- Diltiazem
-
Diltiazem 
Systematic (IUPAC) name cis-(+)-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)
-3-oxo-6-thia-2-azabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-7,9,
11-trien-4-yl]ethanoateClinical data Trade names Cardizem, Dilacorxr AHFS/Drugs.com monograph MedlinePlus a684027 Pregnancy cat. D: (USA) Legal status ? Routes Oral Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 40% Metabolism Hepatic Half-life 3-4.5 hours Excretion Renal
Biliary
Lactic (in lactating females)Identifiers CAS number 42399-41-7 
ATC code C08DB01 PubChem CID 39186 DrugBank APRD00473 ChemSpider 35850 UNII EE92BBP03H KEGG D07845 ChEBI CHEBI:101278 ChEMBL CHEMBL23 Chemical data Formula C22H26N2O4S Mol. mass 414.519 g/mol SMILES eMolecules & PubChem - InChI=1S/C22H26N2O4S/c1-15(25)28-20-21(16-9-11-17(27-4)12-10-16)29-19-8-6-5-7-18(19)24(22(20)26)14-13-23(2)3/h5-12,20-21H,13-14H2,1-4H3/t20-,21+/m1/s1
Key:HSUGRBWQSSZJOP-RTWAWAEBSA-N
(what is this?) (verify)Diltiazem is a non-dihydropyridine (non-DHP) member of the class of drugs known as calcium channel blockers, used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, and some types of arrhythmia.
It is also an effective preventive medication for migraine. It is a class 3 anti-anginal drug, and a class IV antiarrhythmic. It is a common adulterant of cocaine seized in the UK,[1] and has been found to reduce cocaine cravings in rats, indicating that it may prolong the "high" (see below). It incites very minimal reflex sympathetic changes. It is based upon a 1,4-thiazepine ring.
Diltiazem is metabolized by and acts as an inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme.
Contents
Brand names
- Progor
- Herben
- Altiazem
- Cardizem
- Cartia XT
- Tiazac
- Tiazac XC
- Tiamate
- Taztia XT
- Tildiem in particular in Europe
- Adizem
- Viazem
- Dilatam
- Dilzem
- Angiozem
- Dilatem
- Dilcardia
- Diltelan
- Diltime
- Dyalec
- Filazem
- Tildiem
- Vasmulax
- Vasocardol & Vasocardol CD, in Australia
- Zandil
- Zemtrial
- Angizem CD
- Angizem
- Dilcontin SR in India (Sustained Release)
- Dilt-CD
- Dilt-XR
- Corzem in Jordan
Mechanism
180mg Cardizem capsule
Diltiazem is a potent vasodilator, increasing blood flow and variably decreasing the heart rate via strong depression of A-V node conduction. Its pharmacological activity is somewhat similar to verapamil.[2]
Potent vasodilator of coronary vessels.
Vasodilator of peripheral vessels. This reduces peripheral resistance and afterload.
Negative inotropic effect. Diltiazem causes a modest decrease in heart muscle contractility and reduces myocardium oxygen consumption.
Negative chronotropic effect. Diltiazem causes a modest lowering of heart rate. This effect is due to slowing of the SA (sinoatrial) node. It results in reduced myocardium oxygen consumption.
Negative dromotropic effect. By slowing conduction through the AV (atrioventricular) node, diltiazem increases the time needed for each beat. This results in reduced myocardium oxygen consumption by the body.
Nontherapeutic effects and toxicities
Reflex sympathetic response. Caused by the peripheral dilation of vessels and the resulting drop in BP; the response works to counteract the negative inotropic, chronotropic and dromotropic effects of diltiazem. Undesirable effects of Diltiazem include hypotension, bradycardia, dizziness, flushing.[3]
Indications
Angina:
- Stable angina (exercise-induced) . Diltiazem increases coronary blood flow and decreases myocardial oxygen consumption, secondary to decreased peripheral resistance, heart rate, and contractility.[4][5]
- Variant angina. Diltiazem is effective due to its direct effects on coronary dilation.
- Unstable angina (preinfarction, crescendo). Diltiazem may be particularly effective if the underlying mechanism is vasospasm.
Supraventricular tachycardias. Diltiazem appears to be as effective as verapamil in treating reentrant supraventricular tachycardia.[6]
Atrial fibrillation[7] or atrial flutter.
