Mangalore

For other uses, see Mangalore (disambiguation).

Mangalore ಕುಡ್ಲ
Kudla, Kodiyal
—  city  —
The Town Hall of Mangalore
Mangalore ಕುಡ್ಲ Location of Mangalore ಕುಡ್ಲ in Karnataka and India
Coordinates	12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88Coordinates: 12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88
Country	India
Region	Tulu nadu
State	Karnataka
District(s)	Dakshina Kannada
Mayor	Praveen Kumar
Population • Density	484,785 (2011[update]) • 3,586.5 /km2 (9,289 /sq mi)
Time zone	IST (UTC+05:30)
Area • Elevation	132.45 km2 (51 sq mi) • 22 metres (72 ft)
Codes • Pincode • 575001 to 575030[1] • Telephone • +0824[2] • Vehicle • KA-19[3]
Website	www.mangalorecity.gov.in

Mangalore ⁱ/ˈmæŋɡəlɔr/ (Tulu: ಕುಡ್ಲ, Kuḍla; Kannada: ಮಂಗಳೂರು, Maṅgaḷūru; Konkani: ಕೊಡಿಯಾಲ್, Koḍiyāl; Beary: Maikāla) is the chief port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located about 350 kilometres (220 mi) west of the state capital, Bangalore. Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghat mountain ranges, and is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada (formerly South Canara) district in south western Karnataka.

Mangalore derives its name from the local Hindu Goddess Mangaladevi. It developed as a port on the Arabian Sea—remaining, to this day, a major port of India. Lying on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers, Mangalore is often used as a staging point for sea traffic along the Malabar Coast. The city has a tropical climate and lies in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the South-West monsoons. Mangalore's port handles 75% of India's coffee exports and the bulk of the nation's cashew exports.^[4]

Mangalore was ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Vijayanagar dynasty, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Mysore rulers, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. Eventually annexed by the British in 1799, Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947. The city was unified with the state of Mysore (now called Karnataka) in 1956.^[5]

Mangalore is demographically diverse with several languages, including Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary commonly spoken, and is the largest city of Tulu Nadu region. The city's landscape is characterized by rolling hills, coconut palms, freshwater streams, and hard red-clay tiled-roof buildings.^[6] In an exercise carried out by the Urban Development Ministry under the national urban sanitation policy, Mangalore was placed as the 8th cleanest city in the country. In Karnataka, it is second after Mysore.^[7]

Etymology

The local Hindu deity Mangaladevi, after which the city of Mangalore derives its name

Mangalore was named after the local Hindu deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi temple.^[8] According to local legend, Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition, arrived in the area with a princess from Kerala named Parimala or Premaladevi. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi.^[9] After her death, the Mangaladevi temple was consecrated in her honour at Bolar in Mangalore.^[10] The city got its name from the Mangaladevi temple.^[11]

One of the earliest references to the city's name was made in 715 CE by the Pandyan King Chettian, who called the city Mangalapuram.^[12] The 14th-century Arabian traveler Ibn Battuta referred to Mangalore as Manjarur in his chronicles.^[13] The city is also called Mangalūru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix ūru means town or city).^[10] During the British occupation in 1799, Mangalore (anglicized from Mangalūru), stuck as the official appellation.^[14] However, according to Mangalorean Historian George M. Moraes, the word "Mangalore" is the Portuguese corruption of Mangalūru.^[15]

Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages. In Tulu, the primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla, meaning junction, since the city is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Phalguni rivers. In Konkani, Mangalore is referred to as Kodial. The Beary name for the city is Maikala, meaning wood charcoal, an attribution to the early practice of producing charcoal from wood on the banks of the Netravati river.^[10] On the occasion of Suvarna Karnataka (Golden Karnataka) in 2006, the Government of Karnataka stated that the city would be renamed Mangalooru, though this change in name is not implemented.^[16]

History

Main article: History of Mangalore

The Sultan Battery in Mangalore, built in 1784 by Tippu Sultan to defend the city from British warships entering the Gurupura river.^[17][18]

The area that is now Mangalore has been mentioned in many ancient works of Hindu history. The name of this town appears in maps as early as the 1652 Sanson Map of India.^[19] In the epic Ramayana, Lord Rama ruled over the region, while in the epic Mahabharata, Sahadeva, the youngest of the Pandavas, governed the area.^[10] Arjuna, to Adur, a village near Kasargod.^[20] Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travelers. Cosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek monk, referred to the port of Mangalore as Mangarouth.^[21] Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian, made references to a place called Nitrias,^[22] while Greek historian Ptolemy referred to a place called Nitra.^[23] Ptolemy's and Pliny the Elder's references were probably made to the Netravati River, which flows through Mangalore. Ptolemy also referred to the city as Maganoor in some of his works.^[24]

