Ununhexium

ununpentium ← ununhexium → ununseptium Po ↑ Uuh ↓ (Uhh) 116Uuh Periodic table
Appearance
unknown
General properties
Name, symbol, number	ununhexium, Uuh, 116
Pronunciation	i/uːnuːnˈhɛksiəm/ oon-oon-heks-ee-əm
Element category	unknown
Group, period, block	16, 7, p
Standard atomic weight	[293]
Electron configuration	perhaps [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p4 (guess based on polonium)
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 (Image)
Physical properties
Atomic properties
Miscellanea
CAS registry number	54100-71-9
Most stable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of ununhexium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 293Uuh syn 61 ms α 10.54 289Uuq 292Uuh syn 18 ms α 10.66 288Uuq 291Uuh syn 18 ms α 10.74 287Uuq 290Uuh syn 7.1 ms α 10.84 286Uuq
v · synthetic superheavy element with the temporary symbol Uuh and atomic number 116. There is no proposed name yet although moscovium (after Moscow Oblast in Russia, where the place of discovery, Dubna, is located) has been discussed in the media. It is placed as the heaviest member of group 16 (VIA) although a sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time to allow chemical experiments to confirm its position as the heavier homologue to polonium. It was first detected in 2000 and since the discovery about 30 atoms of ununhexium have been produced, either directly or as a decay product of ununoctium, and are associated with decays from the four neighbouring isotopes with masses 290–293. The most stable isotope to date is ununhexium-293 with a half-life of ~60 ms. History Discovery On July 19, 2000, scientists at Dubna (JINR) detected a single decay from an atom of ununhexium following the irradiation of a Cm-248 target with Ca-48 ions. The results were published in December, 2000.[1] This 10.54 MeV alpha-emitting activity was originally assigned to 292Uuh due to the correlation of the daughter to previously assigned 288Uuq. However, that assignment was later altered to 289Uuq, and hence this activity was correspondingly changed to 293Uuh. Two further atoms were reported by the institute during their second experiment between April–May 2001.[2] $\,^{48}_{20}\mathrm{Ca} + \,^{248}_{96}\mathrm{Cm} \to \,^{296}_{116}\mathrm{Uuh} ^{*} \to \,^{293}_{116}\mathrm{Uuh} + 3\,^{1}_{0}\mathrm{n}$ In the same experiment they also detected a decay chain which corresponded to the first observed decay of ununquadium and assigned to 289Uuq.[2] This activity has not been observed again in a repeat of the same reaction. However, its detection in this series of experiments indicates the possibility of the decay of an isomer of ununhexium, namely 293bUuh, or a rare decay branch of the already discovered isomer,293aUuh, in which the first alpha particle was missed. Further research is required to positively assign this activity. The team repeated the experiment in April–May 2005 and detected 8 atoms of ununhexium. The measured decay data confirmed the assignment of the discovery isotope as 293Uuh. In this run, the team also observed 292Uuh in the 4n channel for the first time.[3] In May 2009, the Joint Working Party reported on the discovery of copernicium and acknowledged the discovery of the isotope 283Cn.[4] This implied the de facto discovery of ununhexium,[original research?] as 291Uuh (see below), from the acknowledgment of the data relating to the granddaughter 283Cn, although the actual discovery experiment may be determined as that above. In 2011, the IUPAC evaluated the Dubna team results and accepted them as a reliable identification of element 116.[5] Naming Ununhexium is historically known as eka-polonium.[6] Ununhexium (Uuh) is a temporary IUPAC systematic element name. Scientists usually refer to the element simply as element 116 (or E116). According to IUPAC recommendations, the discoverer(s) of a new element has the right to suggest a name.[7] The discovery of ununhexium was recognized by JWG of IUPAC on 1 June 2011, along with that of ununquadium.[5] According to the vice-director of JINR, the Dubna team would like to name element 116 moscovium, after the Moscow Oblast in which Dubna is located.[8] Current and future experiments The GSI was to be running an experiment (June 24 – July 25, 2010) to study the formation of 293,292Uuh in the 248Cm(48Ca,xn) reaction as a first step in their future program with a 248Cm target, aiming towards a synthesis of unbinilium.[citation needed] The team at Dubna have indicated plans to synthesize ununhexium using the reaction between plutonium-244 and titanium-50. This experiment will allow them to assess the feasibility of using projectiles with Z > 20 required in the synthesis of superheavy elements with Z>118. Although initially scheduled for 2008, the reaction looking at the synthesis of evaporation residues has not been conducted to date.