Cl18]4-.[44]

Nitrides and carbides

Other binary compounds of niobium include the niobium nitride (NbN), which becomes a superconductor at low temperatures and is used in detectors for infrared light.[45] The main niobium carbide is NbC, an extremely hard, refractory, ceramic material, commercially used in tool bits for cutting tools.

Applications

Three pieces of metallic foil with yellow taint
A niobium foil

It is estimated that out of 44,500 metric tons of niobium mined in 2006, 90% was used in the production of high-grade structural steel, followed by its use in superalloys.[46] The use of niobium alloys for superconductors and in electronic components account only for a small share of the production.[46]

Steel production

Niobium is an effective microalloying element for steel. Adding niobium to the steel causes the formation of niobium carbide and niobium nitride within the structure of the steel.[20] These compounds improve the grain refining, retardation of recrystallization, and precipitation hardening of the steel. These effects in turn increase the toughness, strength, formability, and weldability of the microalloyed steel.[20] Microalloyed stainless steels have a niobium content of less than 0.1%.[47] It is an important alloy addition to high strength low alloy steels which are widely used as structural components in modern automobiles.[20] These niobium-containing alloys are strong and are often used in pipeline construction.[48][49]

Superalloys

Image of the Apollo Service Module with the moon in the background
Apollo 15 CSM in lunar orbit with the dark rocket nozzle made from niobium-titanium alloy

Appreciable amounts of the element, either in its pure form or in the form of high-purity ferroniobium and nickel niobium, are used in nickel-, cobalt-, and iron-based superalloys for such applications as jet engine components, gas turbines, rocket subassemblies, and heat resisting and combustion equipment. Niobium precipitates a hardening γ''-phase within the grain structure of the superalloy.[50] The alloys contain up to 6.5% niobium.[47] One example of a nickel-based niobium-containing superalloy is Inconel 718, which consists of roughly 50% nickel, 18.6% chromium, 18.5% iron, 5% niobium, 3.1% molybdenum, 0.9% titanium, and 0.4% aluminium.[51][52] These superalloys are used, for example, in advanced air frame systems such as those used in the Gemini program.

An alloy used for liquid rocket thruster nozzles, such as in the main engine of the Apollo Lunar Modules, is C103, which consists of 89% niobium, 10% hafnium and 1% titanium.[53] Another niobium alloy was used for the nozzle of the Apollo Service Module. As niobium is oxidized at temperatures above 400 °C, a protective coating is necessary for these applications to prevent the alloy from becoming brittle.[53]

Superconducting magnets

Room-high yellow-grey medical machine with a man-size hole in the middle and a stretcher directly in front of it
A 3 tesla clinical magnetic resonance imaging scanner using niobium-superconducting alloy

Niobium-germanium (Nb3Ge), niobium-tin (Nb3Sn), as well as the niobium-titanium alloys are used as a type II superconductor wire for superconducting magnets.[54][55] These superconducting magnets are used in magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance instruments as well as in particle accelerators.[56] For example, the Large Hadron Collider uses 600 tons of superconducting strands, while the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor is estimated to use 600 tonnes of Nb3Sn strands and 250 tonnes of NbTi strands.[57] In 1992 alone, niobium-titanium wires were used to construct more than US$1 billion worth of clinical magnetic resonance imaging systems.[14]

Superconducting, other

The Superconducting Radio Frequency (RF) cavities used in the free electron lasers TESLA and XFEL are made from pure niobium.[58]

The high sensitivity of superconducting niobium nitride bolometers make them an ideal detector for electromagnetic radiation in the THz frequency band. These detectors were tested at the Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope, the South Pole Telescope, the Receiver Lab Telescope, and at APEX and are now used in the HIFI instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory.[59]

Other uses

Electroceramics

Lithium niobate, which is a ferroelectric, is used extensively in mobile telephones and optical modulators, and for the manufacture of surface acoustic wave devices. It belongs to the ABO3 structure ferroelectrics like lithium tantalate and barium titanate.[60] Niobium was evaluated as a cheaper alternative to tantalum in capacitors,[61] but tantalum capacitors are still predominant. Niobium is added to glass in order to attain a higher refractive index, a property of use to the optical industry in making thinner corrective glasses.

