Dysprosium

Dysprosium (pronEng|dɪsˈproʊziəm) is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66.

Characteristics

Dysprosium is a rare earth element that has a metallic, bright silver luster, relatively stable in air at room temperature, but dissolving readily in dilute or concentrated mineral acids with the emission of hydrogen. It is soft enough to be cut with bolt-cutters (but not with a knife), and can be machined without sparking if overheating is avoided. Dysprosium's characteristics can be greatly affected even by small amounts of impurities.

Applications

Dysprosium is used, in conjunction with vanadium and other elements, in making laser materials. Its high thermal neutron absorption cross-section and melting point also suggests that it is useful for nuclear control rods. Dysprosium oxide (also known as "dysprosia"), with nickel cement compounds, which absorb neutrons readily without swelling or contracting under prolonged neutron bombardment, is used in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors. Dysprosium-cadmium chalcogenides are sources of infrared radiation for studying chemical reactions. Furthermore, dysprosium is used for manufacturing computer hard drives and compact discs. Because it is highly paramagnetic, dysprosium has been used as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging.

Neodymium-iron-boron magnets can have up to 6% of the neodymium substituted with dysprosium to raise the coercivity for demanding applications such as drive motors for hybrid electric vehicles [cite web
title=Supply and Demand, Part 2
first=Peter
last=Campbell
publisher=Princeton Electro-Technology, Inc.
year=2008
month=February
url=http://www.magnetweb.com/Col05.htm] ; this leads to a demand for up to 100 grams of dysprosium per hybrid car sold, which under most predictions of hybrid vehicle demand would require new sources of dysprosium to be found.

As a component of Terfenol-D (an alloy that expands or contracts to a high degree in the presence of a magnetic field), dysprosium is of use in actuators, sensors and other magnetomechanical devices.

Below 85K dysprosium is ferromagnetic, with a high susceptibility. It is often used for the fabrication of nanomagnets, particularly in research. Its usefulness, however, is limited by its high readiness to oxidise.

History

Dysprosium was first identified in Paris in 1886 by French chemist Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. He was only able to isolate dysprosium from its oxide after more than 30 attempts to dissolve it in acid. Upon succeeding, he named the element "dysprosium" from the Greek "dysprositos", meaning "hard to get". However, the element itself was not isolated in relatively pure form until after the development of ion exchange by Frank Spedding in the early 1950s.cite book| last = Emsley| first = John| title = Nature's Building Blocks| publisher = Oxford University Press| date = 2001| location = Oxford| pages = 129-132| isbn = 0-19-850341-5 ]

Occurrence

Dysprosium is never encountered as a free element, but is found in many minerals, including xenotime, fergusonite, gadolinite, euxenite, polycrase, blomstrandine, monazite and bastnäsite; often with erbium and holmium or other rare earth elements. Currently, most dysprosium is being obtained from the ion-adsorption clay ores of southern China. In the high-yttrium version of these, dysprosium happens to be the most abundant of the heavy lanthanides, comprising up to 7-8% of the concentrate (as compared to about 65% for yttrium).

Compounds

Nearly all dysprosium compounds are in the +3 oxidation state, and are highly paramagnetic. Holmium(III) oxide (Ho₂O₃) and Dysprosium(III) oxide (Dy₂O₃) are the most powerfully paramagnetic substances known.

Dysprosium compounds include:

* Fluorides: DyF₃
* Chlorides: DyCl₂, DyCl₃
* Bromides: DyBr₂, DyBr₃
* Iodides: DyI₂, DyI₃
* Oxides: Dy₂O₃
* Sulfides: Dy₂S₃
* Nitrides: DyN

"See also ."

Isotopes

Naturally occurring dysprosium is composed of 7 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁶Dy, ¹⁵⁸Dy, ¹⁶⁰Dy, ¹⁶¹Dy, ¹⁶²Dy, ¹⁶³Dy and ¹⁶⁴Dy, with 164-Dy being the most abundant (28.18% natural abundance). 28 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ¹⁵⁴Dy with a half-life of 3.0x10⁶ years, ¹⁵⁹Dy with a half-life of 144.4 days, and ¹⁶⁶Dy with a half-life of 81.6 hours. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lifes that are less than 10 hours, and the majority of these have half lifes that are less than 30 seconds. This element also has 5 meta states, with the most stable being ^165mDy (t_½ 1.257 minutes), ^147mDy (t_½ 55.7 seconds) and ^145mDy (t_½ 13.6 seconds).

The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁶⁴Dy, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before ¹⁶⁴Dy are terbium isotopes, and the primary products after are holmium isotopes.

Precautions

As with the other lanthanides, dysprosium compounds are of low to moderate toxicity, although their toxicity has not been investigated in detail. Dysprosium does not have any known biological properties.

See also

* Materials science

Notes

External links

* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Dy/key.html WebElements.com – Dysprosium]
* [http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele066.html It's Elemental – Dysprosium]
* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/66.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Dysprosium]