IUCN Red List

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List), created in 1963, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of plant and animal species. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species.Nature 389, 436 (2 October 1997) [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v389/n6650/abs/389436a0.html] ]

The IUCN Red List is set upon precise criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species and subspecies. These criteria are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. The aim is to convey the urgency of conservation issues to the public and policy makers, as well as help the international community to try to reduce species extinction.

Major species assessors include BirdLife International, the Institute of Zoology (the research division of the Zoological Society of London), the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, and many Specialist Groups within the IUCN's Species Survival Commission (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.

IUCN Red List is widely considered to be the most objective and authoritative system for classifying species in terms of the risk of extinction. [cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/red_list.html |title=Birds on the IUCN Red List |accessdate=2007-02-01 |work=BirdLife International ]

The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated every 5 years if possible, or at least every ten years. This is done in a peer reviewed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) Specialist Groups, which are Red List Authorities responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class (Aves). [cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/programme |title=Establishment of Red List Authorities |accessdate=2006-11-12 |work=The IUCN SSC Red List Programme ]

2006 release

The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May, 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 subspecies, varieties, aquatic stocks, and subpopulations.

From the species evaluated as a whole, 16,118 were considered threatened. Of these, 7,725 were animals, 8,390 were plants, and three were lichen and mushrooms.

This release listed 784 species extinctions recorded since 1500 CE, unchanged from the 2004 release. This was an increase of 18 from the 766 listed as of 2000Fact|date=February 2008. Each year a small number of "extinct" species may be rediscovered, becoming Lazarus species, or may be reclassified as "data deficient". In 2002, the extinction list dropped to 759 species, but has been rising ever since. [cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/misc/wikipedia|title=Data figures for Wikipedia citations|accessdate=2008-02-28|work=IUCN Red List website]

2007 release

On September 12, 2007, the World Conservation Union (IUCN) released the 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the latest update to their online database of species' extinction risks. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the Western Lowland Gorilla ("Gorilla gorilla gorilla") and the Cross River Gorilla ("Gorilla gorilla diehli") from Endangered to Critically Endangered, which is the last category before Extinct in the Wild, due to Ebola virus and poaching, along with other factors. Russ Mittermeier, chief of Swiss-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). [ [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070912/ap_on_re_eu/endangered_gorillas Yahoo.com, Gorillas now 'critically endangered'] ] The Red List includes the Sumatran Orangutan ("Pongo abelii") in the Critically Endangered category and the Bornean Orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus") in the Endangered category. [ [http://www.iucn.org/en/news/archive/2007/09/12_pr_redlist.htm IUCN.org news release, Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger] ]

2008 release

The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October, 2008, at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Barcelona, and "has confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four at risk of disappearing forever" [ [http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/index.cfm IUCN Red List reveals world’s mammals in crisis] ] . The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as Data Deficient [ [http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/index.cfm?uNewsID=1695 IUCN Red List reveals world’s mammals in crisis] ] .

Categories

Species are classified in nine groups, set through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.

*Extinct (EX)
*Extinct in the Wild (EW)
*Critically Endangered (CR)
*Endangered (EN)
*Vulnerable (VU)
*Near Threatened (NT)
*Least Concern (LC)
*Data Deficient (DD)
*Not Evaluated (NE)

When discussing the IUCN Red List, the official term "threatened" is a grouping of three categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.

1994 categories and criteria

has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories:

*Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
*Near Threatened (LR/nt)
*Least Concern (LR/lc)

In the 2001 system, Near Threatened and Least Concern have now become their own categories, while Conservation Dependent is no longer used and has been merged into Near Threatened.

Possibly Extinct

The additional category of "Possibly Extinct" (PE) [cite web|url=http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2006/06/possibly_extinct_paper.pdf|title=Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions|author=S. H. M. Butchart, et al|format=pdf|work=Bull. B.O.C. 2006 126A] is used by Birdlife International, the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List [cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/red_list.html |title=Birds on the IUCN Red List |accessdate=2007-01-26 |work=BirdLife International] . Birdlife International has recommended PE become an official category. BirdLife International has not stated whether a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" category should also be added, although it is mentioned that Spix's Macaw has this status. "Possibly Extinct" can be considered a subcategory of "Critically Endangered".

Criticism

The IUCN Red List has come under criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of data. [cite journal | author = N. Mrosovsky | title = IUCN's credibility critically endangered | journal = Nature | volume = 389 | pages = 436 | year = 1997 | url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v389/n6650/abs/389436a0.html | doi = 10.1038/38873] The allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List. The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria. [cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/info_sources_quality|title=Information sources and quality|accessdate=2008-09-19|work=IUCN Red List website]

It has been suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups, to draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect exploitation of natural resources. [cite journal | author = Hugh P. Possingham et al | title = Limits to the use of threatened species lists | journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume = 17 |issue=11 | pages = 503-507|month=November| year = 2002 | doi = 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02614-9 ]

ee also

*Conservation status
*Red List Index
*Regional Red List
*List of endangered species
*Wildlife conservation
*EDGE of Existence Programme
*EDGE Species
*List of critically endangered species

References

*IUCN, 2006. Summary Statistics for Globally Threatened Species ( [http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/tables/table1 1] , [http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/tables/table3a 3a] , [http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/tables/table3b 3b] ). Retrieved 5 May, 2006.
*IUCN, 1994. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria1994 Categories & Criteria (version 2.3)] . Retrieved February 12, 2005.
*IUCN, 2001. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/categories_criteria2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1)] . Retrieved February 12, 2005.
*Rodrigues, A.S.L., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoffmann, M. & Brooks, T.M. 2006. [http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/commons/PDF%20Background%20Documents/Value%20of%20the%20IUCN%20Red%20List%20for%20Conservation.pdf The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation] Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(2): 71-76.

External links

* [http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/index.cfm IUCN Red List of Threatened Species home]
* [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ Search the Red List]