[9] There are also plans to repeat the Cm-248 reaction at different projectile energies in order to probe the 2n channel, leading to the new isotope 294Uuh. In addition, they have future plans to complete the excitation function of the 4n channel product, 292Uuh, which will allow them to assess the stabilizing effect of the N=184 shell on the yield of evaporation residues. Isotopes and nuclear properties Nucleosynthesis Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=116 compound nuclei The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with atomic number 116. Target Projectile CN Attempt result 208Pb 82Se 290Uuh Failure to date 232Th 58Fe 290Uuh Reaction yet to be attempted 238U 54Cr 292Uuh Failure to date 244Pu 50Ti 294Uuh Reaction yet to be attempted 248Cm 48Ca 296Uuh Successful reaction 246Cm 48Ca 294Uuh Reaction yet to be attempted 245Cm 48Ca 293Uuh Successful reaction 249Cf 40Ar 289Uuh Reaction yet to be attempted Cold fusion 208Pb(82Se,xn)290−xUuh In 1998, the team at GSI attempted the synthesis of 290Uuh as a radiative capture (x=0) product. No atoms were detected providing a cross section limit of 4.8 pb. Hot fusion This section deals with the synthesis of nuclei of ununhexium by so-called "hot" fusion reactions. These are processes which create compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV, hence "hot"), leading to a reduced probability of survival from fission. The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing 48Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively high yields from these reactions. 238U(54Cr,xn)292−xUuh There are sketchy indications that this reaction was attempted by the team at GSI in 2006. There are no published results on the outcome, presumably indicating that no atoms were detected. This is expected from a study of the systematics of cross sections for 238U targets.[10] 248Cm(48Ca,xn)296−xUuh (x=3,4) The first attempt to synthesise ununhexium was performed in 1977 by Ken Hulet and his team at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). They were unable to detect any atoms of ununhexium.[11] Yuri Oganessian and his team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) subsequently attempted the reaction in 1978 and were met by failure. In 1985, a joint experiment between Berkeley and Peter Armbruster's team at GSI, the result was again negative with a calculated cross-section limit of 10–100 pb.[12] In 2000, Russian scientists at Dubna finally succeeded in detecting a single atom of ununhexium, assigned to the isotope 292Uuh.[1] In 2001, they repeated the reaction and formed a further 2 atoms in a confirmation of their discovery experiment. A third atom was tentatively assigned to 293Uuh on the basis of a missed parental alpha decay.[2] In April 2004, the team ran the experiment again at higher energy and were able to detect a new decay chain, assigned to 292Uuh. On this basis, the original data were reassigned to 293Uuh. The tentative chain is therefore possibly associated with a rare decay branch of this isotope. In this reaction, 2 further atoms of 293Uuh were detected.[3] 245Cm(48Ca,xn)293−x116 (x=2,3) In order to assist in the assignment of isotope mass numbers for ununhexium, in March–May 2003 the Dubna team bombarded a 245Cm target with 48Ca ions. They were able to observe two new isotopes, assigned to 291Uuh and 290Uuh.[13] This experiment was successfully repeated in Feb–March 2005 where 10 atoms were created with identical decay data to those reported in the 2003 experiment.[14] As a decay product Ununhexium has also been observed in the decay of ununoctium. In October 2006 it was announced that 3 atoms of ununoctium had been detected by the bombardment of californium-249 with calcium-48 ions, which then rapidly decayed into ununhexium.[14] The observation of 290Uuh allowed the assignment of the product to 294Uuo and proved the synthesis of ununoctium. Fission of compound nuclei with Z=116 Several experiments have been performed between 2000–2006 at the Flerov laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna studying the fission characteristics of the compound nuclei 296,294,290Uuh. Four nuclear reactions have been used, namely 248Cm+48Ca, 246Ca+48Ca, 244Pu+50Ti and 232Th+58Fe. The results have revealed how nuclei such as this fission predominantly by expelling closed shell nuclei such as 132Sn (Z=50, N=82). It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between 48Ca and 58Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of 58Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation.In addition, in comparative experiments synthesizing 294Uuh using 48Ca and 50Ti projectiles, the yield from fusion-fission was ~3x less for 50Ti, also suggesting a future use in SHE production[15] Retracted isotopes 289Uuh In 1999, researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory announced the synthesis of 293Uuo (see ununoctium), in a paper published in Physical Review Letters.