List of vegetable oils

Plant oils
Olive oil
Types
Vegetable fats	(list)
Macerated	(list)
Uses
Drying oil - Oil paint
Cooking oil
Fuel - Biodiesel
Components
Saturated fat
Monounsaturated fat
Polyunsaturated fat
Trans fat

There are three methods for extracting vegetable oils from plants. The relevant part of the plant may be placed under pressure to "extract" the oil, giving an expressed oil. Oils may also be extracted from plants by dissolving parts of plants in water or another solvent. The solution may be separated from the plant material and concentrated, giving an extracted or leached oil. The mixture may also be separated by distilling the oil away from the plant material. Oils extracted by this latter method are called essential oils. Essential oils often have different properties and uses than pressed or leached vegetable oils. Macerated oils are made by infusing parts of plants in a base oil—a process called maceration.

The term "oil" is normally reserved for fats that are liquid at room temperature. A few entries do not satisfy this definition, but are included because they are comparable to the other oils listed here in most other respects.

Although most plants contain some oil, only the oil from certain major oil crops^[1] complemented by a few dozen minor oil crops^[2] is widely used and traded. These oils are one of several types of plant oils.

Vegetable oils can be classified in several ways, for example:

• By source: most, but not all vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits or seeds of plants, and the oils may be classified by grouping oils from similar plants, such as "nut oils".
• By use: oils from plants are used in cooking, for fuel, for cosmetics, for medical purposes, and for other industrial purposes.

The vegetable oils are grouped below in common classes of use.

Edible oils

See also: Cooking oil

Major oils

Sunflowers, the seeds of which are the source of Sunflower oil.

These oils account for a significant fraction of worldwide edible oil production. All are also used as fuel oils.

• Coconut oil, a cooking oil, with medical and industrial applications as well. Extracted from the kernel or meat of the fruit of the coconut palm. Common in the tropics, and unusual in composition, with medium chain fatty acids dominant.^[3]
• Corn oil, one of the principal oils sold as salad and cooking oil.^[4]
• Cottonseed oil, used as a salad and cooking oil, both domestically and industrially.^[5]
• Olive oil, used in cooking, cosmetics, soaps, and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps.^[6]
• Palm oil, the most widely produced tropical oil.^[7] Popular in West African and Brazilian cuisine.^[8] Also used to make biofuel.^[9]
• Peanut oil (Ground nut oil), a clear oil with some applications as a salad dressing, and, due to its high smoke point, especially used for frying.^[10]
• Rapeseed oil, including Canola oil, one of the most widely used cooking oils.^[11]
• Safflower oil, until the 1960s used in the paint industry, now mostly as a cooking oil.^[12]
• Sesame oil, cold pressed as light cooking oil, hot pressed for a darker and stronger flavor.^[13]
• Soybean oil, produced as a byproduct of processing soy meal.^[14]
• Sunflower oil, a common cooking oil, also used to make biodiesel.^[15]

Nut oils

Hazelnuts from the Common Hazel, used to make Hazelnut oil.

Nut oils are generally used in cooking, for their flavor. Most are quite costly, because of the difficulty of extracting the oil.

• Almond oil, used as an edible oil, but primarily in the manufacture of cosmetics.^[16]
• Cashew oil, somewhat comparable to olive oil. May have value for fighting dental cavities.^[17]
• Hazelnut oil, mainly used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight astringent nature.^[18]
• Macadamia oil, with a mild nutty flavor and a high smoke point.^[19]
• Mongongo nut oil (or manketti oil), from the seeds of the Schinziophyton rautanenii, a tree which grows in South Africa. High in vitamin E. Also used in skin care.^[20]
• Pecan oil, valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil.^[21]
• Pine nut oil, sold as a gourmet cooking oil,^[22][23] and of potential medicinal interest as an appetite suppressant.^[24]
• Pistachio oil, a strongly flavored oil with a distinctive green color.^[19]
• Walnut oil, used for its flavor,^[19] also used by Renaissance painters in oil paints.^[25][26]

Citrus oils

A number of citrus plants yield pressed oils. Some, like lemon and orange oil, are used as essential oils, which is uncommon for pressed oils. The seeds of many if not most members of the citrus family yield usable oils.^[27][28][29]

• Grapefruit seed oil, extracted from the seeds of grapefruit (Citrus × paradisi). Grapefruit seed oil was extracted experimentally in 1930 and was shown to be suitable for making soap.^[30]
• Lemon oil, similar in fragrance to the fruit. One of a small number of cold pressed essential oils.^[31] Used as a flavoring agent^[32] and in aromatherapy.^[33]
• Orange oil, like lemon oil, cold pressed rather than distilled.^[34] Consists of 90% d-Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods.^[35]
  

  The fruit of the sea-buckthorn

Oils from melon and gourd seeds

Watermelon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris, is used in cooking in West Africa.

Members of the cucurbitaceae include gourds, melons, pumpkins, and squashes. Seeds from these plants are noted for their oil content, but little information is available on methods of extracting the oil. In most cases, the plants are grown as food, with dietary use of the oils as a byproduct of using the seeds as food.^[36]

• Bitter gourd oil, from the seeds of Momordica charantia. High in α-Eleostearic acid. Of current research interest for its potential anti-carcinogenic properties.^[37]
• Bottle gourd oil, extracted from the seeds of the Lagenaria siceraria, widely grown in tropical regions. Used as an edible oil.^[38]
• Buffalo gourd oil, from the seeds of the Cucurbita foetidissima, a vine with a rank odor, native to southwest North America.^[39]
• Butternut squash seed oil, from the seeds of Cucurbita moschata, has a nutty flavor that is used for salad dressings, marinades, and sautéeing.^[40]
• Egusi^[41] seed oil, from the seeds of Cucumeropsis mannii naudin, is particularly rich in linoleic acid.^[42]
• Pumpkin seed oil, a specialty cooking oil, produced in Austria, Slovenia and Croatia. Used mostly in salad dressings.^[43]
• Watermelon seed oil, pressed from the seeds of Citrullus vulgaris. Traditionally used in cooking in West Africa.^[44][45]

Food supplements

A number of oils are used as food supplements (or "nutraceuticals"), for their nutrient content or purported medicinal effect. Borage seed oil, blackcurrant seed oil, and evening primrose oil all have a significant amount of gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA) (about 23%, 15–20% and 7–10%, respectively), and it is this that has drawn the interest of researchers.