Hypoallergenic applications: medicine and jewelry

Niobium and some niobium alloys are physiologically inert and thus hypoallergenic. For this reason, niobium is found in many medical devices such as pacemakers.[62] Niobium treated with sodium hydroxide forms a porous layer that aids osseointegration.[63]

Along with titanium, tantalum, and aluminium, niobium can also be electrically heated and anodized, resulting in a wide array of colours using a process known as reactive metal anodizing which is useful in making jewelry.[64][65] The fact that niobium is hypoallergenic also benefits its use in jewelry.[66]

Numismatics

Coin with a dark green cener and a silvery outer rim. The rim reads: Republik Österreich 25 Euro. The centere shows electric and a steam driven locomotive
A 150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway Coin made of niobium and silver

Niobium is used as a precious metal in commemorative coins, often with silver or gold. For example, Austria produced a series of silver niobium euro coins starting in 2003; the colour in these coins is created by the diffraction of light by a thin oxide layer produced by anodising.[67] In 2008, six coins are available showing a broad variety of colours in the centre of the coin: blue, green, brown, purple, violet, or yellow. Two more examples are the 2004 Austrian €25 150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway commemorative coin,[68] and the 2006 Austrian €25 European Satellite Navigation commemorative coin.[69] Latvia produced a similar series of coins starting in 2004,[70] with one following in 2007.[71]

Other

The arc-tube seals of high pressure sodium vapor lamps are made from niobium, or niobium with 1% of zirconium, because niobium has a very similar coefficient of thermal expansion to the sintered alumina arc tube ceramic, a translucent material which resists chemical attack or reduction by the hot liquid sodium and sodium vapour contained inside the operating lamp.[72][73][74] The metal is also used in arc welding rods for some stabilized grades of stainless steel.[75]

Precautions

Niobium has no known biological role. While niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and a potential fire hazard, elemental niobium on a larger scale is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is frequently used in jewelry and has been tested for use in some medical implants.[76][77]

Niobium-containing compounds are rarely encountered by most people, but some are toxic and should be treated with care. The short and long term exposure to niobates and niobium chloride, two chemicals that are water soluble, have been tested in rats. Rats treated with a single injection of niobium pentachloride or niobates show a median lethal dose (LD50) between 10 and 100 mg/kg.[78][79][80] For oral administration the toxicity is lower; a study with rats yielded a LD50 after seven days of 940 mg/kg.[78]

