Gin

This article is about the beverage. For other uses, see Gin (disambiguation).

A selection of bottled gins offered at a liquor store in Decatur, Georgia, United States

Gin is a spirit which derives its predominant flavour from juniper berries (Juniperus communis). Although several different styles of gin have existed since its origins, it is broadly differentiated into two basic legal categories. Distilled gin is crafted in the traditional manner, by redistilling neutral spirits of agricultural origin with juniper berries and other botanicals. Compound gin is made by simply flavoring neutral spirit with essences and/or other 'natural flavorings' without redistillation, and is not as highly regarded. The minimum bottled alcoholic strength for gin is 37.5% ABV in the EU, and 40% ABV in the U.S.^[1][2]

Of the several distinct styles of gin, London dry gin, a type of distilled gin, is the most common. In addition to the predominant juniper content, London dry gin is usually distilled in the presence of accenting citrus botanicals, such as lemon and bitter orange peel, as well as a subtle combination of other spices, including any of anise, angelica root and seed, orris root, licorice root, cinnamon, almond, cubeb, savory, lime peel, grapefruit peel, dragon eye, saffron, baobab, frankincense, coriander, grains of paradise, nutmeg and cassia bark. London dry gin may not contain added sugar or colorants; water is the only permitted additive.^[2]

Some legal classifications of gin are defined only as originating from specific geographical areas (e.g. Plymouth gin, Ostfriesischer Korngenever, Slovenská borovička, Kraški Brinjevec, etc.), while other common descriptors refer to classic styles that are culturally recognized, but not legally defined (e.g. sloe gin, Wacholder and Old Tom gin).

Etymology

The name gin is derived from either the French genièvre or the Dutch jenever, which both mean "juniper".^[3] The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states that the word gin is an abbreviation of "Geneva", both words being derived from the French genièvre (juniper).^[4]

History

Juniper berries were recognized from ancient times as possessing medicinal properties. By the 11th century, Italian monks were flavoring crudely distilled spirits with juniper berries. During the Bubonic Plague, this drink was used, although ineffectively, as a remedy. As the science of distillation advanced from the Middle Ages into the Renaissance period, juniper was one of many botanicals employed by virtue of its perfume, flavor, and medicinal properties.

The Dutch physician Franciscus Sylvius is credited with the invention of gin.^[5][6] By the mid 17th century, numerous small Dutch and Belgian distillers (some 400 in Amsterdam alone by 1663) had popularized the redistillation of malt spirit or wine with juniper, anise, caraway, coriander, etc.,^[7] which were sold in pharmacies and used to treat such medical problems as kidney ailments, lumbago, stomach ailments, gallstones, and gout. It was found in Holland by English troops who were fighting against the Spanish in the Eighty Years War who noticed its calming effects before battle, which is the origin of the term Dutch courage.^{[citation needed]} Gin emerged in England in varying forms as of the early 17th century, and at the time of the Restoration, enjoyed a brief resurgence. When William of Orange, ruler of the Dutch Republic, occupied the British throne with his wife Mary in what has become known as the Glorious Revolution, gin became vastly more popular,^[8] particularly in crude, inferior forms, where it was more likely to be flavored with turpentine^{[citation needed]}.

Hogarth's Gin Lane

Gin became popular in England after the government allowed unlicensed gin production and at the same time imposed a heavy duty on all imported spirits. This created a market for poor-quality grain that was unfit for brewing beer, and thousands of gin-shops sprang up throughout England, a period known as the Gin Craze. By 1740, the production of gin had increased to six times that of beer,^{[citation needed]} and because of its price, it became popular with the poor. Of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London, over half were gin shops. Beer maintained a healthy reputation as it was often safer to drink the brewed ale than unclean plain water. Gin, though, was blamed for various social and medical problems, and it may have been a factor in the higher death rates which stabilized London's previously growing population.^[8] The reputation of the two drinks was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751). This negative reputation survives today in the English language, in terms like "gin mills" or "gin joints" to describe disreputable bars or "gin-soaked" to refer to drunks, and in the phrase "mother's ruin," a common British name for gin. Brief poem seen circa 1940, anonymous: "The principal sin, Of Gin, Is, among others, Ruining mothers".

The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 was more successful, however. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.^[8] Gin in the 18th century was produced in pot stills, and was somewhat sweeter than the London gin known today.

In London in the early 18th century, gin sold on the black market was prepared in illicit stills (of which there were 1,500 in 1726), and was often adulterated with turpentine and sulfuric acid.^[9] As late as 1913, Webster's Dictionary states without further comment, " 'common gin' is usually flavored with turpentine."^[10]

Dutch or Belgian gin, also known as jenever or genever, evolved from malt wine spirits, and is a distinctly different drink from later styles of gin. Jenever is distilled at least partially from barley malt (and/or other grain) using a pot still, and is sometimes aged in wood. This typically lends a slightly malty flavor and/or a resemblance to whisky. Schiedam, a city in the province of South Holland, is famous for its jenever-producing history. It is typically lower in alcohol content and distinctly different from gins distilled strictly from neutral spirits (e.g. London dry gin). The oude (old) style of jenever remained very popular throughout the 19th century, where it was referred to as "Holland" or "Geneva" gin in popular pre-Prohibition bartender guides.^[11] The column still was invented in 1832, making the distillation of neutral spirits practical, and enabling the creation of the "London dry" style, which was developed later in the 19th century.

