Okra

Abelmoschus esculentus
Okra flower bud and immature seed pod
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Malvales
Family:	Malvaceae
Genus:	Abelmoschus
Species:	A. esculentus
Binomial name
Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench
Worldwide okra production
Synonyms
Hibiscus esculentus L.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench, pronounced US: /ˈoʊkrə/, UK: /ˈɒkrə/, known in many English-speaking countries as lady's fingers or gumbo) is a flowering plant in the mallow family. It is valued for its edible green seed pods. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins. The plant is cultivated in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions around the world.^[1]

Vernacular names

The name "okra" is most often used in the United States, with a variation of the pronunciation–English Caribbean ("okro")– used primarily around the Philippines. "Okra" is of West African origin and is cognate with ọkwurụ in the Igbo language spoken in Nigeria.^[2] Okra is often known as "lady's fingers" outside of the United States.^[3] In various Bantu languages, okra is called kingombo or a variant thereof, and this is the origin of its name in Portuguese (quiabo), Spanish (quimbombó or guigambó), Dutch and French, and also of the name "gumbo", used in parts of the United States and English-speaking Caribbean for either the vegetable, or a stew based on it.^[4] In India, Pakistan, and often in the United Kingdom, it is called by its Hindi/Urdu name, bhindi or bhendi. In southern India, it is known as vendaikkai(வெண்டைக்காய்) in Tamil, benda Kaya in Telugu, bandakka in Sinhala, and bende kayi in Kannada. In Thailand, it is known as กระเจี๊ยบมอญ krachiap mon, which is Thai for "lady's fingers". It is known as bamya (bamiya) in Arabic-speaking countries. In South and Southeast Europe, it is known as bamya (bamija). In Romania, it is known as bamă. In Albania, it is known as bamje. In Israel, it is called bamia.

Okra plants with leaves, fruits and a flower

It is called molondrón in the Dominican Republic, a Caribbean, Spanish-speaking country, and ñajú in Panama.

Structure and physiology

The species is an annual or perennial, growing to 2 m tall. It is related to such species as cotton, cocoa, and hibiscus. The leaves are 10–20 cm long and broad, palmately lobed with 5–7 lobes. The flowers are 4–8 cm in diameter, with five white to yellow petals, often with a red or purple spot at the base of each petal. The fruit is a capsule up to 18 cm long, containing numerous seeds.

Abelmoschus esculentus is cultivated throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world for its fibrous fruits or pods containing round, white seeds. It is among the most heat- and drought-tolerant vegetable species in the world—but severe frost can damage the pods^{[citation needed]}—and will tolerate poor soils with heavy clay and intermittent moisture.

In cultivation, the seeds are soaked overnight prior to planting to a depth of 1–2 cm. Germination occurs between six days (soaked seeds) and three weeks. Seedlings require ample water.^{[citation needed]} The seed pods rapidly become fibrous and woody and must be harvested within a week of the fruit being pollinated to be edible.^[4] The fruits are harvested when immature and eaten as a vegetable.

Okra plant while flowering before the fruit emerges

Origin and distribution

Okra is an allopolyploid of uncertain parentage (proposed parents include Abelmoschus ficulneus, A. tuberculatus and a reported "diploid" form of okra). Truly wild, as opposed to naturalised, populations, are not definitely known, and the species may be a cultigen.

The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of South Asian, Ethiopian and West African origins. Supporters of a South Asian origin point to the presence of its proposed parents in that region. Opposed to this is the lack of a word^{[citation needed]} for okra in the ancient languages of India, suggesting it arrived there in the Common Era. Supporters of a West African origin point to the greater diversity of okra in that region; however, confusion between okra and A. caillei (West African okra) casts doubt on those analyses.

The Egyptians and Moors of the 12th and 13th centuries used the Arabic word for the plant, bamay, suggesting it had come from the east. The plant may have entered southwest Asia across the Red Sea or the Bab-el-Mandeb strait to the Arabian Peninsula, rather than north across the Sahara, or from India. One of the earliest accounts is by a Spanish Moor who visited Egypt in 1216, who described the plant under cultivation by the locals who ate the tender, young pods with meal.^[4]

From Arabia, the plant spread around the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and eastward. The plant was introduced to the Americas by ships plying the Atlantic slave trade^[5] by 1658, when its presence was recorded in Brazil. It was further documented in Suriname in 1686.

Okra is also largely used in the rural rain forests of Papua New Guinea. It is used well with the other staple food of sweet potatoes and rice.^{[citation needed]}

Okra may have been introduced to southeastern North America in the early 18th century. It was being grown as far north as Philadelphia by 1748. Thomas Jefferson noted it was well established in Virginia by 1781. It was commonplace throughout the Southern United States by 1800, and the first mention of different cultivars was in 1806.^[4]

Culinary use

Okra

Okra, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	129 kJ (31 kcal)
Carbohydrates	7.03 g
- Sugars	1.20 g
- Dietary fiber	3.2 g
Fat	0.10 g
Protein	2.00 g
Water	90.17 g
Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database

The products of the plant are mucilaginous, resulting in the characteristic "goo" or slime when the seed pods are cooked; the mucilage contains a usable form of soluble fiber. While many people enjoy okra cooked this way, others prefer to minimize sliminess; keeping the pods intact and cooking quickly help to achieve this. To avoid sliminess, okra pods are often briefly stir-fried, or cooked with acidic ingredients such as citrus, tomatoes, or vinegar. A few drops of lemon juice will usually suffice. Alternatively, the pods can be sliced thinly and cooked for a long time, so the mucilage dissolves, as in gumbo. The cooked leaves can also be used as a powerful soup thickener.^{[citation needed]} The immature pods may also be pickled.