References

  1. ^ Hatchett, Charles (1802). "Eigenschaften und chemisches Verhalten des von Charlesw Hatchett entdeckten neuen Metalls, Columbium" (in German). Annalen der Physik 11 (5): 120–122. Bibcode 1802AnP....11..120H. doi:10.1002/andp.18020110507. 
  2. ^ Griffith, William P.; Morris, Peter J. T. (2003). "Charles Hatchett FRS (1765-1847), Chemist and Discoverer of Niobium". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 57 (3): 299. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2003.0216. JSTOR 3557720. 
  3. ^ a b Noyes, William Albert (1918). A Textbook of Chemistry. H. Holt & Co. p. 523. http://books.google.com/?id=UupHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA523&dq=columbium+discovered+by+Hatchett+was+a+mixture+of+two+elements. 
  4. ^ a b Wollaston, William Hyde (1809). "On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 99: 246–252. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0017. JSTOR 107264. 
  5. ^ Rose, Heinrich (1844). "Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Tantalite und ein im Tantalite von Baiern enthaltenes neues Metall" (in German). Annalen der Physik 139 (10): 317–341. Bibcode 1844AnP...139..317R. doi:10.1002/andp.18441391006. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15148n/f327.table. 
  6. ^ Rose, Heinrich (1847). "Ueber die Säure im Columbit von Nordamérika" (in German). Annalen der Physik 146 (4): 572–577. Bibcode 1847AnP...146..572R. doi:10.1002/andp.18471460410. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15155x/f586.table. 
  7. ^ Kobell, V. (1860). "Ueber eine eigenthümliche Säure, Diansäure, in der Gruppe der Tantal- und Niob- verbindungen". Journal für Praktische Chemie 79 (1): 291–303. doi:10.1002/prac.18600790145. 
  8. ^ a b c Marignac, Blomstrand, H. Deville, L. Troost und R. Hermann (1866). "Tantalsäure, Niobsäure, (Ilmensäure) und Titansäure". Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry 5 (1): 384–389. doi:10.1007/BF01302537. 
  9. ^ a b c d e Gupta, C. K.; Suri, A. K. (1994). Extractive Metallurgy of Niobium. CRC Press. pp. 1–16. ISBN 0-8493-6071-4. 
  10. ^ Marignac, M. C. (1866). "Recherches sur les combinaisons du niobium" (in French). Annales de chimie et de physique 4 (8): 7–75. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34818t/f4.table. 
  11. ^ Hermann, R. (1871). "Fortgesetzte Untersuchungen über die Verbindungen von Ilmenium und Niobium, sowie über die Zusammensetzung der Niobmineralien (Further research about the compounds of ilmenium and niobium, as well as the composition of niobium minerals)" (in German). Journal für Praktische Chemie 3 (1): 373–427. doi:10.1002/prac.18710030137. 
  12. ^ "Niobium". Universidade de Coimbra. http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e04100.html. Retrieved 2008-09-05. 
  13. ^ Geballe et al. (1993) gives a critical point at currents of 150 kiloamperes and magnetic fields of 8.8 tesla.
  14. ^ a b Geballe, Theodore H. (October 1993). "Superconductivity: From Physics to Technology". Physics Today 46 (10): 52–56. doi:10.1063/1.881384. 
  15. ^ Matthias, B. T.; Geballe, T. H.; Geller, S.; Corenzwit, E. (1954). "Superconductivity of Nb3Sn". Physical Review 95: 1435–1435. Bibcode 1954PhRv...95.1435M. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.95.1435. 
  16. ^ Kòrösy, F. (1939). "Reaction of Tantalum, Columbium and Vanadium with Iodine". Journal of the American Chemical Society 61 (4): 838–843. doi:10.1021/ja01873a018. 
  17. ^ Ikenberry, Luther; Martin, J. L.; Boyer, W. J. (1953). "Photometric Determination of Columbium, Tungsten, and Tantalum in Stainless Steels". Analytical Chemistry 25 (9): 1340–1344. doi:10.1021/ac60081a011. 
  18. ^ a b c Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Zheng, Zheng (2008). "Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy". Foundations of Chemistry 10 (1): 13–18. doi:10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1. 
  19. ^ Clarke, F. W. (1914). "Columbium Versus Niobium". Science 39 (995): 139–140. Bibcode 1914Sci....39..139C. doi:10.1126/science.39.995.139. JSTOR 1640945. PMID 17780662. 
  20. ^ a b c d e Patel, Zh.; Khul'ka K. (2001). "Niobium for Steelmaking". Metallurgist 45 (11–12): 477–480. doi:10.1023/A:1014897029026. 
  21. ^ Norman N., Greenwood (2003). "Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity to complexity". Catalysis Today 78 (1–4): 5–11. doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8. 