• Açaí oil, from the fruit of several species of the Açaí palm (Euterpe) grown in the Amazon region.^[46][47]
• Black seed oil, pressed from Nigella sativa seeds, has a long history of medicinal use, including in ancient Greek, Asian, and Islamic medicine, as well as a topic of current medical research.^[48][49][50]
• Blackcurrant seed oil, from the seeds of Ribes nigrum, used as a food supplement. High in gamma-Linolenic, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.^[51]
• Borage seed oil, from the seeds of Borago officinalis, with an omega-3 content comparable to blackcurrant seed oil and evening primrose oil.^[51]
• Evening primrose oil, from the seeds of Oenothera biennis,^[52] the most important plant source of gamma-Linolenic acid, particularly because it does not contain alpha-Linolenic acid.^[51][53]
• Flaxseed oil (called linseed oil when used as a drying oil), from the seeds of Linum usitatissimum. High in omega-3 and lignans, which can be used medicinally. A good dietary equivalent to fish oil.^[54] Easily turns rancid.^[55]

Other edible oils

Carob seed pods, used to make carob pod oil.

• Amaranth oil, from the seeds of grain amaranth species, including Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus, high in squalene and unsaturated fatty acids.^[56]
• Apricot oil, similar to almond oil, which it resembles. Used in cosmetics.^[57]
• Apple seed oil, high in linoleic acid.^[58]
• Argan oil, from the seeds of the Argania spinosa, is a food oil from Morocco^[59] developed through a women's cooperative founded in the 1990s,^[60] that has also attracted recent attention in Europe.
• Avocado oil, an edible oil^[61] used primarily in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.^[62][63] Unusually high smoke point of 510°F.^[64]
• Babassu oil, from the seeds of the Attalea speciosa, is similar to, and used as a substitute for, coconut oil.^[65]
• Ben oil, extracted from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera. High in behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for biofuel.^[66]
• Borneo tallow nut oil, extracted from the fruit of species of genus Shorea. Used as a substitute for cocoa butter, and to make soap, candles, cosmetics and medicines in places where the tree is common.^[67]
• Cape chestnut oil, also called yangu oil, is a popular oil in Africa for skin care.^[68]
• Carob pod oil (Algaroba oil), from carob, with an exceptionally high essential fatty acid content.^[69][70]
• Cocoa butter, from the cacao plant. Used in the manufacture of chocolate, as well as in some cosmetics.
• Cocklebur oil, from species of genus Xanthium, with similar properties to poppyseed oil, similar in taste and smell to sunflower oil.^[71][72]
• Cohune oil, from the Attalea cohune (cohune palm) used as a lubricant, for cooking, soapmaking and as a lamp oil.^[73]

Coriander seeds are the source of an edible pressed oil, Coriander seed oil.

• Coriander seed oil, from coriander seeds, used in a wide variety of flavoring applications, including gin and seasoning blends.^[74] Recent research has shown promise for use in killing food-borne bacteria, such as E. coli.^[75]
• Date seed oil, extracted from date pits.^[76] Its low extraction rate and lack of other distinguishing characteristics make it an unlikely candidate for major use.^[77]
• Dika oil, from Irvingia gabonensis seeds, native to West Africa. Used to make margarine, soap and pharmaceuticals, where is it being examined as a tablet lubricant. Largely underdeveloped.^[78][79]
• False flax oil made of the seeds of Camelina sativa. One of the earliest oil crops, dating back to the 6th millennium B.C.^[80] Produced in modern times in Central and Eastern Europe; fell out of production in the 1940s.^[81] Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.^[82]
• Grape seed oil, a cooking and salad oil, also sprayed on raisins to help them retain their flavor.^[83]
• Hemp oil, a high quality food oil^[84] also used to make paints, varnishes, resins and soft soaps.^[85]
• Kapok seed oil, from the seeds of Ceiba pentandra, used as an edible oil, and in soap production.^[86]
• Kenaf seed oil, from the seeds of Hibiscus cannabinus. An edible oil similar to cottonseed oil, with a long history of use.^[87][88]
• Lallemantia oil, from the seeds of Lallemantia iberica, discovered at archaeological sites in northern Greece.^[89]
• Mafura oil, extracted from the seeds of Trichilia emetica. Used as an edible oil in Ethiopia. Mafura butter, extracted as part of the same process when extracting the oil, is not edible, and is used in soap and candle making, as a body ointment, as fuel, and medicinally.^[90]
• Marula oil, extracted from the kernel of Sclerocarya birrea. Used as an edible oil with a light, nutty flavor. Also used in soaps. Fatty acid composition is similar to that of olive oil.^[91][92]
• Meadowfoam seed oil, highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain fatty acids. Competes with rapeseed oil for industrial applications.^[93]
• Mustard oil (pressed), used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a massage oil.^[94]

Poppy seeds, used to make poppyseed oil

• Nutmeg butter, extracted by expression from the fruit of cogeners of genus Myristica. Nutmeg butter has a large amount of trimyristin. Nutmeg oil, by contrast, is an essential oil, extracted by steam distillation.^[95]
• Okra seed oil, from Abelmoschus esculentus. Composed predominantly of oleic and linoleic acids.^[96] The greenish yellow edible oil has a pleasant taste and odor.^[97]
• Papaya seed oil, high in omega-3 and omega-6, similar in composition to olive oil.^[98] Not to be confused with papaya oil produced by maceration.^[99]
• Perilla seed oil, high in omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes in Asian herbal medicine, in skin care products and as a drying oil.^[100][101]
• Persimmon seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Diospyros virginiana. Dark, reddish brown color, similar in taste to olive oil. Nearly equal content of oleic and linoleic acids.^[102]
• Pequi oil, extracted from the seeds of Caryocar brasiliense. Used in Brazil as a highly prized cooking oil.^[103]
• Pili nut oil, extracted from the seeds of Canarium ovatum. Used in the Philippines as an edible oil, as well as for a lamp oil.^[104]
• Pomegranate seed oil, from Punica granatum seeds, is very high in punicic acid (which takes its name from pomegranates). A topic of current medical research for treating and preventing cancer.^[105][106]
• Poppyseed oil, long used for cooking, in paints, varnishes, and soaps.^{[107][108][109][110]}
• Prune kernel oil, marketed as a gourmet cooking oil^[111][112] Similar in composition to peach kernel oil.^[113]
• Quinoa oil, similar in composition and use to corn oil.^[114]
• Ramtil oil, pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in India and Ethiopia.^[115][116]
• Rice bran oil is a highly stable cooking and salad oil, suitable for high-temperature cooking.^[117][64] It also has potential as a biofuel.^[118]
• Royle oil, pressed from the seeds of Prinsepia utilis, a wild, edible oil shrub that grows in the higher Himalayas. Used medicinally in Nepal.^[119]