In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. The region was known as Sathia (Shantika) during the Mauryan regime. From second century CE to sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty ruled over the region. From 567 to 1325, the town was ruled by the native Alupa rulers.^[25] The Alupas ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Chalukyas of Kalyani, and Hoysalas.^[26] Mangalapura (Mangalore) was the capital of the Alupa dynasty until the 14th century.^[27] The city, then an important trading zone for Persian merchants, was visited by Adenese merchant Abraham Ben Yiju.^[28] The Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta, who had visited the town in 1342, referred to it as Manjarun, and stated that the town was situated on a large estuary.^[29] By 1345, the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.^[26] Later, the Jain Kings and the Muslim Bangara Kings ruled the town as feudatories of the Vijayanagar Empire, and brought the town firmly under an efficient and centralised administration.^[25] In 1448, Abdul Razak, the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore, and was amazed at a glorious temple he saw in the city, en route to Vijayanagara.^[30]

According to the Scottish physician Francis Buchanan who visited Mangalore in 1801, Mangalore was a rich and prosperous port with flourishing trading activity.^[31] Rice was the grand article of export, and was exported to Muscat, Bombay, Goa and Malabar. Supari or Betel-nut was exported to Bombay, Surat and Kutch. Pepper and Sandalwood were exported to Bombay. Turmeric was exported to Muscat, Kutch, Surat and Bombay, along with Cassia Cinnamon, Sugar, Iron, Saltpeter, Ginger, Choir and Timber.^[31]

A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783 after it had been taken by the English East India Company

European influence in Mangalore can be traced back to 1498, when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at St Mary's Island near Mangalore.^[32] In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio succeeded in defeating the Bangara King and his allies and conquered Mangalore.^[33][34][35] The trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands.^[25] In the mid-16th century, Goud Saraswat Brahmins, and Goan Catholics from Goa migrated to Mangalore as a result of Goa Inquisition.^[36][37] In 1640, the Keladi Nayaka kingdom defeated the Portuguese and ruled the town until 1762. The Portuguese were allowed to have trade relations with Mangalore.^[25] In 1695, the town was torched by Arabs in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.^[38]

Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore in 1763,^[39] consequently bringing the city under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783,^[40] but was subsequently wrested from their control by Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan in 1783.^[41] The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended with the Treaty of Mangalore, signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784.^[42] After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo–Mysore War, the city remained in control of the British, headquartering the Canara district under the Madras Presidency.^[14][43][44]

The Light House Hill tower in Mangalore served as a watchtower for the British Navy.^[45]

The city was largely peaceful during British rule, with urban and infrastructural developments affected during the period. Mangalore flourished in education and in industry, becoming a commercial centre for trade.^[25] The opening of the Lutheran German Basel Mission in 1834 brought many cotton weaving and tile manufacturers to the city.^[46] When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was bifurcated into North Canara and South Canara in 1860, Mangalore was transferred into South Canara and became its headquarters.^[14] South Canara remained under Madras Presidency, while North Canara was transferred to Bombay Presidency in 1861.^[47] The enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865) mandated the establishment of the Municipal council on 23 May 1866, which was responsible for urban planning and providing civic amenities.^[20] Roman Catholic missions to Mangalore like the Italian Jesuit "Mangalore Mission" of 1878 played an important role in education, health, and social welfare.^[48] The linking of Mangalore in 1907 to the Southern Railway, and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India, further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.^[49]

As a result of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), Mangalore (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was incorporated into the dominion of the newly created Mysore State (now called Karnataka).^[5] Mangalore is a major city of Karnataka, providing the state with access to the Arabian Sea coastline. Mangalore experienced significant growth in the decades 1970–80, with the opening of New Mangalore Port on 4 May 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited on 15 March 1976.^[50][51] The late 20th century saw Mangalore develop as a business, commercial and information technology (IT) centre, although the traditional red tile-roofed houses are still retained in the city. In September 2008, the city was at the centre of Hindu-Christian conflict after churches, convents and prayer centres were attacked in the area by right-wing Hindu nationalists.

