Mucilage

A sundew with a leaf bent around a fly trapped by mucilage.

Mucilage is a thick, gluey substance produced by most plants and some microorganisms. It is a polar glycoprotein and an exopolysaccharide.

It occurs in various parts of nearly all classes of plant, usually in relatively small percentages, and is frequently associated with other substances, such as tannins and alkaloids.

Mucilage in plants is thought to aid in water storage and seed germination, and to act as a membrane thickener and food reserve. Among the richest sources are cacti (and other succulents) and flax seeds.

Mucilage has a unique purpose in some carnivorous plants. The plant genera Drosera (Sundews), Pinguicula, and others have leaves studded with mucilage-secreting glands, and use a "flypaper trap" to capture insects.

Exopolysaccharides are the most stabilising factor for microaggregates and are widely distributed in soils. Therefore exopolysaccharide-producing "soil algae" play a vital role in the ecology of the world's soils. The substance covers the outside of, for example, unicellular or filamentous green algae and cyanobacteria. Amongst the green algae especially, the group Volvocales are known to produce exopolysaccharides in a certain part of their life cycle.

Human uses

Mucilage is edible, but tastes rather bland^{[citation needed]}. It is used in medicine for its demulcent properties. Traditionally marshmallows were made from the extract of the mucilaginous root of the marshmallow plant (Althaea officinalis); due to the demulcent nature of the extract, it served as a cough suppressant. The inner bark of the slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), a North American tree species, has long been used as a demulcent, and is still produced commercially for that purpose.

Mucilage mixed with water is used as a glue, especially for bonding paper items such as labels, postage stamps, and envelope flaps. Differing types and varying strengths of mucilage can also be used for other adhesive applications, including gluing labels to metal cans, wood to china, and leather to pasteboard.^[1]

During the fermentation of natto soybeans, extracellular enzymes produced by the bacterium Bacillus natto react with soybean sugars to produce mucilage. The amount and viscosity of the mucilage are important natto characteristics, contributing to natto’s unique taste and smell.

The mucilage of two kinds of insectivorous plants, sundew (Drosera) and butterwort (Pinguicula), is used for the traditional production of a yoghurt-like Swedish dairy product called filmjölk.

Use in medicine

Starch mucilage, Flax seeds mucilage, Roots of Althaea officinalis. Mucilage can be used in: gastrointestinal inflammatory processes; associated to topical irritation agents. The mechanism of action is that mucilages cover the mucous membranes and prevent irritation of the nerve endings. Mucilages does not exert resorptive action.

Plant sources

The following plants are known to contain far greater concentrations of mucilage than is typically found in most plants:

• Aloe vera
• Basella alba (Malabar Spinach)
• Cactus
• Chondrus crispus (Irish moss)
• Dioscorea opposita (Nagaimo, Japanese Mountain Yam)
• Drosera (sundews)
• Fenugreek
• Flax seeds
• Kelp
• Liquorice root
• Marshmallow
• Mullein
• Okra
• Parthenium
• Pinguicula (butterwort)
• Psyllium seed husks
• Salvia hispanica (chia) seed
• Ulmus rubra bark (slippery elm)

See also

• Marine mucilage

References

1. ^ Dawidowsky, Ferdinand (2009). Glue, Gelatine, Animal Charcoal, Phosphorus, Cements, Pastes, and Mucilages. BiblioLife. pp. 1. ISBN 978-1113006110. 

External links

• Mucilage McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 5th edition
• Mucilage Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition (2007)
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "mucilage". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.