Shea nuts, from which shea butter is pressed

• Sacha inchi oil, from the Peruvian Amazon. High in behenic, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.^[120][121]
• Sapote oil, used as a cooking oil in Guatemala.^[122]
• Seje oil, from the seeds of Jessenia bataua. Used in South America as an edible oil, similar to olive oil, as well as for soaps and in the cosmetics industry.^[123]
• Shea butter, much of which is produced by poor, African women. Used primarily in skin care products and as a substitute for cocoa butter in confections and cosmetics.^[124][125]
• Taramira oil, from the seeds of the arugula (Eruca sativa), grown in West Asia and Northern India. Used as a (pungent) edible oil after aging to remove acridity.^[126][127]
• Tea seed oil (Camellia oil), widely used in southern China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.^[128][129]
• Thistle oil, pressed from the seeds of Silybum marianum.^[130] A good potential source of special fatty acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, phenol compounds and natural anti-oxidants,^[131] as well as for generally improving the nutritional value of foods.^[132]
• Tigernut oil (or nut-sedge oil) is pressed from the tuber of Cyperus esculentus. It has properties similar to soybean, sunflower and rapeseed oils.^[133] It is used in cooking and making soap^[134] and has potential as a biodiesel fuel.^[133]
• Tobacco seed oil, from the seeds of Nicotiana tabacum and other Nicotiana species. If purified, is suitable for edible purposes.^[135]
• Tomato seed oil is a potentially valuable by-product, as a cooking oil, from the waste seeds generated from processing tomatoes.^[136]
• Wheat germ oil, used nutritionally and in cosmetic preparations,^[137] high in vitamin E and octacosanol.^[138]

Oils used for biofuel

See also: Vegetable oil used as fuel

A flask of biodiesel

Sunflower kernels

Jojoba fruit

A number of oils are used for biofuel (biodiesel and Straight Vegetable Oil) in addition to having other uses. Other oils are used only as biofuel.^[139][140]

Although diesel engines were invented, in part, with vegetable oil in mind,^[141] diesel fuel is almost exclusively petroleum-based. Vegetable oils are evaluated for use as a biofuel based on:

1. Suitability as a fuel, based on flash point, energy content, viscosity, combustion products and other factors
2. Cost, based in part on yield, effort required to grow and harvest, and post-harvest processing cost

Multipurpose oils also used as biofuel

The oils listed immediately below are all (primarily) used for other purposes – all but tung oil are edible – but have been considered for use as biofuel.

• Castor oil, lower cost than many candidates. Kinematic viscosity may be an issue.^[142]
• Coconut oil (copra oil), promising for local use in places that produce coconuts.^[143]
• Colza oil, from Brassica rapa, var. oleifera (turnip) is closely related to rapeseed (or canola) oil. It is a major source of biodiesel in Germany.^[144]
• Corn oil, appealing because of the abundance of maize as a crop.
• Cottonseed oil, the subject of study for cost-effectiveness as a biodiesel feedstock.^[145][146]
• False flax oil, from Camelina sativa, used in Europe in oil lamps until the 18th century.^[82]
• Hemp oil, relatively low in emissions. Production is problematic in some countries because of its association with marijuana.^[147][148]
• Mustard oil, shown to be comparable to Canola oil as a biofuel.^[149]
• Palm oil, very popular for biofuel, but the environmental impact from growing large quantities of oil palms has recently called the use of palm oil into question.^[150]
• Peanut oil, used in one of the first demonstrations of the Diesel engine in 1900.^[141]
• Radish oil. Wild radish contains up to 48% oil, making it appealing as a fuel.^[151]
• Rapeseed oil, the most common base oil used in Europe in biodiesel production.^[140]
• Ramtil oil, used for lighting in India.^[152]
• Rice bran oil, appealing because of lower cost than many other vegetable oils. Widely grown in Asia.^[153]
• Safflower oil, explored recently as a biofuel in Montana.^[154]
• Salicornia oil, from the seeds of Salicornia bigelovii, a halophyte (salt-loving plant) native to Mexico.^[155]
• Soybean oil, not economical as a fuel crop, but appealing as a byproduct of soybean crops for other uses.^[140]
• Sunflower oil, suitable as a fuel, but not necessarily cost effective.^[156]
• Tigernut oil has been described by researchers in China as having "great potential as a biodiesel fuel."^[133]
• Tung oil, referenced in several lists of vegetable oils that are suitable for biodiesel.^[157] Several factors in China produce biodiesel from tung oil.^[158]

Inedible oils used only or primarily as biofuel

See also: Algae fuel

These oils are extracted from plants that are cultivated solely for producing oil-based biofuel.^[159] These, plus the major oils described above, have received much more attention as fuel oils than other plant oils.

• Copaiba, an oleoresin tapped from species of genus Copaifera. Used in Brazil as a cosmetic product and a major source of biodiesel.^[160]
• Honge oil (Pongamia), pioneered as a biofuel by Udipi Shrinivasa in Bangalore, India.^[161][162]
• Jatropha oil, widely used in India as a fuel oil. Has attracted strong proponents for use as a biofuel.^[163][164]
• Jojoba oil, from the Simmondsia chinensis, a desert shrub.^[165]
• Milk bush, popularized by chemist Melvin Calvin in the 1950s. Researched in the 1980s by Petrobras, the Brazilian national petroleum company.^[166]
• Nahor oil, pressed from the kernels of Mesua ferrea, is used in India as a lamp oil.^[167]
• Paradise oil, from the seeds of Simarouba glauca, has received interest in India as a feed stock for biodiesel.^[168]
• Petroleum nut oil, from the Petroleum nut (Pittosporum resiniferum) native to the Philippines. The Philippine government once explored the use of the petroleum nut as a biofuel.^[169]