Hypertension. Because of its vasodilatory effects, diltiazem is useful for treating hypertension. Calcium channel blockers are well-tolerated, and especially effective in treating low-renin hypertension.[8]
Contraindications and precautions
- CHF. Patients with reduced ventricular function may not be able to counteract the inotropic and chronotropic effects of diltiazem, the result being an even higher compromise of function.
- SA node or AV conduction disturbances. Use of diltiazem should be avoided in patients with SA or AV nodal abnormalities, because of its negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects
- Low blood pressure. Patients with systolic blood pressures below 90 mm Hg should not be treated with diltiazem.
- Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Diltiazem may paradoxically increase ventricular rate in patients with WPW syndrome because of accessory conduction pathways.
Diltiazem is relatively contraindicated in the presence of sick sinus syndrome, atrioventricular node conduction disturbances, bradycardia, impaired left ventricle function, peripheral artery occlusive disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Drug interactions
Beta-blockers
Intravenous diltiazem should be used with caution with beta-blockers because, while the combination is most therapeutically beneficial, there are rare instances of dysrhythmia and AV node block.[9]
Quinidine
Quinidine should not be used concurrently with calcium channel blockers because of reduced clearance of both drugs and potential pharmacodynamic effects at the SA and AV nodes.[citation needed]
Miscellaneous
Inhibition of hepatic enzymes. Diltiazem and verapamil inhibit hepatic cytochromes CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6, possibly resulting in drug interactions.[citation needed]
Potential future indications
Diltiazem is prescribed off-label by doctors in the US for prophylaxis of cluster migraine. It works amazingly well in some patients. There is some research on diltiazem and other calcium channel antagonists in the treatment and prophylaxis of migraine.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
Recent research has shown that diltiazem is able to reduce cocaine cravings in drug-addicted rats.[17] This is believed to be due to the effects of calcium blockers on dopaminergic and glutamatergic signalling in the brain.[18] Diltiazem also enhances the analgesic effect of morphine in animal tests, without increasing respiratory depression,[19] and reduces the development of tolerance.[20]
Diltiazem is also being used in the treatment of anal fissures. It can be taken orally or applied topically with increased effectiveness.[21] When applied topically, it is made into a cream form using either vaseline or Phlojel. Phlojel absorbs the diltiazem into the problem area better than the vaseline base. It has good short term success rates.[22][23] Like all non-surgical treatments of anal fissure it does not address the long term problem of increased basal anal tone and does not decrease the subsequent recurrence rate that can vary between 40 to 60%.
References
- ^ "Full list of impurities found in cocaine". BBC. May 12, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8040690.stm.
- ^ O'Connor, Stephen E.; Grosset, Alain; Janiak, Philip (1999). "The pharmacological basis and pathophysiological significance of the heart rate-lowering property of diltiazem". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 13 (2): 145–53. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.1999.tb00333.x. PMID 10226758.
- ^ Ramoska, E; Spiller, H; Winter, M; Borys, D (1993). "A one-year evaluation of calcium channel blocker overdoses: Toxicity and treatment". Annals of Emergency Medicine 22 (2): 196–200. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)80202-1. PMID 8427431.
- ^ Grossman, Ehud; Messerli, Franz H. (2004). "Calcium antagonists". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 47 (1): 34–57. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2004.04.006. PMID 15517514.
- ^ Claas, Steven A; Glasser, Stephen P (2005). "Long-acting diltiazem HCL for the chronotherapeutic treatment of hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6 (5): 765–76. doi:10.1517/14656566.6.5.765. PMID 15934903.
- ^ Gabrielli, Andrea; Gallagher, T. James; Caruso, Lawrence J.; Bennett, Neil T.; Layon, A. Joseph (2001). "Diltiazem to treat sinus tachycardia in critically ill patients: A four-year experience". Critical Care Medicine 29 (10): 1874–9. doi:10.1097/00003246-200110000-00004. PMID 11588443.
- ^ Wattanasuwan, N.; Khan, IA; Mehta, NJ; Arora, P; Singh, N; Vasavada, BC; Sacchi, TJ (2001). "Acute Ventricular Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation : IV Combination of Diltiazem and Digoxin vs IV Diltiazem Alone". Chest 119 (2): 502–6. doi:10.1378/chest.119.2.502. PMID 11171729.
- ^ Basile, Jan (2004). "The Role of Existing and Newer Calcium Channel Blockers in the Treatment of Hypertension". The Journal of Clinical Hypertension 6 (11): 621–29; quiz 630–1. doi:10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03683.x.