In tropical British colonies, gin was used to mask the bitter flavor of quinine, which was the only effective antimalarial compound. The quinine was dissolved in carbonated water to form tonic water; the resulting mix became the origin of today's popular gin and tonic combination, although modern tonic water contains only a trace of quinine as a flavoring.

Gin is a popular base spirit for many classic mixed drinks, including the martini. Secretly produced "bathtub gin" was commonly available in the speakeasies and "blind pigs" of Prohibition-era America due to the relative simplicity of the production method. Gin remained popular as the basis of many cocktails after the repeal of Prohibition.

Sloe gin is traditionally described as a liqueur made by infusing sloes (the fruit of the blackthorn) in gin, although modern versions are almost always compounded from neutral spirits and flavorings. Similar infusions are possible with other fruits, such as damsons (damson gin).

The National Gin Museum is in Hasselt, Belgium.

Classic gin cocktails

Perhaps the best-known gin cocktail is the martini, traditionally made with gin and dry vermouth. Several other notable gin-based drinks include:

• 20th Century
• Gimlet
• Gin and Tonic
• Gin Fizz
• Gin Rickey
• The Last Word
• Negroni
• Old Etonian
• Pimm's Cup
• Pink Gin
• Fallen Angel
• Ramos Gin Fizz
• Satan's Whiskers
• Singapore Sling
• Tom Collins
• Vesper
• White Lady

• Ethan Allen Express

Notable brands

Beefeater - first produced in 1820 BOLS Damrak Amsterdam - Dutch jenever Blackwood's Bombay Sapphire - distilled with ten botanicals Boodles British Gin Catoctin Creek - organic gin produced in Virginia Citadelle Damrak - sweet candied citrus aromas with a spicy licorice and a juniper edge Gilbey's Gilpin's Westmorland Extra Dry Gin Ginebra San Miguel - produced in the Philippines Gordon's Greenall's Hayman's Old Tom Hendrick's Gin - made in Scotland, infused with cucumber and rose petals Nicholson's - made in London from 1730, now a Diageo brand

Magellan - made with 11 botanicals featuring cloves, Magellan's discovery, and an infusion of iris petals New Amsterdam Gin Plymouth - first distilled in 1793 Sacred Microdistillery distilled in one of London's two new microdistilleries Seagram's Sipsmith - launched in 2009, the first copper distillery in London since 1820 Steinhäger Taaka Tanqueray - first distilled in 1830 Uganda Waragi - triple distilled Ugandan Waragi

See also

• List of cocktails

References

• Deegan, Grant (Fall 1999). "From the bathtub to the boardroom: gin and its history". MY2K: Martini 2000 1 (1). http://www.mixology.com/issues/my2k/science/gin.htm. 
• Dillon, Patrick (2002). The Much-lamented Death of Madam Geneva: The Eighteenth-century Gin Craze. London: Headline Review. ISBN 0-7472-3545-7. 

1. ^ Definitions (“Standards of Identity”) for Distilled Spirits, Title 27 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter 1, Part 5, Section 5.22 ,(c) Class 3
2. ^ ^{a b} E.U. Definitions of Categories of Alcoholic Beverages 110/2008, M(b)
3. ^ Ciesla, William M (1998). Non-wood forest products from conifers. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104212-8.  Chapter 8: Seeds, Fruits, and Cones. Retrieved July 27, 2006.
4. ^ http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Gin Gin /geneva derived from the French word
5. ^ Origins of Gin, Bluecoat American Dry Gin, http://www.bluecoatgin.com/history_orgins.html, retrieved 2009-04-05 
6. ^ Gin, tasteoftx.com, http://www.tasteoftx.com/spirits/gin.html, retrieved 2009-04-05 
7. ^ Forbes, R. J. (1997). A Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal. Brill Academic Publishers. 
8. ^ ^{a b c} Brownlee, Nick (2002). "3 - History". This is alcohol. Sanctuary Publishing. pp. 84–93. ISBN 1-86074-422-2. 
9. ^ "Distil my beating heart". The Guardian (London). 2002-06-01. http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/history/0,6121,725676,00.html. Retrieved 2010-05-03. 
10. ^ http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=246150
11. ^ Johnson, Harry; "Harry Johnson's New and Improved Bartender's Manual; 1900.";

External links

• Gin news page - Alcohol and Drugs History Society
• Gin in Victorian London