Drying oils

See also: Drying oil

Drying oils are vegetable oils that dry to a hard finish at normal room temperature. Such oils are used as the basis of oil paints, and in other paint and wood finishing applications. In addition to the oils listed here, walnut, sunflower and safflower oil are also considered to be drying oils.^[170]

• Dammar oil, from the Canarium strictum, used in paint as an oil drying agent.^[171] Can also be used as a lamp oil.^[172]

}} (Mentions uses of dammar oil)</ref>

• Linseed oil's properties as a polymer make it highly suitable for wood finishing, for use in oil paints, as a plasticizer and hardener in putty and in making linoleum.^[173] When used in food or medicinally, linseed oil is called flaxseed oil.
• Poppyseed oil, similar in usage to linseed oil but with better color stability.^[170]
• Stillingia oil (also called Chinese vegetable tallow oil), obtained by solvent from the seeds of Sapium sebiferum. Used as a drying agent in paints and varnishes.^[174][175]
• Tung oil, used as an industrial lubricant and highly effective drying agent. Also used as a substitute for linseed oil.^[176]
• Vernonia oil is produced from the seeds of the Vernonia galamensis. It is composed of 73–80% vernolic acid, which can be used to make epoxies for manufacturing adhesives, varnishes and paints, and industrial coatings.^[177]

Other oils

A number of pressed vegetable oils are either not edible, or not used as an edible oil.

The fruit of the amur cork tree

Castor beans are the source of castor oil

• Amur cork tree fruit oil, pressed from the fruit of the Phellodendron amurense. It has been studied for insecticidal use.^[178][179]
• Artichoke oil, extracted from the seeds of the artichoke fruit, is an unsaturated semi-drying oil with potential applications in making soap, shampoo, alkyd resin and shoe polish.^[180]
• Balanos oil, pressed from the seeds of Balanites aegyptiaca, was used in ancient Egypt as the base for perfumes.^[66]
• Bladderpod oil, pressed from the seeds of Lesquerella fendleri, native to North America. Rich in lesquerolic acid, which is chemically similar to the ricinoleic acid found in castor oil. Many industrial uses. Possible substitute for castor oil as it requires much less moisture than castor beans.^[181]
• Brucea javanica oil, extracted from the seeds of the Brucea javanica. The oil has been shown to be effective in treating certain cancers.^[182][183]
• Burdock oil (Bur oil) extracted from the root of the burdock. Used as an herbal remedy for scalp conditions.^[184]
• Candlenut oil (Kukui nut oil), produced in Hawai'i, used primarily for skin care products.^[185]
• Carrot seed oil (pressed), from carrot seeds, used in skin care products.^[186][187]
• Castor oil, with many industrial and medicinal uses. Castor beans are also a source of the toxin ricin.^[140]
• Chaulmoogra oil, from the seeds of Hydnocarpus wightiana, used for many centuries, internally and externally, to treat leprosy.^[188] Also used to treat secondary syphilis, rheumatism, scrofula, and in phthisis.^[189][190]
• Crambe oil, extracted from the seeds of the Crambe abyssinica. High in erucic acid, used as an industrial lubricant, a corrosion inhibitor, and as an ingredient in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.^[191][192]
• Croton oil (tiglium oil) is pressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium. Highly toxic, it was formerly used as a drastic purgative.^[193]
• Cuphea oil, from a number of species of genre Cuphea. Of interest as sources of medium chain triglycerides.^[194]
• Honesty oil, from the seeds of Lunaria annua, which contain 30–40% oil. The oil is particularly rich in long chain fatty acids, including erucic and nervonic acid, making it suitable for certain industrial purposes.^[195][85]
• Illipe butter, from the nuts of the Shorea stenoptera. Similar to cocoa butter, but with a higher melting point. Used in cosmetics.^[196][197]
• Jojoba oil, used in cosmetics as an alternative to whale oil spermaceti.^[198]
• Mango oil, pressed from the stones of the mango fruit, is high in stearic acid, and can be used for making soap.^[199]
• Mowrah butter, from the seeds of the Madhuca latifolia and Madhuca longifolia, both native to India. Crude Mowrah butter is used as a fat for spinning wool, for making candles and soap. The refined fat is used as an edible fat and vegetable ghee in India.^[39]
• Neem oil, from Azadirachta indica, a brownish-green oil with a high sulfur content, used in cosmetics, for medicinal purposes, and as an insecticide.^[200]
• Ojon oil extracted from the nut of the American palm (Elaeis oleifera). Oil extracted from both the nut and husk is also used as an edible oil in Central and South America. Commercialized by a Canadian businessman in the 1990s.^[201][202]
• Rose hip seed oil, used primarily in skin care products, particularly for aging or damaged skin.^[203]
• Rubber seed oil, pressed from the seeds of the Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), has received attention as a potential use of what otherwise would be a waste product from making rubber. It has been explored as a drying oil in Nigeria,^[204] as a diesel fuel in India^[205] and as food for livestock in Cambodia and Vietnam.^[206]
• Sea buckthorn oil, derived from Hippophae rhamnoides, produced in northern China, used primarily medicinally.^[207]
• Sea rocket seed oil, from the halophyte Cakile maritima, native to north Africa, is high in erucic acid, and therefore has potential industrial applications.^[208]
• Snowball seed oil (Viburnum oil), from Viburnum opulus seeds. High in tocopherol, carotenoides and unsaturated fatty acids. Used medicinally.^[209]
• Tall oil, produced as a byproduct of wood pulp manufacture. A further byproduct called tall oil fatty acid (TOFA) is a cheap source of oleic acid.^[210]
• Tamanu oil, originates in Tahiti, from the Calophyllum tacamahaca, used for skin care.^[211]
• Tonka bean oil (Cumaru oil), used medicinally in Brazil,^[212]
• Ucuhuba seed oil, extracted from the seeds of Virola surinamensis, is unusually high in myristic acid.^[211]

See also

Renewable energy portal

• Carrier oil discusses the use of (pressed) vegetable oils, mixed with essential oils
• Fatty acid discusses the components of most vegetable fats and oils
• International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients explains naming conventions for oils used in cosmetics and soaps

