- Washington Navy Yard
-
This article is about the naval yard in Washington, D.C.. For the neighborhood in Washington, D.C., see Navy Yard, Washington, D.C..Washington Navy Yard
Aerial view of Washington Navy Yard, 1985
Location: Washington, D.C. Coordinates: 38°52′24″N 76°59′49″W / 38.87333°N 76.99694°WCoordinates: 38°52′24″N 76°59′49″W / 38.87333°N 76.99694°W Built: 1799 Architect: Benjamin Latrobe; Et al. Architectural style: Colonial Revival
Late VictorianGoverning body: Department of the Navy NRHP Reference#: 73002124[1] Added to NRHP: June 19, 1973 The Washington Navy Yard is the former shipyard and ordnance plant of the United States Navy in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is the oldest shore establishment of the U.S. Navy. The Washington Navy Yard was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and designated a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.
The Yard currently serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations, and is headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, and other more classified facilities.
In 1998, the site was listed as a Superfund site.[2]
In 2006, the headquarters of the Marine Corps Historical Center was moved from here to Quantico.
Contents
History
The history of the yard can be divided into its military history and cultural and scientific history.
Military
See also: History of the United States Navy and History of Washington, D.C.The land was purchased under an Act of Congress on July 23, 1799. The Washington Navy Yard was established on October 2, 1799, the date the property was transferred to the Navy. It is the oldest shore establishment of the U.S. Navy. The Yard was built under the direction of Benjamin Stoddert, the first Secretary of the Navy, under the supervision of the Yard's first commandant, Commodore Thomas Tingey, who served in that capacity for 29 years.
The original boundaries that were established in 1800, along 9th and M Street SE, are still marked by a white brick wall that surrounds the Yard on the north and east sides. The next year, two additional lots were purchased. The north wall of the Yard was built in 1809 along with a guardhouse, now known as the Latrobe Gate. After the Burning of Washington in 1814, Tingey recommended that the height of the eastern wall be increased to ten feet (3 m) because of the fire and subsequent looting.
The southern boundary of the Yard was formed by the Anacostia River (then called the "Eastern Branch" of the Potomac River). The west side was undeveloped marsh. The land located along the Anacostia was added to by landfill over the years as it became necessary to increase the size of the Yard.
From its first years, the Washington Navy Yard became the navy's largest shipbuilding and shipfitting facility, with 22 vessels constructed there, ranging from small 70-foot (21 m) gunboats to the 246-foot (75 m) steam frigate USS Minnesota. The USS Constitution came to the Yard in 1812 to refit and prepare for combat action.
Latrobe Gate, the ceremonial entrance to the Navy Yard
During the War of 1812, the Navy Yard was important not only as a support facility, but was a vital strategic link in the defense of the capital city. Sailors of Navy Yard were part of the hastily-assembled American army, which, at Bladensburg, Maryland, opposed the British forces marching on Washington. The Navy Yard sailors, and marines of nearby Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C., were in the third and last line of defense at Bladensburg. Together, they fought hand to hand with cutlasses and pikes against the British regulars before being overwhelmed. As the British marched into Washington, holding the Yard became impossible. Tingey, seeing the smoke from the burning Capitol, ordered the Yard burned to prevent its capture by the enemy. Tingey's own quarters (now Quarters A) and the Latrobe Gate were spared from the flames.[citation needed] Both structures are now individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Following the War of 1812, the Washington Navy Yard never regained its prominence as a shipbuilding facility. The waters of the Anacostia River were too shallow to accommodate larger vessels, and the Yard was deemed too inaccessible to the open sea. Thus came a shift to what was to be the character of the Yard for more than a century: ordnance and technology. The Yard possessed one of the earliest steam engines in the United States, and was used to manufacture anchors, chain, and steam engines for vessels of war.
Colored lithograph of Washington Navy Yard, circa 1862During the American Civil War, the Yard once again became an integral part of the defense of Washington. Commandant Franklin Buchanan resigned his commission to join the Confederacy, leaving the Yard to Commander John A. Dahlgren. President Abraham Lincoln, who held Dahlgren in the highest esteem, was a frequent visitor. The famous ironclad USS Monitor was repaired at the Yard after her historic battle with the CSS Virginia. The Lincoln assassination conspirators were brought to the Yard following their capture. The body of John Wilkes Booth was examined and identified on the monitor USS Montauk, moored at the Yard.
Torpedo shop at the Washington Navy Yard, circa 1917Following the war, the Yard continued to be the scene of technological advances. In 1886, the Yard was designated the manufacturing center for all ordnance in the Navy. Commander Theodore F. Jewell was Superintendent of the Naval Gun Factory from January 1893 to February 1896. Ordnance production continued as the Yard manufactured armament for the Great White Fleet and the World War I navy. The 14-inch (360 mm) naval railway guns used in France during World War I were manufactured at the Yard.
