Shorea

Shorea
Shorea roxburghii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malvales
Family:	Dipterocarpaceae
Subfamily:	Dipterocarpoideae
Genus:	Shorea Roxb. ex C.F.Gaertn.
Sections
Anthoshorea Brachypterae Doona Mutica Neohopea Ovalis Pachycarpae Pentacme Richetioides Rubella Shorea See Shorea classification for complete taxonomy to species level.

Shorea is a genus of about 196 species of mainly rainforest trees in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The genus is named after Sir John Shore, the Governor-General of the British East India Company, 1793-1798. They are native to southeast Asia, from Northern India to Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. In west Malesia and the Philippines this genus dominates the skyline of the tropical forests. The tallest documented tropical angiosperm is a 88.3-metre-tall Shorea faguetiana in the Tawau Hills National Park, in Sabah on the island of Borneo, and in that park at least five other species of the genus have been measured to be over 80 m tall: S. argentifolia, S. gibbosa, S. johorensis, S. smithiana and S. superba^[1]. Borneo is also the hotspot of Shorea diversity with 138 species, of which 91 are endemic to the island^[2].

Reproductive biology

The majority of Shorea are general flowering species. General flowering is an event that occurs at irregular intervals of 3–10 yr, in which nearly all dipterocarp species together with species of other families bloom heavily^[3]. It is thought that general flowering evolved to satiate seed predators^[4] and/or to facilitate pollination^[3]. It appears that both explanations hold merit^[5]. Flowering is thought to be triggered by droughts that occur during transition periods from La Niña to El Niño^[6]. It is suggested that the magnitude of a flowering event is dependent on the timing of the droughts associated with the El Niño southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle, with the largest events occurring after an interval of several years with no flowering^[6].

Shorea are insect pollinated and a variety of insects have been implicated, with species within the sections of Shorea sharing the same insect pollinators. Flowering within a section is sequential within one habitat and species association to prevent competition for pollinators^[7].

Economic uses

Many economically important timber trees belong to Shorea. They are sold under various trade names including "Meranti", "Lauan" (or "Luan"), "Lawaan", "Seraya", "Balau", and "Bangkirai". (For a list of species associated with each name, see the article on Dipterocarp timber classification). Other products from Shorea spp. include Dammar and Illepe. Dammar is a resin collected from a variety of species. It varies in colour among the different taxonomic groups. Shorea wiesneri is listed in many websites as an important source of dammar;^[8] however, this appears to be either a trade name or a synonym^[9][10].

The alluringly-named "Philippine Mahogany" sold in North America is not a mahogany at all, but actually a mixture of woods from the genus Shorea. More properly, the name 'Philippine Mahogany' is applied to Toona calantas and not to wood from the genus Shorea.

Conservation status

One hundred and forty eight species of Shorea are currently listed on the IUCN Redlist. The majority of which are listed as being critically endangered^[11]. There are some concerns regarding the IUCN's listing of Dipterocarps, as the criteria used to assess the level of threat are based mainly on animal population characteristics. This is thought to overstate the threat assessment, when applied to long-lived habitat-specific organisms such as trees^[2]. Furthermore one species reportedly extinct, on the IUCN Red list, Shorea cuspidata is reported to be common in the Bako National Park and also present in the Lambir National Park^[2]. The Shorea species page gives threat classifications.

Conservation Status of Shorea spp.

IUCN red list category	Number of species
Extinct	1
Critically Endangered	102
Endangered	34
Vulnerable	3
Least concern	6
Data deficient	2
Not evaluated	~48

References

1. ^ "Borneo". Eastern Native Tree Society. http://www.nativetreesociety.org/worldtrees/sea_ei/borneo_ii.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-21. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Ashton, P.S. Dipterocarpaceae. In Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak, Volume 5, 2004. Soepadmo, E., Saw, L.G. and Chung, R.C.K. eds. Government of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ISBN 983-2181-59-3
3. ^ ^{a b} Sakai, Shoko; K Momose, T Yumoto, T Nagamitsu, H Nagamasu, A A. Hamid and T Nakashizuka (1999). "Plant reproductive phenology over four years including an episode of general flowering in a lowland dipterocarp forest,Sarawak, Malaysia". American Journal of Botany (American Journal of Botany, Vol. 86, No. 10) 86 (10): 1414–36. doi:10.2307/2656924. JSTOR 2656924. PMID 10523283. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/10/1414. Retrieved 2007-11-13. 
4. ^ Curran, Lisa M.; M. Leighton (2000). "Vertebrate responses to spatiotemporal variation in seed production of mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae". Ecological Monographs 70 (1): 101–128. doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0101:VRTSVI]2.0.CO;2. http://www.esajournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1890%2F0012-9615(2000)070%5B0101%3AVRTSVI%5D2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1. Retrieved 2007-11-13. 
5. ^ Maycock, Colin R.; R N. Thewlis, J Ghazoul, R Nilus and David F.R.P Burslem (2005). "Reproduction of dipterocarps during low intensity masting events in a Bornean rain forest". Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 635–46. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2005)016[0635:RODDLI]2.0.CO;2. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.1658%2F1100-9233(2005)016%5B0635%3ARODDLI%5D2.0.CO%3B2. Retrieved 2007-11-13. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Sakai, Shoko; Rhett D. Harrison, Kuniyasu Momose, Koichiro Kuraji, Hidetoshi Nagamasu, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Lucy Chong and Tohru Nakashizuka (2006). "Irregular droughts trigger mass flowering in aseasonal tropical forests in asia". American Journal of Botany 93 (8): 1134–39. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.8.1134. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/93/8/1134. Retrieved 2007-11-13. 
7. ^ LaFrankie, James V. Jr.; H. T. Chan (June 1991). "Confirmation of Sequential Flowering in Shorea (Dipterocarpaceae)". Biotropica (Biotropica, Vol. 23, No. 2) 23 (2): 200–203. doi:10.2307/2388308. JSTOR 2388308. 
8. ^ "Dammar". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9028654/dammar. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
9. ^ "Dipterocarpaceae Data Base—Taxonomic Information". Royal Botanical Gardens, Edinburgh. http://193.62.154.38/diptero/diptax.html. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
10. ^ "Electronic Plant Information Centre". Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. http://www.kew.org/searchepic/summaryquery.do;jsessionid=BD255C82F8006D581ED0D08C7CBC1300?scientificName=Shorea+wiesneri+&searchAll=true&categories=names&categories=bibl&categories=colln&categories=taxon&categories=flora&categories=misc. Retrieved 2007-11-14. 
11. ^ "The IUCN Red list of Threatened Species-Shorea search results". IUCN Redlist. http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=shorea&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&cty_default=1&aquatic%5B%5D=all&aqu_default=1&regions%5B%5D=all&reg_default=1&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&growths%5B%5D=all. Retrieved 2007-11-12. ^{[dead link]}