- ^ Edoute, Yeouda; Nagachandran, Pradeep; Svirski, Boris; Ben-Ami, Haim (2000). "Cardiovascular Adverse Drug Reaction Associated with Combined β-Adrenergic and Calcium Entry-Blocking Agents". Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 35 (4): 556–9. doi:10.1097/00005344-200004000-00007. PMID 10774785.
- ^ Grossman, Ehud; Messerli, Franz H. (2004). "Calcium antagonists". Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 47 (1): 34–57. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2004.04.006. PMID 15517514.
- ^ Montastruc, JL; Senard, JM (1992). "Médicaments anticalciques et prophylaxie de la migraine [Calcium channel blockers and prevention of migraine]" (in French). Pathologie et Biologie 40 (4): 381–8. PMID 1353873.
- ^ Kim, KE (1991). "Comparative clinical pharmacology of calcium channel blockers". American family physician 43 (2): 583–8. PMID 1990741.
- ^ Andersson, KE; Vinge, E (1990). "Beta-adrenoceptor blockers and calcium antagonists in the prophylaxis and treatment of migraine". Drugs 39 (3): 355–73. doi:10.2165/00003495-199039030-00003. PMID 1970289.
- ^ Paterna, S; Martino, SG; Campisi, D; Cascio Ingurgio, N; Marsala, BA (1990). "Evaluation of the effects of verapamil, flunarizine, diltiazem, nimodipine and placebo in the prevention of hemicrania. A double-blind randomized cross-over study". La Clinica terapeutica 134 (2): 119–25. PMID 2147612.
- ^ Smith, R; Schwartz, A (1984). "Diltiazem Prophylaxis in Refractory Migraine". New England Journal of Medicine 310 (20): 1327–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM198405173102015. PMID 6144044.
- ^ Peroutka, Stephen J. (1983). "The Pharmacology of Calcium Channel Antagonists: a Novel Class of Anti-migraine Agents?". Headache: the Journal of Head and Face Pain 23 (6): 278–83. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1983.hed2306278.x.
- ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080227155016.htm
- ^ Mills, K; Ansah, T; Ali, S; Mukherjee, S; Shockley, D (2007). "Augmented behavioral response and enhanced synaptosomal calcium transport induced by repeated cocaine administration are decreased by calcium channel blockers". Life Sciences 81 (7): 600–8. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.028. PMC 2765982. PMID 17689567. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2765982.
- ^ Kishioka, S; Ko, MC; Woods, JH (2000). "Diltiazem enhances the analgesic but not the respiratory depressant effects of morphine in rhesus monkeys". European Journal of Pharmacology 397 (1): 85–92. doi:10.1016/S0014-2999(00)00248-X. PMID 10844102.
- ^ Verma, V; Mediratta, PK; Sharma, KK (2001). "Potentiation of analgesia and reversal of tolerance to morphine by calcium channel blockers". Indian journal of experimental biology 39 (7): 636–42. PMID 12019755.
- ^ Jonas, Marion; Neal, Keith R.; Abercrombie, John F.; Scholefield, John H. (2001). "A randomized trial of oral vs. topical diltiazem for chronic anal fissures". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 44 (8): 1074–8. doi:10.1007/BF02234624.
- ^ Nash, G. F.; Kapoor, K.; Saeb-Parsy, K.; Kunanadam, T.; Dawson, P. M. (2006). "The long-term results of diltiazem treatment for anal fissure". International Journal of Clinical Practice 60 (11): 1411–3. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2006.00895.x. PMID 16911570.
- ^ Sajid, M. S.; Rimple, J.; Cheek, E.; Baig, M. K. (2007). "The efficacy of diltiazem and glyceryltrinitrate for the medical management of chronic anal fissure: a meta-analysis". International Journal of Colorectal Disease 23 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1007/s00384-007-0384-x. PMID 17846781.
External links
Antiarrhythmic agents (C01B) Channel blockers class Ib (Phase 3←)class Ic (Phase 0→)Amiodarone • Dronedarone • Bretylium • Bunaftine • Dofetilide • Ibutilide • Nifekalant • Sotalol • Tedisamil • Vernakalant • E-4031Verapamil # • DiltiazemReceptor agonists
and antagonistsIon transporters Categories:- Calcium channel blockers
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- InChI=1S/C22H26N2O4S/c1-15(25)28-20-21(16-9-11-17(27-4)12-10-16)29-19-8-6-5-7-18(19)24(22(20)26)14-13-23(2)3/h5-12,20-21H,13-14H2,1-4H3/t20-,21+/m1/s1
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