  22. ^ a b Peiniger, M.; Piel, H. (1985). "A Superconducting Nb3Sn Coated Multicell Accelerating Cavity". Nuclear Science 32 (5): 3610. Bibcode 1985ITNS...32.3610P. doi:10.1109/TNS.1985.4334443. 
  23. ^ Salles Moura, Hernane R.; Louremjo de Moura, Louremjo (2007). "Melting And Purification Of Niobium". AIP Conference Proceedings (American Institute of Physics) (927(Single Crystal - Large Grain Niobium Technology)): 165–178. ISSN 0094-243X. http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/927/165/1. 
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h Nowak, Izabela; Ziolek, Maria (1999). "Niobium Compounds: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Heterogeneous Catalysis". Chemical Reviews 99 (12): 3603–3624. doi:10.1021/cr9800208. PMID 11849031. 
  25. ^ Jahnke, L.P.; Frank, R.G.; Redden, T.K. (1960). "Columbium Alloys Today". Metal Progr. 77 (6): 69–74. OSTI 4183692. 
  26. ^ Nikulina, A. V. (2003). "Zirconium-Niobium Alloys for Core Elements of Pressurized Water Reactors". Metal Science and Heat Treatment 45 (7–8): 287–292. doi:10.1023/A:1027388503837. 
  27. ^ Lide, David R. (2004). "The Elements". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4–21. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. 
  28. ^ a b c Georges, Audi (2003). "The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center) 729: 3–128. Bibcode 2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. 
  29. ^ Emsley, John (2001). "Niobium". Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–286. ISBN 0-19-850340-7. 
  30. ^ a b c d Soisson, Donald J.; McLafferty, J. J.; Pierret, James A. (1961). "Staff-Industry Collaborative Report: Tantalum and Niobium". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 53 (11): 861–868. doi:10.1021/ie50623a016. 
  31. ^ Lumpkin, Gregory R.; Ewing, Rodney C. (1995). "Geochemical alteration of pyrochlore group minerals: Pyrochlore subgroup". American Mineralogist 80: 732–743. http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/TOC/Articles_Free/1995/Lumpkin_p732-743_95.pdf. 
  32. ^ a b c Kouptsidis, J; Peters, F.; Proch, D.; Singer, W.. "Niob für TESLA" (in German). Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY. http://tesla.desy.de/new_pages/TESLA_Reports/2001/pdf_files/tesla2001-27.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-02. 
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; (1985). "Niob" (in German). Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1075–1079. ISBN 3-11-007511-3. 
  34. ^ Tither, Geoffrey (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "Progress in Niobium Markets and Technology 1981–2001" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809. http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/oppening.pdf. 
  35. ^ Dufresne, Claude; Goyette, Ghislain (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "The Production of Ferroniobium at the Niobec mine 1981–2001" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809. http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_1/images/pdfs/start.pdf. 
  36. ^ a b Agulyansky, Anatoly (2004). The Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Compounds. Elsevier. pp. 1–11. ISBN 978-0-444-51604-6. 
  37. ^ Choudhury, Alok; Hengsberger, Eckart (1992). "Electron Beam Melting and Refining of Metals and Alloys". The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan International 32 (5): 673–681. doi:10.2355/isijinternational.32.673. 
  38. ^ Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium)". USGS 2006 Commodity Summary. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs06.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-20. 
  39. ^ a b Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium)". USGS 2007 Commodity Summary. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/colummcs07.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-20. 
  40. ^ Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium)". USGS 1997 Commodity Summary. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/230397.pdf. Retrieved 2008-11-20. 
  41. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419. 
  42. ^ Cardarelli, Francois (2008). Materials Handbook. Springer London. ISBN 978-1-84628-668-1. 
  43. ^ C. R. Lucas, J. A. Labinger, J. Schwartz (1990). Robert J. Angelici. ed. "Dichlorobis(η5-Cyclopentadienyl)Niobium(IV)". Inorganic Syntheses (New York: J. Wiley & Sons) 28: 267–270. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch68. ISBN 0-471-52619-3. 
  44. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0080379419. 