General references

• "Fats and Cholesterol: Out with the Bad, In with the Good". The Nutrition Source. Harvard School of Public Health. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-full-story/index.html. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
• "Bulk Oil Trading". Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. http://web.archive.org/web/20060718050203/http://www.bulkoil.com/scripts/oil_definition.asp. Retrieved 2006-07-25.  An older version of this site was very helpful in making this list more comprehensive.
• "Vegetable Oil Yields and Characteristics". http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24.  Compiles useful information on vegetable oils from a number of sources.
• "Castor Oil". http://www.castoroil.in/. Retrieved 2006-07-25.  The site contains a large set of resources on castor oil and many other oils, particularly those used to make biodiesel.
• Botanical Garden of Indian Republic (BGIR) (April 5, 2004). "Database of Oil Yielding Plants" (PDF). Botanical Survey of India. http://www.mnre.gov.in/list/oil-plants.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-19.  List of about 300 plants that grow in India, and that yield oil. Also gives common names in languages spoken in India.
• Macmillan, H.F.. "Oils and Vegetable Fats". Handbook of Tropical Plants. Herbdata New Zealand. ISBN 8170411777. http://www.herbdatanz.com/oils_and_vegetable_fats.htm.  Old reference with basic information on an unusually large variety of plant oils.
• Ashurst, P. R. (1999). Food Flavorings. Springer. ISBN 0834216213. http://books.google.com/books?id=hrWuqmtwJiEC&lpg=PA17&dq=coriander%20seed%20oil%20uses&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false.  Comprehensive information on cooking oils that are used for flavoring foods.
• Duke, James A. (1982). Handbook of Energy Crops. Purdue University Center for New Crops. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/dukeindex.html. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 