Geography and climate

Mangalore is located at 12°52′N 74°53′E / 12.87°N 74.88°E / 12.87; 74.88 in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka.^[52] It has an average elevation of 22 metres (72 ft) above mean sea level.^[53] It is the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district, the largest urban coastal center of Karnataka, and the fourth largest city in the state.^[54] Mangalore is situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. Mangalore city, as a municipal entity, spans an area of 132.45 km² (51.14 sq mi).^[55] Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night.^[56] The topography of the city is plain up to 30 km (18.64 mi) inside the coast and changes to undulating hilly terrain sharply towards the east in Western Ghats.^[57] There are four hilly regions with natural valleys within the city. The geology of the city is characterized by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore.^[54] The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone.^[58]

Sunset at Panambur beach in Mangalore

Mangalore lies on the backwaters of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers.^[59] These rivers effectively encircle the city, with the Gurupura flowing around the north and the Netravti flowing around the south of the city. The rivers form an estuary at the south-western region of the city and subsequently flow into the Arabian sea.^[60] The city is often used as a staging point for traffic along the Malabar Coast. The coastline of the city is dotted with several beaches, such as Mukka, Panambur, Tannirbavi, Suratkal, and Someshwara. Coconut trees, palm trees, and Ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon. It receives about 95% of its total annual rainfall within a period of about six months from May to October, while remaining extremely dry from December to March.^[61] The annual precipitation in Mangalore is 3,479 millimetres (137 in).^[62] Humidity is approximately 75% on average, and peaks during May, June and July.^[63]The maximum average humidity is 93% in July and average minimum humidity is 56% in January.^[63]

The most pleasant months in Mangalore are from December to February, during which time the humidity and heat are at their lowest.^[64] During this period, temperatures during the day stay below 30 °C (86 °F) and drop to about 19 °C (66 °F) at night. This season is soon followed by a hot summer, from March to May, when temperatures rise as high as 38 °C (100 °F). The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences more precipitation than most urban centres in India, due to the Western Ghats.^[65] Rainfall up to 4,000 millimetres (157 in) could be recorded during the period from June to September. The rains subside in September, with the occasional rainfall in October.^[66]

Climate data for Mangalore, India
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	32 (90)	31 (88)	32 (90)	33 (91)	33 (91)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (84)	29 (84)	30 (86)	31 (88)	32 (90)	30.8 (87.5)
Average low °C (°F)	22 (72)	23 (73)	24 (75)	26 (79)	26 (79)	24 (75)	23 (73)	23 (73)	23 (73)	24 (75)	23 (73)	22 (72)	23.6 (74.4)
Rainfall mm (inches)	5 (0.2)	2 (0.08)	9 (0.35)	40 (1.57)	233 (9.17)	980 (38.58)	1059 (41.69)	577 (22.72)	279 (10.98)	206 (8.11)	71 (2.8)	18 (0.71)	3,479 (136.97)
% humidity	62	66	68	71	71	87	89	88	85	79	73	65	75
Avg. rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm)	0	0	1	3	10	26	30	26	20	13	6	1	136
Source: climatetemp.info[67]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Mangalore

The Infosys campus in Mangalore

Mangalore's economy is dominated by the agricultural processing and port-related activities.^[68] The New Mangalore Port is India's ninth largest port, in terms of cargo handling. It handles 75% of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts.^[4] During 2000–01, Mangalore generated a revenue of 33.47 crore (US$6.79 million) to the state.^[69] The city's major enterprises include Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd. (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (MRPL), BASF, and Total Oil India Limited (ELF Gas).

The leaf spring industry has an important presence in Mangalore, with Canara Workshops Ltd. and Lamina Suspension Products Ltd. in the city.^[68] The Baikampady and Yeyyadi Industrial areas harbour several small-scale industries. Imports through Mangalore harbour include crude oil, edible oil, LPG, and timber.^[70] The city along with Tuticorin is also one of two points for import of wood to South India.^[71]

Major information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys, Wipro, and MphasiS BPO have established a presence in Mangalore.^[4] Plans to create three dedicated I.T. parks are underway, with two parks (Export Promotion Industrial park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University) currently under construction.^[72] A third IT SEZ is being proposed at Ganjimutt.^[73] Another IT SEZ, sponsored by the BA group, is under construction at Thumbe and spans 2 million square feet (180,000 m²).^[74]

The Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited is a major industry in Mangalore that was commissioned in 1976.