  45. ^ Verevkin, A.; Pearlman, A.; Slstrokysz, W.; Zhang, J.; Currie, M.; Korneev, A.; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Kouminov, P.; Smirnov, K.; Voronov, B.; N. Gol'tsman, G.; Sobolewski, Roman (2004). "Ultrafast superconducting single-photon detectors for near-infrared-wavelength quantum communications". Journal of Modern Optics 51 (12): 1447–1458. doi:10.1080/09500340410001670866. 
  46. ^ a b Papp, John F. "Niobium (Columbium ) and Tantalum". USGS 2006 Minerals Yearbook. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/niobium/myb1-2006-niobi.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-03. 
  47. ^ a b Heisterkamp, Friedrich; Tadeu Carneiro (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "Niobium: Future Possibilities – Technology and the Market Place" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809. http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/images/pdfs/closing.pdf. 
  48. ^ Eggert, Peter; Priem, Joachim; Wettig, Eberhard (1982). "Niobium: a steel additive with a future". Economic Bulletin 19 (9): 8–11. doi:10.1007/BF02227064. 
  49. ^ Hillenbrand, Hans–Georg; Gräf, Michael; Kalwa, Christoph (2001-05-02). "Development and Production of High Strength Pipeline Steels". Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Europipe). http://www.europipe.com/files/ep_tp_43_01en.pdf. 
  50. ^ Donachie, Matthew J. (2002). Superalloys: A Technical Guide. ASM International. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-87170-749-9. 
  51. ^ Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. "Nickel Based Superalloys". University of Cambridge. http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2003/Superalloys/superalloys.html. Retrieved 2008-09-04. 
  52. ^ Pottlacher, G.; Hosaeus, H.; Wilthan, B.; Kaschnitz, E.; Seifter, A. (2002). "Thermophysikalische Eigenschaften von festem und flüssigem Inconel 718" (in German). Thermochimica Acta 382 (1–-2): 55–267. doi:10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00751-1. 
  53. ^ a b Hebda, John (2001-05-02). "Niobium alloys and high Temperature Applications" (pdf). Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração). http://www.cbmm.com.br/portug/sources/techlib/science_techno/table_content/sub_3/images/pdfs/016.pdf. 
  54. ^ Lindenhovius, J.L.H.; Hornsveld, E.M.; Den Ouden, A.; Wessel, W.A.J.; Ten Kate, H.H.J. (2000). "Powder-in-tube (PIT) Nb/sub 3/Sn conductors for high-field magnets". IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 10: 975–978. doi:10.1109/77.828394. 
  55. ^ Nave, Carl R. "Superconducting Magnets". Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/solids/scmag.html. Retrieved 2008-11-25. 
  56. ^ Glowacki, B. A.; Yan, X. -Y.; Fray, D.; Chen, G.; Majoros, M.; Shi, Y. (2002). "Niobium based intermetallics as a source of high-current/high magnetic field superconductors". Physica C: Superconductivity 372–376 (3): 1315–1320. arXiv:cond-mat/0109088. Bibcode 2002PhyC..372.1315G. doi:10.1016/S0921-4534(02)01018-3. 
  57. ^ Grunblatt, G.; Mocaer, P.; Verwaerde Ch.; Kohler, C. (2005). "A success story: LHC cable production at ALSTOM-MSA". Fusion Engineering and Design (Proceedings of the 23rd Symposium of Fusion Technology) 75–79: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.216. 
  58. ^ Lilje, L.; Kakob, E.; Kostina, D.; Matheisena, A.; Möllera, W. -D.; Procha, D.; Reschkea, D.; Saitob, K. Schmüserc, P.; Simrocka, S.; Suzukid T.; Twarowskia, K. (2004). "Achievement of 35 MV/m in the superconducting nine-cell cavities for TESLA". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 524 (1-3): 1–12. arXiv:physics/0401141. Bibcode 2004NIMPA.524....1L. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2004.01.045. 
  59. ^ Cherednichenko, Sergey; Drakinskiy, Vladimir; Berg, Therese; Khosropanah, Pourya; Kollberg, Erik (2008). "A Hot-electron bolometer terahertz mixers for the Herschel Space Observatory". Review of Scientific Instruments 79 (3): 0345011–03451010. Bibcode 2008RScI...79c4501C. doi:10.1063/1.2890099. PMID 18377032. 
  60. ^ Volk, Tatyana; Wohlecke, Manfred (2008). Lithium Niobate: Defects, Photorefraction and Ferroelectric Switching. Springer. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-3-540-70765-3. 
  61. ^ Pozdeev, Y. (1991). "Reliability comparison of tantalum and niobium solid electrolytic capacitors". Quality and Reliability Engineering International 14 (2): 79–82. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1638(199803/04)14:2<79::AID-QRE163>3.0.CO;2-Y. 