Notes

1. ^ Economic Research Service (1995-2011). Oil Crops Outlook. United States Department of Agriculture. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1288. Retrieved 2011-11-19.  This publication is available via email subscription.
2. ^ Axtell, B.L. from research by R.M. Fairman (1992). Minor oil crops. FAO. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5043E/X5043E00.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
3. ^ Miller, Frederic P.; Vandome, Agnes F. (July 31, 2010). Coconut Oil. ISBN 6130648731. http://books.google.com/?id=crRwcAAACAAJ&dq=coconut+oil. 
4. ^ "Food Fats and Oils". Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils. 2006. p. 27. http://www.iseo.org/FoodFatsOils2006.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
5. ^ "Twenty Facts about Cottonseed Oil". National Cottonseed Producers Association. http://www.cottonseed.com/publications/facts.asp. Retrieved 2011-10-17. 
6. ^ "Difference Between Olive oil and Extra Virgin Olive oil". Difference Between.net. http://www.differencebetween.net/object/difference-between-olive-oil-and-extra-virgin-olive-oil/. Retrieved 2011-10-19. 
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60. ^ The Targanine cooperative was founded by Prof. Zoubida Charrouf in the 1990s to help local poor, widowed and divorced women derive an income from producing and exporting high-quality argan oil. See "Au Pays de l'Huile Argan" (in French). BioInfo: pp. 30–32. http://www.bio-info.be/pages/pdf_telechargeable/BIOinfo_82.pdf. 
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107. ^ Lewkowitsch, Julius (1914). George H. Warburton ed.. ed. Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats and waxes. 2 (5 ed.). Macmillan. p. 119. http://books.google.com/books?id=Xt7QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA119. 
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109. ^ Creevy, Bill (1999). The Oil Painting Book: Materials and Techniques for Today's Artist. Watson-Guptill. ISBN 0823032744. 
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111. ^ "ACNFP Meeting minutes 14 March 2001". Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes. March 14, 2001. http://acnfp.food.gov.uk/meetings/82297/49m/minutes. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
112. ^ "Virgin Plum Oil cold pressed from d'Agen prune seeds". Vidalou Farm. http://www.plumoil.com/index.html. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
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114. ^ Koziol, Michael J. (1993). "Quinoa: A Potential New Oil Crop". New crops 2. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-328.html. 
115. ^ Siegbert Uhlig, ed (2007). "Nug oil". Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 1202. ISBN 344705607X. http://books.google.com/books?id=l4WUdKWGcYsC&lpg=PA1201&dq=ramtil%20oil&pg=PA1201#v=onepage&q=ramtil%20oil&f=false. 
116. ^ Getinet, A.; Sharma, S. M. (1996). Niger, Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Bioversity International. p. 35. ISBN 9290432926. http://books.google.com/books?id=FtamVcJzrTAC&lpg=PA8&dq=ramtil%20oil&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q=oil&f=false. 
117. ^ Gunstone, Frank (2009). The Chemistry of Oils and Fats: Sources, Composition, Properties and Uses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 8. ISBN 1405150025. http://books.google.com/books?id=KYFU7heynbwC&lpg=PR1&dq=The%20Chemistry%20of%20Oils%20and%20Fats%3A%20Sources%2C%20Composition%2C%20Properties%20and%20Uses&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
118. ^ Ju Yi-Hsu; Rayat, C.M.E. (2009). "Biodiesel from Rice Bran Oil". In Ashok Pandey. Handbook of plant-based biofuels. CRC Press. pp. 241–253. ISBN 1560221755. http://books.google.com/?id=7reTmIFGHWAC&pg=PA253&dq=rice+bran+oil#v=onepage&q=rice%20bran%20oil&f=false. 
119. ^ Kunwar, Ripu M.; Adhikari, Nirmal (July 2005). "Ethnomedicine of Dolpa district, Nepal: the plants, their vernacular names and uses". Lyonia. ISSN 0888-9619. http://www.lyonia.org/viewArticle.php?articleID=367. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
120. ^ "Sacha Inchi: Oil from the Amazon Takes Gold in Paris". Peru Food. September 22, 2006. http://perufood.blogspot.com/2006/09/sacha-inchi-oil-from-amazon-takes-gold.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
121. ^ Krivankova, Blanka; Polesny, Zbynek; Lojka, Bohdan; Lojkova, Jana; Banout, Jan; Preininger, Daniel (October 2007). "Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis, Euphorbiaceae): A Promising Oilseed Crop from Peruvian Amazon". In Eric Tielkes (ed.). Tropentag. Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen. http://www.tropentag.de/2007/proceedings/node304.html. 
122. ^ Jamieson, G. S.; McKinney, R. S. (1931). "Sapote (mammy apple) seed and oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 8 (7): 255–256. doi:10.1007/BF02574575. http://www.springerlink.com/content/c4t2677r7r2v16l4/. 
123. ^ Axtell, "Seje"
124. ^ Harsch, Ernest (2001). "Shea butter:making trade work for poor women". Africa Recovery 15 (4). http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol15no4/154shea.htm. 
125. ^ Moranz, Steve; Masters, Eliot (2005). "What's in your chocolate?". In R. Selvarajah-Jaffery, B. Wagner, E. Sulzberger. World Agroforestry Centre annual report 2005: Agroforestry science to support the millennium development goals. World Agroforestry Centre. p. 19. ISBN 9290591994. http://books.google.com/books?id=Oh6wJUiOdSQC&lpg=PT20&dq=shea%20butter&pg=PT1#v=onepage&q=shea%20butter&f=false. 
126. ^ Kanya, T.C. Sindhu; Urs, M. Kantaraj (January, 1989). "Studies on taramira (eruca sativa) seed oil and meal". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 66 (1): 139. doi:10.1007/BF02661804. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x330432p0t0l5142/. Retrieved 2011-06-19. 
127. ^ Grubben, G.J.H.; Denton, O.A., ed (2004). "Vegetables". Plant Resources of Tropical Africa. 2. p. 295. ISBN 90-5782-147-8. http://books.google.com/?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&lpg=PA295&dq=taramira%20oil&pg=PA295#v=onepage&q=taramira%20oil&f=false. 
128. ^ Ruter, John M. (1993). "Nursery Production of Tea Oil Camellia Under Different Light Levels". Trends in new crops and new uses. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-222.html. 
129. ^ Axtell, "Teased" [sic]
130. ^ Parry Jr., John Wynne (2006). Value-adding factors in cold-pressed edible seed oils and flours. ProQuest. ISBN 9780542962370. http://books.google.com/books?id=cEn-kkBcD0cC&lpg=PA111&dq=thistle%20oil&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q=thistle&f=false. , p. 22
131. ^ Parry, p. 89
132. ^ Parry, p. 112
133. ^ ^{a b c} He Yuan Zhanga; Hannab, Milford A.; Alib, Yusuf; Lu Nana (September 1996). "Yellow nut-sedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) tuber oil as a fuel". Industrial Crops and Products 5 (3): 177–181. doi:10.1016/0926-6690(96)89446-5. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0926669096894465. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
134. ^ "Cyperus esculentus". Plants for a Future. http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cyperus+esculentus. Retrieved 2011-10-21. 
135. ^ Harborne, p. 104
136. ^ Eller, F.J.; Moser, J.K.; Kenar, J.A.; Taylor, S.L. (2010). "Extraction and Analysis of Tomato Seed Oil". Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 87 (7): 755–762. doi:10.1007/s11746-010-1563-4. http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=244530. 
137. ^ "Wheat". IENICA crops database. Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops and their Applications. http://www.ienica.net/crops/wheat.htm. 
138. ^ "Nutritional Supplement Review". Nutros. p. 169. http://www.nutros.net/nsr-0204y.html. Retrieved 2011-10-18. 
139. ^ Ethanol and, to a lesser degree, methanol and butanol are the other major types of biofuel.
