Canola

Canola
For other uses, see Canola (disambiguation).

Canola refers to a cultivar of either Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) or Field Mustard (Brassica campestris L. or Brassica Rapa var.). Its seeds are used to produce edible oil suitable for consumption by humans[1][2] and livestock.[3] The oil is also suitable for use as biodiesel.

Originally, Canola was bred naturally from rapeseed in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur R. Stefansson in the early 1970s,[4][5] but it has a very different nutritional profile in addition to much less erucic acid.[6] The name "canola" was derived from "Canadian oil, low acid" in 1978.[7][8] Genetically modified rapeseed is sometimes referred to as Rapeseed 00. A product known as LEAR (for low erucic acid rapeseed) derived from cross-breeding of multiple lines of Brassica juncea may also be referred to as canola oil and is considered safe for human consumption.[9]

Contents

History

Close up of rapeseed blooms
Canola field in Temora, New South Wales

Canola was developed through conventional plant breeding from rapeseed, an oilseed plant already used in ancient civilization as a fuel. The word “rape” in rapeseed comes from the Latin word “rapum,” meaning turnip. Turnip, rutabaga, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, mustard, and many other vegetables are related to the two natural canola varieties commonly grown, which are cultivars of Brassica napus and Brassica rapa. The change in name serves to distinguish it from natural rapeseed oil, which has much higher erucic acid content.

Hundreds of years ago, rapeseed oil was used as a fuel in lamps in Asia and Europe. The Chinese and Indians used a form of rapeseed oil that was unrefined (natural).[10] Its use was limited until the development of steam power, when machinists found rapeseed oil clung to water- or steam-washed metal surfaces better than other lubricants. World War II saw high demand for the oil as a lubricant for the rapidly increasing number of steam engines in naval and merchant ships. When the war blocked European and Asian sources of rapeseed oil, a critical shortage developed and Canada began to expand its limited rapeseed production.

After the war, demand declined sharply and farmers began to look for other uses for the plant and its products. Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. Rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a disagreeable greenish colour due to the presence of chlorophyll. It also contained a high concentration of erucic acid. Experiments on animals have pointed to the possibility that erucic acid, consumed in large quantities, may cause heart damage, although Indian researchers have published findings that call into question these conclusions and the implication that the consumption of mustard or rapeseed oil is dangerous.[11][12][13][14][15] Feed meal from the rapeseed plant also was not particularly appealing to livestock, due to high levels of sharp-tasting compounds called glucosinolates, and they would not eat it.

A variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant Canola variety of rapeseed to date. This and other recent varieties have been produced by using genetic engineering. Currently, 82% of the rapeseed crops planted in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are GM (genetically modified) herbicide-tolerant canola varieties.[16]

Canola was originally a trademark, but is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed oil. In Canada, an official definition of canola is codified in Canadian law.[17]

Production and trade

Rapeseed was once considered a specialty crop in Canada, but Canola now has become a major American cash crop. Canada and the United States produce between 7 and 10 million tonnes of canola seed per year. Annual Canadian exports total 3 to 4 million tonnes of the seed, 800,000 tonnes of canola oil and 1 million tonnes of canola meal. GM canola may not be grown in any of the countries banning GMOs and some of those even ban importation of the end products. Within the United States, 90% of the canola crop is grown in North Dakota.[18]

Rapeseed is the highest-producing oil-seed crop in the USA. An Oregon State University researcher has determined that growing winter rapeseed for hybrid Canola seed appears possible in central Oregon, USA, but the state prohibits it from being grown in Deschutes, Jefferson, and Crook counties because it may attract bees away from specialty seed crops such as carrots, which require bees for pollination. The rapeseed blossom is a major source of nectar for honeybees.

The major customers of canola seed are Japan, Mexico, China, and Pakistan, while the bulk of canola oil and meal goes to the United States, with smaller amounts shipped to Mexico, China, and Europe. World production of rapeseed oil in the 2002–2003 season was about 14 million metric tons.[19] In the 2010–2011 season, world production is estimated to be at 58.4 million tonnes.[20] The United States is a net consumer of canola oil, having used 3 billion pounds in 2010, 2.5 billion of which was imported from Canada.[18]

The main price-discovery mechanism for worldwide canola trade is the ICE Futures Canada (formerly Winnipeg Commodity Exchange) canola futures contract. Rapeseed is traded on the Euronext exchange.

Canola oil

Bottle of canola cooking oil

Canola oil is made at a processing facility by crushing the rapeseed. Approximately 43% of a seed is oil.[21] What remains is a rapeseed meal that is tolerated by livestock and has become a high quality animal feed. 22.68 kilograms (50 pounds) of rapeseed makes approximately 10 liters (2.64 US gallons) of canola oil. Canola oil is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthy oil has created high demand in markets around the world.

The oil has many non-food uses, and often replaces non-renewable resources in products including industrial lubricants, biofuels, candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks.