  62. ^ Mallela, Venkateswara Sarma; Ilankumaran, V.; Srinivasa Rao, N. (1 January 2004). "Trends in Cardiac Pacemaker Batteries". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 4 (4): 201–212. PMC 1502062. PMID 16943934. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1502062. 
  63. ^ Godley, Reut; Starosvetsky, David; Gotman, Irena (2004). "Bonelike apatite formation on niobium metal treated in aqueous NaOH" (PDF). Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 15 (10): 1073–1077. doi:10.1023/B:JMSM.0000046388.07961.81. PMID 15516867. http://www.springerlink.com/content/l5613670648017wp/. 
  64. ^ Biason Gomes, M. A.; Onofre, S.; Juanto, S.; Bulhões, L. O. de S. (1991). "Anodization of niobium in sulphuric acid media". Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 21 (11): 1023–1026. doi:10.1007/BF01077589. 
  65. ^ Chiou, Y. L. (1971). "A note on the thicknesses of anodized niobium oxide films". Thin Solid Films 8 (4): R37–R39. Bibcode 1971TSF.....8R..37C. doi:10.1016/0040-6090(71)90027-7. 
  66. ^ Azevedo, C. R. F.; Spera, G.; Silva, A. P. (2002). "Characterization of metallic piercings that caused adverse reactions during use". Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 2 (4): 47–53. doi:10.1361/152981502770351860. http://www.springerlink.com/content/575x64408lnk560j/. 
  67. ^ Grill, Robert; Gnadenberge, Alfred (2006). "Niobium as mint metal: Production–properties–processing". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 24 (4): 275–282. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2005.10.008. 
  68. ^ "25 Euro - 150 Years Semmering Alpine Railway (2004)". Austrian Mint. http://austrian-mint.at/bimetallmuenzen?l=en&muenzeSubTypeId=113&muenzeId=217. Retrieved 2008-11-04. 
  69. ^ "150 Jahre Semmeringbahn" (in German). Austrian Mint. http://www.austrian-mint.at/cms/download.php?downloadId=131. Retrieved 2008-09-04. 
  70. ^ "Coin of Time". Bank of Latvia. http://www.bank.lv/eng/main/all/lvnaud/jubmon/nmp/time/. Retrieved 2008-09-19. 
  71. ^ "Coin of Time II". Bank of Latvia. http://www.bank.lv/eng/main/all/lvnaud/jubmon/nmp/time2/. Retrieved 2008-09-19. 
  72. ^ Henderson, Stanley Thomas; Marsden, Alfred Michael; Hewitt, Harry (1972). Lamps and Lighting. Edward Arnold Press. pp. 244–245. ISBN 0-7131-3267-1. 
  73. ^ Eichelbrönner, G. (1998). "Refractory metals: crucial components for light sources". International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 16 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1016/S0263-4368(98)00009-2. 
  74. ^ Michaluk, Christopher A.; Huber, Louis E.; Ford, Robert B. (2001). Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, Metals and Materials Society Minerals. ed. "Niobium and Niobium 1% Zirconium for High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Discharge Lamps". Niobium Science & Technology: Proceedings of the International Symposium Niobium 2001 (Orlando, Florida, USA) (Niobium 2001 Ltd, 2002). ISBN 9780971206809. 
  75. ^ US patent 5254836, Okada, Yuuji; Kobayashi, Toshihiko; Sasabe, Hiroshi; Aoki, Yoshimitsu; Nishizawa, Makoto; Endo, Shunji, "Method of arc welding with a ferrite stainless steel welding rod", issued 1993-10-19 
  76. ^ Vilaplana, J.; Romaguera, C.; Grimalt, F.; Cornellana, F. (1990). "New trends in the use of metals in jewellery". Contact Dermatitis 25 (3): 145–148. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1991.tb01819.x. PMID 1782765. 
  77. ^ Vilaplana, J.; Romaguera, C. (1998). "New developments in jewellery and dental materials". Contact Dermatitis 39 (2): 55–57. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05832.x. PMID 9746182. 
  78. ^ a b Haley, Thomas J.; Komesu, N.; Raymond, K. (1962). "Pharmacology and toxicology of niobium chloride". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 4 (3): 385–392. doi:10.1016/0041-008X(62)90048-0. PMID 13903824. 
  79. ^ Downs, William L.; Scott, James K.; Yuile, Charles L.; Caruso, Frank S.; Wong, Lawrence C. K. (1965). "The Toxicity of Niobium Salts". American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 26 (4): 337–346. doi:10.1080/00028896509342740. PMID 5854670. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a789022664~db=all. 
  80. ^ Schroeder, Henry A.; Mitchener, Marian; Nason, Alexis P. (1 January 1970). "Zirconium, Niobium, Antimony, Vanadium and Lead in Rats: Life term studies". Journal of Nutrition 100 (1): 59–68. PMID 5412131. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/100/1/59. 