140. ^ ^{a b c d} "Bio fuels". Castoroil.in. http://www.castoroil.in/reference/plant_oils/uses/fuel/bio_fuels.html. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
141. ^ ^{a b} Tebbutt, Jeff. "An outline on Bio-diesel production and the fundamentals of Handling and car conversion". Bio Integrated Organic. p. 3. http://www.suffolkcoastal.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/178BB9C3-16E5-4766-A9CF-9BE8BBFB6202/0/BiodieselPrestentation.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
142. ^ "Castor Oil as Biodiesel & Biofuel". CastorOil.in. http://www.castoroil.in/uses/fuel/castor_oil_fuel.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
143. ^ Cloin, Jan. "Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands–Challenges & Opportunities". South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. http://www.unesco.org/csi/smis/siv/Forum/CoconutOilFuelPacific_JanCloin.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
144. ^ Kraminska, N.; Teleto, О.. "The as the way to energy safety of the economy of the Ukraine". Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/bitstream/123456789/8251/1/4.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
145. ^ Morgan, Ben. "Economic Analysis and Feasibility of Cottonseed Oil as a Biodiesel Feedstock". Texas Tech University, Industrial Engineering Department. http://www.cottonseed.com/whatsnew/TTU%20BIODIESEL%20pp1-4.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
146. ^ Laws, Forrest (August 29, 2007). "Can cottonseed join biodiesel race?". Southeast Farm Press. http://southeastfarmpress.com/can-cottonseed-join-biodiesel-race. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
147. ^ Deitch, Robert (2003). Hemp: American history revisited: the plant with a divided history. Algora Publishing. p. 223. ISBN 0875862055. http://books.google.com/books?id=PKDrpeRRY94C&lpg=PA223&dq=hemp%20oil&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q=hemp%20oil&f=false. 
148. ^ Benhaim, Paul (2003). "Hemp as a Biofueld". H.E.M.P.: Healthy Eating Made Possible. Raw With Life. pp. 76–77. ISBN 1901250644. http://books.google.com/books?id=g-JiO1vo_OQC&lpg=PT77&dq=hemp%20oil&pg=PT77#v=onepage&q=hemp%20oil&f=false. 
149. ^ Peterson, C.L.; Thompson, J.; Jones, S.; Hollenback, D. (November 2001). "Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard Oil". U.S. Department of Transportation. http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=713388. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
150. ^ Jackson, Wes (Fall 1999). "Clearcutting the Last Wilderness". The Land Report (The Land Institute) (65). http://www.biotech-info.net/clearcut.html. 
151. ^ Hobbs, Steve. "Bio-diesel, farming for the future". Australian Agronomy Society. http://www.bebioenergy.com/documents/agronomyconfpaper.doc. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
152. ^ Axtell, "Noog abyssinia"
153. ^ Rachmaniah, Orchidea; Ju Yi-Hsu; Vali, Shaik Ramjan; Tjondronegoro, Ismojowati; and Musfil, A.S. (2004). "A Study on Acid-Catalyzed Transesterification of Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production". World Energy Congress (19). http://www.its.ac.id/personal/files/pub/3296-orchidea-chem-eng-TIE01_200707.pdf. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
154. ^ Chef Boy Ari (January 5, 2006). "Safflower Oil in your Tank". The Durango Telegraph. http://www.durangotelegraph.com/index.cfm/archives/2006/january-05-2006/safflower-in-your-tank/. Retrieved 2011-10-22. 
155. ^ Dickenson, Marty (July 10, 2008). "The old man who farms with the sea". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/science/environment/la-fi-seafarm10-2008jul10,0,1092501,full.story. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
156. ^ Peterson, Charles L.; Auld, Dick L. (1991). "Technical Overview of Vegetable Oil as a Transportation Fuel". FACT: Solid Fuel Conversion for the Transportation Sector (ASME) 12. http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/19910101_GEN-292.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
157. ^ "Journey to Forever: Bio-diesel Yield". http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
158. ^ Farago, Robert (July 15, 2008). "China Builds Tung Tree Oil Biodiesel Plants". The Truth about Cars. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/2008/07/china-builds-tung-tree-oil-biodiesel-plants/. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
159. ^ There are some plants that yield a commercial vegetable oil, that are also used to make other sorts of biofuel. Eucalyptus, for example, has been explored as a means of biomass for producing ethanol. These plants are not listed here.
160. ^ Duke Handbook, "Copaifera langsdorfii Desf."
161. ^ Ramoo, S.K. (April 6, 2001). "A case for Honge oil as substitute for diesel". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/04/06/stories/0406402j.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-19. 
162. ^ "Honge Oil proves to be a good biodiesel". Good News India. http://www.goodnewsindia.com/Pages/content/discovery/honge.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
163. ^ "The Jatropha System". http://www.jatropha.org/. Retrieved 2006-07-31. 
164. ^ Pramanik, K. (February 2003). "Properties and use of jatropha curcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine". Renewable Energy 28 (2): 239–248. doi:10.1016/S0960-1481(02)00027-7. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148102000277. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
165. ^ Duke Handbook, "Simmondsia chinensis"
166. ^ Duke Handbook, "Euphorbia tirucalli
167. ^ Salunkhe, p 522
168. ^ "Lakshmi Taru tree answer to climate change problems: experts". oneIndia News. April 15, 2007. http://news.oneindia.in/2007/04/15/lakshmi-taru-tree-answer-to-climate-change-problems-experts-1176620662.html. Retrieved 2011-11-05. 
169. ^ Duke Handbook, "Pittosporum resiniferum
170. ^ ^{a b} "The Encyclopedia of Painting Materials: Drying oils". http://www.cad-red.com/mt2/oil.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
171. ^ Smyth, Herbert Warington (1906). Mast & Sail in Europe & Asia. p. 416. http://books.google.com/books?id=ATNFAAAAYAAJ&dq=Mast%20%26%20Sail%20in&pg=PA416#v=onepage&q=dammar&f=false. Retrieved 2011-10-19.  (Mentions the use of dammar oil in marine paints)
172. ^ Database of Oil Yielding Plants
173. ^ Miller, Frederic P; Vandome, Agnes F; McBrewster, John (2010). Linseed Oil. VDM Publishing House Ltd.. ISBN 9786130204259. http://books.google.com/?id=ADiGQgAACAAJ&dq=linseed+oil. 
174. ^ "Vegetable and Animal Oils and Fats". Definition and Classification of Commodities. FAO. 1992. http://www.fao.org/es/faodef/fdef14e.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
175. ^ Axtell, "Chinese vegetable tallow
176. ^ Commodity Research Bureau (2007). %7C John Wiley and Sons The CRB Commodity Yearbook 2007. p. 288. ISBN 0470080159. http://books.google.com/books?id=YqKVT3w67KoC&lpg=PA288&dq=tung%20oil&pg=PA288#v=onepage&q=tung%20oil&f=false  %7C John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
177. ^ Teynor, T.M. (1992). "Vernonia". Alternative Field Crops Manual. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/vernonia.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
178. ^ Schery, Robert W. (1972). Plants for man. Prentice-Hall. p. 325. ISBN 0136812546. 
179. ^ Schechter, M.S.; Haller, H.L. (1943). "The insecticidal principle in the fruit of Amur corktree (Phellodendron amurense)". Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 (2): 194–197. doi:10.1021/jo01190a012. 
180. ^ Miceli, A.; De Leo, P. (September 1996). "Extraction, characterization and utilization of artichoke-seed oil". Bioresource Technology 57 (3): 301–302. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(96)00075-2. 
181. ^ Kleiman, R. (1990). J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). ed. "Chemistry of new industrial oilseed crops". Advances in new crops (Timber Press, Portland, OR): 196–203. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