The average density of canola oil is 0.92 g/ml.[22]

Health benefits

Compound Family  % of total
Oleic acid
ω-9
61%[23]
Linoleic acid
ω-6
21%[23]
Alpha-linolenic acid
ω-3
11%[23] 9%[24]
Saturated fatty acids
7%[23]
Palmitic acid
4%[24]
Stearic acid
2%[24]
Trans fat
0.4%[25]

Canola oil is low in saturated fat (less than 7%),[21] is high in monounsaturated fat, and has a beneficial omega-3 fatty acid profile (which has well established heart health benefits)[26] and is recognized by many health professional organizations including the American Dietetic Association, and American Heart Association.[27][28][29][30] Canola oil has been given a qualified health claim from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration[31] based on the theory that the absence of saturated fats (consumption of which may cause coronary heart disease) in the oil content makes it a healthy food.

Erucic acid issues

Main article: erucic acid

Although wild rapeseed oil contains significant amounts of erucic acid,[32] a known toxin,[33] the cultivar used to produce commercial, food-grade canola oil was bred to contain less than 2% erucic acid, levels that are not believed to cause harm in humans[34][35] and no health effects have been associated with consumption by humans of the genetically modified oil.[33] Although rumors that canola oil can cause dangerous health problems circulated,[36][37] there is no reason to believe canola oil poses unusual health risks and its consumption in food-grade forms is generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[2][34]

Biodiesel

Main article: biodiesel

Because of the lower levels of the toxic and irritating properties of genetically modified rapeseed oil, Canola oil is a more promising source for manufacturing biodiesel than the natural oil as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.

Genetic modification issues

Canola field in Saskatchewan

A genetically engineered rapeseed that is tolerant to herbicide was first introduced to Canada in 1995. Today 80% of the acres sown are genetically modified canola.[16] A 2010 study conducted in North Dakota found herbicide resistant transgenes in 80% of wild natural rapeseed plants. The escape of the genetically modified plants has raised concerns that the build-up of herbicide resistance in feral canola and related weeds could make it more difficult to manage these plants using herbicides.[38]

Legal issues

Genetically modified rapeseed, canola, has become a point of controversy and contentious legal battles. In one high-profile case (Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser) the Monsanto Company sued Percy Schmeiser for patent infringement after his field was contaminated with Monsanto's patented Roundup Ready glyphosate-tolerant canola. The Supreme Court ruled that Percy was in violation of Monsanto's patent because he knew Monsanto's variety was growing on his land, but he was not required to pay Monsanto damages since he did not benefit financially from its presence.[39] On March 19, 2008, Schmeiser and Monsanto Canada Inc. came to an out-of-court settlement whereby Monsanto would pay for the clean-up costs of the contamination, which came to a total of $660 Canadian.[40]

The introduction of the genetically modified crop to Australia is generating considerable controversy.[41] Canola is Australia's third biggest crop, and is used often by wheat farmers as a break crop to improve soil quality. As of 2008 the only genetically modified crops in Australia were non-food crops: carnations and cotton. In 2003, Australia's gene technology regulator approved the release of canola altered to make it resistant to Glufosinate ammonium, a herbicide.[42]