[16] The claimed isotope 289Uuh decayed by 11.63 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 0.64 ms. The following year, they published a retraction after other researchers were unable to duplicate the results.[17] In June 2002, the director of the lab announced that the original claim of the discovery of these two elements had been based on data fabricated by the principal author Victor Ninov. As such, this isotope of ununhexium is currently unknown. Chronology of isotope discovery Isotope Year discovered Discovery reaction 290Uuh 2002 249Cf(48Ca,3n)[18] 291Uuh 2003 245Cm(48Ca,2n)[13] 292Uuh 2004 248Cm(48Ca,4n)[3] 293Uuh 2000 248Cm(48Ca,3n)[1] Yields of isotopes Hot fusion The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for hot fusion reactions producing ununhexium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. Projectile Target CN 2n 3n 4n 5n 48Ca 248Cm 296Uuh 1.1 pb, 38.9 MeV[3] 3.3 pb, 38.9 MeV [3] 48Ca 245Cm 293Uuh 0.9 pb, 33.0 MeV[13] 3.7 pb, 37.9 MeV [13] Theoretical calculations Decay characteristics Theoretical calculation in a quantum tunneling model supports the experimental data relating to the synthesis of 293,292Uuh.[19][20] Evaporation residue cross sections The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with the highest expected yield is given. DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section Target Projectile CN Channel (product) σmax Model Ref 208Pb 82Se 290Uuh 1n (289Uuh) 0.1 pb DNS [21] 208Pb 79Se 287Uuh 1n (286Uuh) 0.5 pb DNS [21] 238U 54Cr 292Uuh 2n (290Uuh) 0.1 pb DNS [22] 250Cm 48Ca 298Uuh 4n (294Uuh) 5 pb DNS [22] 248Cm 48Ca 296Uuh 4n (292Uuh) 2 pb DNS [22] 247Cm 48Ca 295Uuh 3n (292Uuh) 3 pb DNS [22] 245Cm 48Ca 293Uuh 3n (290Uuh) 1.5 pb DNS [22] Chemical properties Extrapolated chemical properties Oxidation states Ununhexium is projected to be the fourth member of the 7p series of non-metals and the heaviest member of group 16 (VIA) in the Periodic Table, below polonium. The group oxidation state of +VI is known for all the members apart from oxygen which lacks available d-orbitals for expansion and is limited to a maximum +II state, exhibited in the fluoride OF2. The +IV is known for sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium, undergoing a shift in stability from reducing for S(IV) and Se(IV) to oxidizing in Po(IV). Tellurium(IV) is the most stable for this element. This suggests a decreasing stability for the higher oxidation states as the group is descended and ununhexium should portray an oxidizing +IV state and a more stable +II state. The lighter members are also known to form a −II state as oxide, sulfide, selenide, telluride, and polonide. Chemistry The possible chemistry of ununhexium can be extrapolated from that of polonium. It should therefore undergo oxidation to a dioxide, UuhO2, although a trioxide, UuhO3 is plausible, but unlikely. The stability of a +II state should manifest itself in the formation of a simple monoxide, UuhO. Fluorination will likely result in a tetrafluoride, UuhF4 and/or a difluoride, UuhF2. Chlorination and bromination may well stop at the corresponding dihalides, UuhCl2 and UuhBr2. Oxidation by iodine should certainly stop at UuhI2 and may even be inert to this element.[citation needed] See also Island of stability References ^ a b c Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2000). "Observation of the decay of ^{292}116". Physical Review C 63: 011301. Bibcode 2001PhRvC..63a1301O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.63.011301.  ^ a b c "Confirmed results of the 248Cm(48Ca,4n)292116 experiment", Patin et al., LLNL report (2003). Retrieved 2008-03-03 ^ a b c d e Oganessian, Yu. Ts. (2004). "Measurements of cross sections and decay properties of the isotopes of elements 112, 114, and 116 produced in the fusion reactions ^{233,238}U, ^{242}Pu, and ^{248}Cm+^{48}Ca". Physical Review C 70: 064609. Bibcode 2004PhRvC..70f4609O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.70.064609.  ^ R.C.Barber; H.W.Gaeggeler;P.J.Karol;H. Nakahara; E.Verdaci; E. Vogt (2009). "Discovery of the element with atomic number 112" (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 81: 1331. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05. http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/asap/pdf/PAC-REP-08-03-05.pdf.  ^ a b Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich W. (2011). "Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry: 1. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-05-01.  ^ The Search for New Elements: the Projects of Today in a Larger Perspective ^ Koppenol, W. H. (2002). "Naming of new elements(IUPAC Recommendations 2002)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 74: 787. doi:10.1351/pac200274050787. http://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2002/pdf/7405x0787.pdf.  ^ "Russian Physicians Will Suggest to Name Element 116 Moscovium". rian.ru. 2011. http://www.rian.ru/science/20110326/358081075.html. Retrieved 2011-05-08. : Mikhail Itkis, the vice-director of JINR stated: "We would like to name element 114 after Georgy Flerov – flerovium, and another one [element 116] – moscovium, not after Moscow, but after Moscow Oblast". ^ Flerov Lab. ^ "List of experiments 2000–2006" ^ Hulet, E. K.; Lougheed, R.; Wild, J.; Landrum, J.; Stevenson, P.; Ghiorso, A.; Nitschke, J.; Otto, R. et al. (1977). "Search for Superheavy Elements in the Bombardment of 248Cm with 48Ca". Physical Review Letters 39: 385. Bibcode 1977PhRvL..39..385H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.385.  ^ Armbruster, P.; Agarwal, YK; Brüchle, W; Brügger, M; Dufour, JP; Gaggeler, H; Hessberger, FP; Hofmann, S et al. (1985). "Attempts to Produce Superheavy Elements by Fusion of 48Ca with 248Cm in the Bombarding Energy Range of 4.5–5.2 MeV/u". Physical Review Letters 54 (5): 406–409. Bibcode 1985PhRvL..54..406A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.406. PMID 10031507.  ^ a b c d Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Gulbekian, G. et al. (2004). "Measurements of cross sections for the fusion-evaporation reactions 244Pu(48Ca,xn)292−x114 and 245Cm(48Ca,xn)293−x116". Physical Review C 69: 054607. Bibcode 2004PhRvC..69e4607O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.69.054607.  ^ a b Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the 249Cf and 245Cm+48Ca fusion reactions.  ^ see Flerov lab annual reports 2000–2006 ^ Ninov, V.; et al. (1999). "Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of 86Kr with 208Pb". Physical Review Letters 83: 1104. Bibcode 1999PhRvL..83.1104N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.1104.  ^ Ninov, V. (2002). "Editorial Note: Observation of Superheavy Nuclei Produced in the Reaction of ^{86}Kr with ^{208}Pb [Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1104 (1999)]". Physical Review Letters 89: 039901. Bibcode 2002PhRvL..89c9901N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.039901.  ^ see ununoctium ^ P. Roy Chowdhury, C. Samanta, and D. N. Basu (2006). "α decay half-lives of new superheavy elements". Phys. Rev. C 73: 014612. arXiv:nucl-th/0507054. Bibcode 2006PhRvC..73a4612C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.73.014612.  ^ C. Samanta, P. Roy Chowdhury and D.N. Basu (2007). "Predictions of alpha decay half lives of heavy and superheavy elements". Nucl. Phys. A 789: 142–154. arXiv:nucl-th/0703086. Bibcode 2007NuPhA.789..142S. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2007.04.001.  ^ a b Feng, Zhao-Qing; Jin, Gen-Ming; Li, Jun-Qing; Scheid, Werner (2007). "Formation of superheavy nuclei in cold fusion reactions". Physical Review C 76: 044606. arXiv:0707.2588. Bibcode 2007PhRvC..76d4606F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.76.044606.  ^ a b c d e Feng, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Scheid, W (2009). "Production of heavy and superheavy nuclei in massive fusion reactions". Nuclear Physics A 816: 33. arXiv:0803.1117. Bibcode 2009NuPhA.816...33F. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2008.11.003.  External links Second postcard from the island of stability Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужно сделать НИР? Germantown Protostome Look at other dictionaries: Ununhexium — Ununpentium ← Ununhexium → Ununseptium Po …   Wikipédia en Français Ununhexium — Eigenschaften …   Deutsch Wikipedia Ununhexium — Унунгексий / Ununhexium (Uuh) Атомный номер 116 Внешний вид простого вещества Свойства атома Атомная масса (молярная масса) 293 а. е. м. (г/моль) Радиус атома пм …   Википедия ununhexium — noun The systematic element name for the (as yet undiscovered) chemical element with atomic number 116 (symbol Uuh). Syn: eka polonium …   Wiktionary ununhexium — noun a radioactive transuranic element • Syn: ↑Uuh, ↑element 116, ↑atomic number 116 • Hypernyms: ↑chemical element, ↑element …   Useful english dictionary Isotopes of ununhexium — Ununhexium (Uuh) has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic mass cannot be given. Table Notes * Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are… …   Wikipedia Uuh — Ununhexium Ununhexium Ununp …   Wikipédia en Français Élément 116 — Ununhexium Ununhexium Ununp …   Wikipédia en Français UUH — Ununhexium (element 116) (Academic & Science » Chemistry) …   Abbreviations dictionary ununbiium —  , ununhexium, ununnilium, ununquadium, unununium.  Chemical elements all discovered or first produced between 1994 and 2000 …   Bryson’s dictionary for writers and editors 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”