In Palestine, Syria, Tunisia, Egypt, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Yemen,^[6] and other parts of the eastern Mediterranean, including Cyprus and Israel, okra is widely used in a thick stew made with vegetables and meat. It is one of the most popular vegetables among West Asians and North Indians alike. In most of West Asia, okra is known as bamia or bamya. West Asian cuisine usually uses young okra pods, usually cooked whole. In India, the harvesting is done at a later stage, when the pods and seeds are larger.

It is popular in India and Pakistan, where chopped pieces are stir-fried with spices, pickled, salted or added to gravy-based preparations like bhindi ghosht or sambar. In western parts of India (Gujarat, Maharashtra), okra is often stir-fried with some sugar. Okra is also used in Kadhi. The lady's finger is used to make sambar (kodel) in Udupi cuisine. Bhendi fry is a popular culinary export from North Indian cusine to USA, UK and Australia; where it is a staple in Indian restaurents.

In India, it is believed that eating bhendi is good for brain stimulation; hence the young are encouraged to eat bhendi to help in their studies. People usually chid that "you are smart because you eat too much bhendi".

In Malaysia, okra is commonly a part of yong tau foo cuisine. As a part of the cuisine, it is stuffed with processed fish paste (surimi) and boiled with a selection of vegetables and tofu. It is then served in a soup with noodles.

Okra seed pod

In the Caribbean islands, okra is eaten in soup, often with fish. In Haiti, it is cooked with rice and maize, and also used as a sauce for meat. In Cuba, it is called quimbombó, along with a stew using okra as its primary ingredient.

It became a popular vegetable in Japanese cuisine toward the end of the 20th century, served with soy sauce and katsuobushi, or as tempura.

Okra forms part of several regional "signature" dishes. Frango com quiabo (chicken with okra) is a Brazilian dish that is especially famous in the region of Minas Gerais. Gumbo, a hearty stew whose key ingredient is okra, is found throughout the Gulf Coast of the United States and in the South Carolina Lowcountry. Breaded, deep fried okra is eaten in the southern United States. Okra is also an ingredient expected in callaloo, a Caribbean dish and the national dish of Trinidad and Tobago. It is also a part of the national dish of Barbados coucou (turned cornmeal). Okra is also eaten in Nigeria, where draw soup is a popular dish, often eaten with garri or cassava. In Vietnam, okra is the important ingredient in the dish canh chua. Okra slices can also be added to ratatouille, combining very well with the other ingredients of this French popular dish.^[7]

A variety of okra pods with a dark red pigmentation

Okra leaves may be cooked in a similar way to the greens of beets or dandelions.^[8] The leaves are also eaten raw in salads.^{[citation needed]} Okra seeds may be roasted and ground to form a caffeine-free substitute for coffee.^[4] When importation of coffee was disrupted by the American Civil War in 1861, the Austin State Gazette noted, "An acre of okra will produce seed enough to furnish a plantation of fifty negroes with coffee in every way equal to that imported from Rio."^[9]

Okra oil is a pressed seed oil, extracted from the seeds of the okra. The greenish-yellow edible oil has a pleasant taste and odor, and is high in unsaturated fats such as oleic acid and linoleic acid.^[10] The oil content of the seed can be quite high at about 40%. Oil yields from okra crops are also high. At 794 kg/ha, the yield was exceeded only by that of sunflower oil in one trial.^[11] Common okra seed is reported to contain only 15% oil ^[12]

Diseases affecting okra

1. Powdery mildew 2. Leaf spots 3. Yellow vein mosaic virus

Medicinal properties

Unspecified parts of the plant reportedly possess diuretic properties.^[13][14]

See also

• Abelmoschus caillei (West African okra)
• Molokhiya, also called "bush okra"
• Luffa, also called "Chinese okra"

References

1. ^ National Research Council (2006-10-27). "Okra". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables. Lost Crops of Africa. 2. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10333-6. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763&page=287. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
2. ^ McWhorter, John H. (2000). The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. University of California Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-520-21999-6. http://books.google.com/?id=czFufZI4Zx4C&pg=PA77. Retrieved 2008-11-29. 
3. ^ "Alternative Cold Remedies: Lady's Fingers Plant", curing-colds.com (accessed 3 June 2009)
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Okra, or 'Gumbo,' from Africa, tamu.edu
5. ^ " Okra gumbo and rice" by Sheila S. Walker, The News Courier, unknown date
6. ^ Julia Devlin and Peter Yee. Trade Logistics in Developing Countries: The Case of the Middle East and North Africa. p. 445
7. ^ BBC - Okra ratatouille
8. ^ Okra Greens and Corn Saute, recipe copyrighted to "c.1996, M.S. Milliken & S. Feniger", hosted by foodnetwork.com
9. ^ Austin State Gazette [TEX.], November 9, 1861, p. 4, c. 2, copied in Confederate Coffee Substitutes: Articles from Civil War Newspapers, University of Texas at Tyler
10. ^ Franklin W. Martin (1982). "Okra, Potential Multiple-Purpose Crop for the Temperate Zones and Tropics". Economic Botany 36 (3): 340–345. doi:10.1007/BF02858558. 
11. ^ Mays, D.A., W. Buchanan, B.N. Bradford, and P.M. Giordano (1990). "Fuel production potential of several agricultural crops". Advances in new crops: 260–263. 
12. ^ J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1920, 42 (1), pp 166–170 "Okra Seed Oil"
13. ^ Felter, Harvey Wickes & Lloyd, John Uri. "Hibiscus Esculentus.—Okra.", King's American Dispensatory, 1898, retrieved March 23, 2007.
14. ^ "Abelmoschus esculentus - (L.)Moench.", Plants for a Future, June 2004, retrieved March 23, 2007.

External links

• Okra nutrition details
• ITIS 21770
• Okra is more than okay