See also

Foods.jpg Food portal

References

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  2. ^ a b Zeratsky, Katherine (2009). "Canola Oil: Does it Contain Toxins?". Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/canola-oil/AN01281. Retrieved August 10, 2011. 
  3. ^ "Canola". infoplease.com. http://dictionary.infoplease.com/canola. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  4. ^ "Richard Keith Downey: Genetics". science.ca. 2007. http://www.science.ca/scientists/scientistprofile.php?pID=348. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  5. ^ Storgaard, AK (2008). "Stefansson, Baldur Rosmund". The Canadian Encyclopedia. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0007687. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  6. ^ Barthet, V. "Canola". The Canadian Encyclopedia. http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001356. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  7. ^ "What is canola?". A problem with weeds – the canola story. Biotechnology Australia (Australian Government). http://www.biotechnologyonline.gov.au/foodag/weeds.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  8. ^ Klahorst, Suanne J. (1998). "Dreaming of the Perfect Fat". Food Product Design (Virgo Publishing). Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20071030143537/http://www.foodproductdesign.com/articles/464/464_0398PR.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  9. ^ "Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (Lear) Oil Derived From Canola-quality Brassica juncea (L.) CZERN. Lines PC 97-03, PC98-44 AND PC98-45". Health Canada. http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/gmf-agm/appro/low_erucic-faible_erucique-eng.php. Retrieved 2008-12-29. 
  10. ^ Fats that Heal, Fats that Killby Udo Erasmus.
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  12. ^ Shenolikar, I (1980). "Fatty Acid Profile of Myocardial Lipid in Populations Consuming Different Dietary Fats". Lipids 15 (11): 980–982. doi:10.1007/BF02534427. 
  13. ^ Bellenand, JF; Baloutch, G; Ong, N; Lecerf, J (1980). "Effects of Coconut Oil on Heart Lipids and on Fatty Acid Utilization in Rapeseed Oil". Lipids 15 (11): 938–943. doi:10.1007/BF02534418. 
  14. ^ Achaya, KT (1987). "Fat Status of Indians - A Review". Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 46: 112–126. 
  15. ^ Indu, M; Ghafoorunissa (1992). "n-3 Fatty Acids in Indian Diets - Comparison of the Effects of Precursor (Alpha-Linolenic Acid) Vs Product (Long chain n-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids)". Nutrition Research 12 (4–5): 569–582. doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80027-2. 
  16. ^ a b "Canola Facts: Why Growers Choose GM Canola". Canola Council of Canada. http://www.canolacouncil.org/facts_gmo.aspx. Retrieved 2011-08-24. 
  17. ^ "Canola Varieties". Canola Growers Manual. Canola Council of Canada. http://www.canola-council.org/chapter2.aspx. Retrieved 2008-04-12. 
  18. ^ a b Associated Press (19 August 2011), As canola demand rises, US works to grow more, Gannett, http://www.delawareonline.com/article/20110820/BUSINESS/108200310/-1/NLETTER01/As-canola-demand-rises--US-works-to-grow-more, retrieved 20 August 2011 
  19. ^ USDA. "Agricultural Statistics 2005" (PDF). http://www.usda.gov/nass/pubs/agr05/05_ch3.PDF. 
  20. ^ FAS.usda.gov
  21. ^ a b Soyatech.com
  22. ^ Section 3.1 in: Leaking Tank Experiments with Orimulsion™ and Canola Oil NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OR&R 6. Ocean Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. December 2001.
  23. ^ a b c d "Comparison of Dietary Fats Chart". Canola Council of Canada. http://www.canola-council.org/canola_resources/product45.aspx. Retrieved 2008-09-03. 
  24. ^ a b c USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21 (2008)
  25. ^ USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22 (2009)
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  28. ^ "Know Your Fats". American Heart Association. 2008. http://americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=532. Retrieved 2008-09-03. 
  29. ^ "Protect Your Heart: Choose Fats Wisely" (PDF). American Diabetes Association. 2004. http://professional.diabetes.org/UserFiles/File/Make%20the%20Link%20Docs/CVD%20Toolkit/07-Choose-Fat.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-03. 
  30. ^ "AAFP 2006-Changing the Landscape of Chronic Disease Care". American Association of Family Physicians 2006 Scientific Assembly. 2006. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/549071. Retrieved 2008-09-03. 
  31. ^ "Qualified Health Claims, Letter of Enforcement Discretion U.S. Food and Drug Administration". 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617172940/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhccanol.html. Retrieved 2008-09-03. 
  32. ^ doi:10.1007/BF02672436
  33. ^ a b Reddy, Chada S.; Hayes, A. Wallace (2007). "Foodborne Toxicants". In Hayes, A. Wallace. Principles and methods of toxicology (5th ed.). London, UK: Informa Healthcare. p. 640. ISBN 084933778X. 
  34. ^ a b U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 April 1, 2010,
  35. ^ The Commission of the European Communities (1980). "Commission Directive 80/891/EEC of 25 July 1980 relating to the Community method of analysis for determining the erucic acid content in oils and fats intended to be used as such for human consumption and foodstuffs containing added oils or fats". EurLex Official Journal 254. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31980L0891:EN:HTML. 
  36. ^ Mikkleson, Barbara and David P. (2005). "Urban Legends Reference Pages: Canola Oil and Rape Seed". Snopes. http://www.snopes.com/medical/toxins/canola.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  37. ^ Edell, Dean (1999). "Canola Oil: Latest Internet Hoax Victim". Healthcentral.com. http://www.healthcentral.com/drdean/408/16307.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  38. ^ "GM crop escapes into the American wild". http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100806/full/news.2010.393.html. Retrieved 2011-08-24. 
  39. ^ Federal Court of Appeal of Canada. Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser (C.A.) [2003] 2 F.C. 165. Retrieved 25-Mar-2006.
  40. ^ "Monsanto vs Schmeiser: In the Spotlight..". http://www.percyschmeiser.com. Retrieved 2009-03-05. 
  41. ^ for example Price, Libby (2005-09-06). "Network of concerned farmers demands tests from Bayer". ABC Rural: Victoria (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). http://www.abc.net.au/rural/vic/content/2005/s1454227.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-10.  and "Greenpeace has the last laugh on genetic grains talks". Rural news (Australian Broadcaasting Corporation). 2003-03-13. http://www.abc.net.au/rural/news/stories/s806013.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-20.  also Cauchi, Stephen (2003-10-25). "GM: food for thought". Science article (The Age). http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/24/1066974310732.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 
  42. ^ "GM canola gets the green light". National News (Sydney Morning Herald). 2003-04-01. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/04/01/1048962750314.html. Retrieved 2007-10-20. 

External links

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Look at other dictionaries:

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