By World War II, the Yard was the largest naval ordnance plant in the world. The weapons designed and built there were used in every war in which the United States fought until the 1960s. At its peak, the Yard consisted of 188 buildings on 126 acres (0.5 km²) of land and employed nearly 25,000 people. Small components for optical systems, and enormous 16-inch (410 mm) battleship guns were all manufactured here. In December 1945, the Yard was renamed the U.S. Naval Gun Factory. Ordnance work continued for some years after World War II until finally phased out in 1961. Three years later, on July 1, 1964, the activity was redesignated the Washington Navy Yard. The deserted factory buildings began to be converted to office use.[3]
The Washington Navy Yard was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and designated a National Historic Landmark on May 11, 1976.[3][4]
It was headquarters to the Marine Corps Historical Center. That was moved in 2006 to Quantico.
Cultural and scientific
Experimental Model Basin, circa 1900The Washington Navy Yard was the scene of many scientific developments. Robert Fulton conducted research and testing on his clockwork torpedo during the War of 1812. In 1822, Commodore John Rodgers built the country's first marine railway for the overhaul of large vessels. John A. Dahlgren developed his distinctive bottle-shaped cannon that became the mainstay of naval ordnance before the Civil War. In 1898, David W. Taylor developed a ship model testing basin, which was used by the Navy and private shipbuilders to test the effect of water on new hull designs. The first shipboard aircraft catapult was tested in the Anacostia River in 1912, and a wind tunnel was completed at the Yard in 1916. The giant gears for the Panama Canal locks were cast at the Yard. Navy Yard technicians applied their efforts to medical designs for prosthetic hands and molds for artificial eyes and teeth.
The Washington Navy Yard was the ceremonial gateway to the nation's capital. In 1860, the first Japanese diplomatic mission was welcomed to the United States in an impressive pageant at the Yard. The body of World War I's Unknown Soldier was received here. Charles A. Lindbergh returned to the Navy Yard in 1927 after his famous transatlantic flight. In 1939, Britain's King George VI, representing the dominion of Canada,[citation needed] visited the Yard during his Washington stay.
As of 2004, the Navy Yard houses a variety of activities. It serves as headquarters, Naval District Washington, and houses numerous support activities for the fleet and aviation communities. The Navy Museum welcomes visitors to the Navy Art Collection[5] and its displays of naval art and artifacts, which trace the Navy's history from the Revolutionary War to the present day. The Naval History and Heritage Command is housed in a complex of buildings known as the Dudley Knox Center for Naval History. Leutze Park is the scene of colorful ceremonies.
The destroyer USS Barry is a museum ship at the Washington Navy Yard, and is open to tourists. The Barry is frequently used for change of command ceremonies for naval commands in the area.[3]
Operations
The Yard serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations, and is headquarters for the Naval Sea Systems Command, Naval Historical Center, the Department of Naval History, the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps, Naval Reactors, Marine Corps Institute, the United States Navy Band, the U.S. Navy's Military Sealift Command and numerous other naval commands.
See also
- Arsenal Point
- Building 170
- List of National Historic Landmarks in the District of Columbia
- List of Superfund sites in Washington, D.C.
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.
- Capitol Riverfront
- Yards park
- Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
References
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2007-01-23. http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html.
- ^ U.S. EPA. "Washington Navy Yard". Superfund Information Systems: Site Progress Profile. http://cfpub.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0300031. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form". National Park Service. November 1, 1975. http://pdfhost.focus.nps.gov/docs/NHLS/Text/73002124.pdf. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ "National Historic Landmarks Survey". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/history/nhl/designations/Lists/DC01.pdf. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
- ^ Navy Art Collection webpage. Naval History & Heritage Command official website. Retrieved 2010-03-09.
External links
- Washington Navy Yard history
- The United States Naval Gun Factory by Commander Theodore F. Jewell, Harper's Magazine, Vol. 89, Issue 530, July 1894, pp 251–261.
Andrews Air Force Base · Bolling Air Force Base · Fort Belvoir · Fort McNair · Fort Meade · Fort Myer · Henderson Hall · Marine Corps Base Quantico · Naval Support Facility Anacostia · Pentagon · Washington Navy Yard
U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Lists by states Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • WyomingLists by territories Lists by associated states Other Categories:- 1799 establishments in the United States
- Buildings of the United States government in Washington, D.C.
- Closed facilities of the United States Navy
- Colonial Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.
- Military facilities in Washington, D.C.
- National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.
- United States Navy shipyards
- Victorian architecture in Washington, D.C.
- Historic districts in Washington, D.C.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