External links

v · d · e Periodic table
H   He
Li Be   B C N O F Ne
Na Mg   Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca   Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr   Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Transition metals Other metals Metalloids Other nonmetals Halogens Noble gases Unknown chem. properties
Large version 


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Niobium — Zirconium ← Niobium → Molybdène V …   Wikipédia en Français

  • niobium — [ njɔbjɔm ] n. m. • 1854; all. 1844; de Niobé n. pr. gr., fille de Tantale ♦ Chim. Corps simple (Nb; no at. 41; m. at. 92,91), métal blanc brillant, rare et toujours associé avec le tantale dans ses minerais (d où le nom du métal). ● niobium nom… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • niobium — i*o bi*um, n. [NL., fr. L. & E. {Niobe}.] (Chem.) The chemical element of atomic number 41. Chemical symbol Nb. Atomic weight 92.91. Previously called {columbium}. See also {Columbium}. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Niobium — Niobium, Atomgewicht 48,9 (H = 1), 611,25 (O = 100), chemisches Zeichen Nb, eins der seltensten Metalle, wurde von Rose im Tantalit (Niobit, Columbit) von Bodenmais in Baiern entdeckt. Das N. ist ein schwarzes Pulver, welches an der Luft unter… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Niobĭum — (Niob) Nb, Metall, findet sich häufig in Begleitung von Tantal im Columbit, Pyrochlor und gehört zu den seltensten Elementen. Es ist glänzend stahlgrau, vom spez. Gew. 7,06, Atomgewicht 94, oxydiert sich beim Erhitzen an der Luft zu farblosem… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Niobium [1] — Niobium (Niob) Nb, Atomgew. 94, spez. Gew. 7,06, stahlgraues, neben Tantal in den Erzen Kolumbit, Tantalit, Pyrochlor, Euxenit u.a. vorkommendes, seltenes Metall; es verbrennt, an der Luft erhitzt, zu Niobpentoxyd Nb2O5 und zeigt in seinem… …   Lexikon der gesamten Technik

  • Niobium [2] — Niobium (Niob), Nb, Atomgew. 93,5, Schmelzpunkt 1950°. Ziemlich duktiles Metall. Moye …   Lexikon der gesamten Technik

  • Niobium — Niobĭum (chem. Zeichen Nb), sehr selten vorkommendes Element vom Atomgewicht 94; findet sich immer mit Tantal zusammen (im Kolumbit und Pyrochlor) …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

  • Niobium — Niobium, von H. Rost entdecktes Metall, findet sich immer mit dem Tantal in Columbit, Pyrochlor etc. in sehr geringer Masse …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

  • niobium — Symbol: Nb Atomic number: 41 Atomic weight: 92.906 Soft, ductile grey blue metallic transition element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees celsius.… …   Elements of periodic system

  • niobium — named by German scientist Heinrich Rose, who discovered it in 1844 in the mineral tantalum; so called because in Greek mythology NIOBE (Cf. Niobe) was the daughter of Tantalus …   Etymology dictionary

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”