182. ^ Zhang Hong; Yang Jing Yu; Zhou Fan; Wang Li Hui; Zhang Wen; Sha Sha; Wu Chun Fu. "Seed Oil of Brucea javanica Induces Apoptotic Death of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells via Both the Death Receptors and the Mitochondrial-Related Pathways". Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/965016. http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/965016/. 
183. ^ Lou, G.G.; Yao, H.P.; Xie, L.P. (2010). "Brucea javanica oil induces apoptosis in T24 bladder cancer cells via upregulation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and inhibition of NF-kappaB and COX-2 expressions". Am J Chin Med 38 (3): 613–24. doi:10.1142/S0192415X10008093. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20503476. 
184. ^ Duke, James A. (1997). The green pharmacy: new discoveries in herbal remedies for common diseases and conditions from the world's foremost authority on healing herbs. Rodale. ISBN 0875963161. http://books.google.com/books?id=KRx6bcLE3T8C&lpg=PA154&dq=burdock%20oil%20scalp&pg=PA154#v=onepage&q=burdock%20oil%20scalp&f=false. 
185. ^ Elevitch, Craig R.; Manner, Harley I. (2006). Traditional trees of Pacific Islands: their culture, environment, and use. PAR. p. 53. ISBN 0970254458. http://books.google.com/books?id=RZV5f4EnTf8C&lpg=PA317&dq=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&f=false. 
186. ^ Carrot seeds are also used to obtain an essential oil with quite different properties than carrot seed pressed oil.
187. ^ Yu, Lucy Liangli; Zhou, Kevin Kequan; Parry, John (2005). "Antioxidant properties of cold-pressed black caraway, carrot, cranberry, and hemp seed oils". Food chemistry 91 (4): 723–729. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.044. ISSN 0308-8146. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16541373. 
188. ^ Axtell, "Chaulmoogra"
189. ^ Felter, Harvey Wickes; Lloyd, John Uri (1898). "Gynocardia—Chaulmoogra". King's American Dispensatory. http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/kings/gynocardia.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
190. ^ Cottle, Wyndham (28). "Chaulmoogra Oil in Leprosy". The British Medical Journal 1 (965): 968–969. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.965.968. JSTOR . 25251370 .. 
191. ^ Oplinger, E.S. (1991). "Crambe". Alternative Field Crops Manual. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/crambe.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
192. ^ Salunkhe, p. 488
193. ^ Harborne, Jeffrey B.; Baxter, Herbert (2001). Chemical dictionary of economic plants. John Wiley and Sons. p. 99. ISBN 0471492264. http://books.google.com/books?id=ry11ai2iPS0C&lpg=PA99&dq=croton%20oil&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q=croton%20oil&f=false. 
194. ^ Kleiman, Robert (1990). "Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops". Advances in new crops: 196–203. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
195. ^ "Honesty". Interactive European Network for Industrial Crops and their Applications. http://www.ienica.net/crops/honesty.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-11. 
196. ^ Goreja, W.G. (2004). "Comparison of Shea Butter to Other Oils and Emollients". Shea Butter: The Nourishing Properties of Africa's Best-Kept Natural Beauty Secret. TNC International Inc. p. 20. ISBN 0974296252. http://books.google.com/books?id=6iQjwr9v84gC&lpg=PA20&dq=illipe%20butter&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q=illipe%20butter&f=false. 
197. ^ Kochhar, S. Prakash (2011). "Minor and Specialty Oils". In Frank Gunstone. Vegetable Oils in Food Technology: Composition, Properties and Uses. John Wiley & Sons. p. 323. ISBN 1444332686. http://books.google.com/books?id=lnk2tdo8_P4C&lpg=PA322&dq=illipe%20butter&pg=PA322#v=onepage&q=illipe%20butter&f=false. 
198. ^ "Glossary". International Jojoba Export Council. http://www.ijec.net/ijec_glossary.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
199. ^ Morton, Julia F.. "Mango". Fruits of Warm Climates. ISBN 0961018410. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html. 
200. ^ Puri, Harbans Singh (1999). "Neem: the divine tree : Azadirachta indica". CRC Press. p. 74ff.. ISBN 9057023482. http://books.google.com/books?id=a1Gd1Y2RvZQC&lpg=PA76&dq=%22neem%20oil%22&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q=%22neem%20oil%22&f=false. Retrieved 2011-11-15. 
201. ^ See "Ojon.com Web site". Ojon.com. http://www.ojon.com/. Retrieved 2011-11-19. 
202. ^ Munguia, Osvaldo; Collins, Judith (December 5, 2005). "Ojon Oil". Footsteps (Tear Fund International) 65. http://tilz.tearfund.org/Publications/Footsteps+61-70/Footsteps+65/Ojon+oil.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
203. ^ Scott, Timothy Lee; Buhner, Stephen Harrod (2010). Invasive Plant Medicine: The Ecological Benefits and Healing Abilities of Invasives. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. ISBN 159477305X. http://books.google.com/books?id=RZV5f4EnTf8C&lpg=PA317&dq=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&pg=PA317#v=onepage&q=Rose%20hip%20seed%20oil&f=false. 
204. ^ "Rubber Seed Oil : Finding Uses for a Waste Product (Nigeria)". International Development Research Centre. May 29, 2000. http://web.idrc.ca/en/ev-83060-201_921003-1-IDRC_ADM_INFO.html. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
205. ^ Ramadha, A.S.; Jayaraj, S.; Muraleedharan, C. (April, 2003). "Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines". Renewable Energy 20 (5): 795–803. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2004.07.002. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148104002988. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
206. ^ Bùi Huy Như Phúc (March 25–28, 2003). "Ileal digestibility of coconut oil meal and rubber seed oil meal in growing pigs". In Reg Preston and Brian Ogle. Proceedings of Final National Seminar-Workshop on Sustainable Livestock Production on Local Feed Resources. http://www.mekarn.org/sarec03/Phuc.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
207. ^ Dharmananda, Subhuti. "Sea buckthorn". Institute for Traditional Medicine. http://www.itmonline.org/arts/seabuckthorn.htm. Retrieved 2011-10-24. 
208. ^ Zarouk, M.; El Almi, H.; Ben Youssef, N.; Sleimi, N.; Smaoui, A.; Bin Miled, D.; Abdelly, C. (2003). "Lipid Composition of Seeds of Local Halophytes: Cakile maritima, Zygophyllum album and Crithmum maritimum". In Helmut Lieth, Marina Mochtchenko (eds.). Cash crop halophytes: recent studies : 10 years after the Al Ain meeting. Springer. p. 124. ISBN 1402012020. http://books.google.com/?id=T0Z2t-XIXZEC&lpg=PA124&dq=Cakile%20maritima%20seed%20oil&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q=Cakile%20maritima%20seed%20oil&f=false. 
209. ^ Grebneva, E.V.; Nesterova, O.V. (July 25, 2006). "Berry Marc Oils as Untraditional Resourse for Functional Food and Fitopreparation". In Danik M. Martirosyan. Functional Foods for Chronic Diseases. p. 152. ISBN 0976753529. http://books.google.com/books?id=8BOR9x1M4kkC&lpg=PA152&dq=%22viburnum%20opulus%22%20tocopherol%20carotinoide&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q=viburnum&f=false. 
210. ^ Panda, Himadri (2002). "Tall Oil and its Derivatives". The Complete Technology Book On Natural Products (Forest Based). Asia Pacific Business Press. pp. 361–376. ISBN 8178330725. http://books.google.com/books?id=rgAD20GGDtoC&lpg=PP14&dq=tall%20oil&pg=PA361#v=onepage&q=tall%20oil&f=false. 
211. ^ ^{a b} Gunstone, F. D.; Harwood, John L.; Dijkstra, Albert J. (2007). The lipid handbook with CD-ROM. CRC Press. p. 86. ISBN 0849396883. http://books.google.com/?id=INZa6WmqDA8C&lpg=PA86&dq=Tamanu%20Oil&pg=PA86&q=Tamanu%20Oil. 
212. ^ Duke, James A.; DuCellier, Judith L. (1993). CRC handbook of alternative cash crops. CRC Press. p. 238. ISBN 0849336201.