The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) plans to invest over 35,000 crore (US$7.1 billion) in a new 15 million tonne refinery, petrochemical plant and power, as well as LNG plants at the Mangalore Special Economic Zone. Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd, a special purpose vehicle under the Oil Industry Development Board, is developing strategic crude oil reserves in Mangalore and two other places in India.^[75][76] Out of the proposed 5 million metric tonnes per annum (MMTPA) storage, 1.5 MMTPA would be at Mangalore.^[77] According to an International edition of India Today (28 November – 4 December 2006), Mangalore is the fastest growing non-metro in South India.^[78]

Corporation Bank,^[79] Canara Bank,^[80] and Vijaya Bank^[81] were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Karnataka Bank, founded in Mangalore, was one of the largest banks to have not been taken over by the Government.^[82] The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd.^[83] and SCDCC Bank^[84] were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore.

The boat building and fishing industry have been core businesses in Mangalore for generations. The Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder in Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor.^[85] The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003–04.^[86] The fishing industry employs thousands of people, their products being exported to around the region. Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee, and cashew nut industry, although the tile industry has declined due to concrete being preferred in modern construction.^[4][68] The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore was India's first red roof tile manufacturing factory.^[87][88] Cotton industries also flourish in Mangalore. The Ullal suburb of Mangalore produces hosiery and coir yarns, while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many in the city.^[68]

Demographics

See also: Mangaloreans and Mangalorean regionalism

Gokarnatheshwara Temple

St. Aloysius Chapel

Mangalore has a population of 484,785 per the 2011 census of India.^[89][90][91] The urban area has a population of 619,664,^[92][93] while the metropolitan area has a population of 484,785 (2011).^[90][12] The number of males was 240,651, constituting 50% of the population, while the number of females were 244,134.^[89] The decadal growth rate was 45.90.^[91] Male literacy was 96.49%, while female literacy was 91.63%.^[89] About 8.5% population was under six years of age.^[89] Mangalore's literacy rate is 94.03%^[89]—significantly higher than the national average of 59.5%.^[93] Birth rate was 13.7%, while death rate and infant mortality rate were at 3.7% and 1.2% respectively.^[94] The Mangalore urban area had 32 recognised slums, and nearly 22,000 migrant labourers lived in slums within the city limits.^[95][96] According to the Crime Review Report (2006) by the Dakshina Kannada Police, Mangalore registered a drop in the crime rate in 2005, compared with 2003.^[97]

Languages spoken in Mangalore city
Languages			Percent
Tulu			50%
Konkani			25%
Kannada			12%
Beary bashe			10%
Others†			03%

Religions in Mangalore city
Religion			Percent
Hinduism			77.5%
Islam			10.5%
Christanity			10%
Jainism			01%
Others†			01%

The four main languages in Mangalore are Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary with Tulu language being the mother tongue of the plurality.^[14] Malayalam, Hindi, Urdu and English are also spoken in the city. A resident of Mangalore is known as a Mangalorean in English, Kudladaru in Tulu, Kodialghar in Catholic Konkani, Kodialchi or Manglurchi in Goud Saraswat Brahmin Konkani, Manglurnavaru in Kannada, and Maikaaltanga in Beary bashe. Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangalore, with Mogaveeras, Billavas, Ganigas and Bunts forming the largest groups. Kota Brahmins, Shivalli Brahmins, Havyaka Brahmins, Goud Saraswat Brahmins (GSBs) and others form the remaining sections of Hindus. Christians form a sizable section of Mangalorean society, with Konkani-speaking Catholics, popularly known as Mangalorean Catholics, accounting for the largest Christian community. Protestants in Mangalore known as Mangalorean Protestants typically speak Kannada.^[98] Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys, who speak a dialect of Malayalam called Beary bashe. There is also a sizeable group of landowners following Jainism.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Mangalore and Mangalorean cuisine

See also: Tulu Nadu (Culture)

Yakshagana, a popular dance drama

Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the city. The Yakshagana, a night-long dance and drama performance, is held in Mangalore,^[99] while Pilivesha (literally, tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami.^[100] Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well known dance performed during Dasara.^[101] Paddanas (Ballad-like epics passed on through generations by word of mouth) are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats.^[101] The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in such folk songs as kolkai (sung during kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks used as props), unjal pat (traditional lullaby), moilanji pat, and oppune pat (sung at weddings).^[102] The Eucharistic procession is an annual Catholic religious procession led on the first Sunday of each New Year.^[101] The Srimanthi Bai Museum, in Bejai, is the only museum of Mangalore.^[103]

Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated in the city, the most important being Dasara, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid, and Ganesh Chaturthi. Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru Rathotsava (Mangalore Car Festival) is a festival unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community, and is celebrated at the Sri Venkatramana Temple.^[104][105] The Catholic community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests.^[106] The Jain Milan, a committee comprising Jain families of Mangalore, organises the Jain food festival annually,^[107] while festivals such as Mosaru Kudike, which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival, is celebrated by the whole community.^[108] Aati, a festival worshiping Kalanja, a patron spirit of the city, occurs during the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar. Festivals such as Karavali Utsav and Kudlostava are highlighted by national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music.^[109] Bhuta Kola (spirit worship), is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night. Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in the city in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes.^[110]

Neer dosa, a variant of dosa,and Pundi (Rice Ball), are native to Mangalore.

Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by the South Indian cuisine, with several cuisines being unique to the diverse communities of the city. Coconut and curry leaves are common ingredients to most Mangalorean Curry, as are ginger, garlic and chili. Mangalorean Fish Curry is a popular dish in Kanara. The Tulu community's well-known dishes include Kori Rotti (dry rice flakes dipped in gravy), Bangude Pulimunchi (silver-grey mackerels), Beeja-Manoli Upkari, Neer dosa (lacy rice-crêpes), Boothai Gasi, Kadubu, and Patrode. The Konkani community's specialities include Daali thoy, beebe-upkari (cashew based), val val, avnas ambe sasam, Kadgi chakko, paagila podi, and chana gashi. Vegetarian cuisine in Mangalore, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known and liked throughout the state and region. Since Mangalore is a coastal town, fish forms the staple diet of most people.^[111] Mangalorean Catholics' Sanna-Dukra Maas (Sanna—idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; Dukra Maas— Pork), Pork Bafat, Sorpotel and the Mutton Biryani of the Muslims are well-known dishes. Pickles such as happala, sandige and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore. Shendi (toddy), a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular.^[101]

Civic administration

Main article: Mangalore City Corporation

Mangalore City officials
Mayor	Praveen Kumar
Deputy Mayor	Geetha N Nayak[112]
Superintendent of Police	A.S. Rao[113]

The Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) is the municipal corporation in charge of the civic and infrastructural assets of the city. Municipal limits begin with Mukka in the north, to Netravati river bridge in the south and western sea shore to Vamanjoor in the east. The MCC council comprises 60 elected representatives, called corporators, one from each of the 60 wards (localities) of the city. Elections to the council are held once every five years, with results being decided by popular vote. A corporator from the majority party is selected as a Mayor.^[114] The headquarters of Mangalore City Corporation is at Lalbagh. Its sub-offices are at Surathkal and Bikarnakatta. As of 2001, the Mangalore municipality covered an area of 73.71 km² (28.46 sq mi).^[69]

Mangalore City Corporation headquarters at Lalbagh in Mangalore

Until the revision of Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies by the Delimitation commission, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha, one for the southern part of the city which fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha Constituency, and another for the northern part of the city which fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha Constituency. Additionally, Mangalore sent three members to the Karnataka State Legislative Assembly. With the revision, the entire Mangalore Taluk now falls under the Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore contributing only one Member of Parliament (MP).^[115][116]

The Dakshina Kannada Police is responsible for the law and order maintenance in Mangalore. The department is headed by a Commissioner of Police. Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, covering the western districts of Karnataka, which is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP).^[117]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Mangalore

National Institute of Technology (Karnataka) in Surathkal which is one of the premier institutes of India is located near Mangalore.

The pre-collegiate medium of instruction in schools is predominantly English and Kannada, and medium of instruction in educational institutions after matriculation in colleges is English. Additionally, other media of instruction exist in Mangalore. Recently, a committee of experts constituted by the Tulu Sahitya Academy recommended the inclusion of Tulu (in Kannada script) as a medium of instruction in education.^[118]

Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or run by private trusts and individuals. The schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) and the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) boards. After completing 10 years of schooling in secondary education, students enroll in Higher Secondary School, specializing in one of the three streams – Arts, Commerce or Science. Since the 1980s, there have been a large number of professional institutions established in a variety of fields including engineering, medicine, homoeopathic medicine, dentistry, business management and hotel management. The earliest schools established in Mangalore were the Basel Evangelical School (1838) and Milagres School (1848). The Kasturba Medical College established in 1953, was India's first private medical college.^[119] Popular educational institutions in the city are National Institute of Technology (Karnataka), KS Hegde Medical Academy, A. J. Institute Of Medical Science, Father Muller Medical College, Father Muller Homeopathic Medical College, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore Institute of Technology & Engineering (MITE), Bearys Institute of Technology, P.A. College of Engineering, St. Aloysius College, Canara College, Canara Engineering College, S.D.M. College and St. Joseph Engineering College. The Bibliophile's Paradise, a hi-tech public library run by the Corporation Bank, is located at Mannagudda in Mangalore.^[120] Mangalore University was established on September 10, 1980. It caters to the higher educational needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts^[121] and is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accredited four-star level institution.^[122]

Sports

Pilikula Nisargadhama golf course

Kambala (buffalo race), contested in water filled paddy fields,^[123] and Korikatta (cockfight) are popular. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Dakshina Kannada's only full-fledged cricket stadium, the Mangala Stadium, is in Mangalore.^[124] The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has also set up a sports training centre at the stadium.^[125] The Central Maidan in Mangalore is another important venue hosting domestic tournaments and many inter-school and collegiate tournaments.^[126] The Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) is a popular organization in the city and has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA).^[127][128] Football is also quite popular in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds), with the Nehru Maidan being the most popular venue for domestic tournaments. Chess is also a popular indoor sport in the city. Mangalore is headquarters to the South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments.^{[129][130][131]}

Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in the numerous clubs and gymkhanas. Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has a fully functional nine-hole golf course at Vamanjoor in Mangalore.^[132][133] Budhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket keeper was from Mangalore.^[134] Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years in international cricket as an all-rounder and captained the team, is of Mangalorean descent.^[135]

Media

All India Radio's FM tower at Kadri

Major national English language newspapers such as Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express and Deccan Herald publish localized Mangalore editions. The Madipu, Mogaveera, Samparka and Saphala are well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.^[136] Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are Rakno, Konknni Dirvem and Kannik. Beary periodicals like Jyothi and Swatantra Bharata are also published from Mangalore. Among Kannada newspapers, Udayavani, Vijaya Karnataka, Prajavani, Kannada Prabha and Varthabharathi are popular. Evening newspapers such as Karavali Ale, Mangalooru Mitra, Sanjevani, and Jayakirana are also published in the city. The first Kannada language newspaper Mangalore Samachara was published from Mangalore in 1843.^[137]

The state run, nationally broadcast Doordarshan provides both national and localised television coverage. Cable television also provides broadcast cable channels of independently owned private networks. Canara TV transmits daily video news channels from Mangalore.^[138] Mangalore is not covered by the Conditional access system (CAS); however, a proposal to provide CAS to television viewers in Mangalore sometime in the future has been initiated by V4 Media, the local cable service provider.^[139] Direct-to-Home (DTH) services are available in Mangalore via Dish TV, Tata Sky, Sun Direct DTH, Airtel digital TV, Reliance BIG TV and Videocon D2h .^[140] All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri (with frequency 100.3 MHz) that airs program during scheduled hours. Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM ^[141] and Red 93.5 FM.^[142]

Mangalore is home to the Tulu Film Industry, which has a catalogue of 31 films, and releases one film annually, on average. Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage and Suddha. Tulu dramas, mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular.^[119] In 2006, a Tulu film festival was organised in Mangalore.^[143]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Mangalore

National Highway 17 passing through Nantoor Cross in the city

The Netravati railway bridge serves as the gateway to Mangalore.

Mangalore's location makes it accessible via all forms of transport. Transport systems in Mangalore include private buses, KSRTC buses, trains, taxis and autorickshaws.

Four National Highways pass through Mangalore. NH-17, which runs from Panvel (in Maharashtra) to Edapally Junction (near Cochin in Kerala), passes through Mangalore in a north–south direction, while NH-48 runs eastward to Bangalore. NH-13 runs north-east from Mangalore to Solapur.^[144] National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-17 and BC Road junction on NH-48. Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a 37.5-kilometre (23.3 mi) stretch of these highways will be upgraded from two-lane to four-lane roads.^[145] NH-234, 715-km long Highway connects Mangalore to Villupuram.^[146]

Mangalore's city bus service is operated by private operators and provides access within city limits and beyond. Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist – city routes are covered by city buses, while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) operates long distance bus services from Mangalore to other parts of the state.^[147] The other key players who run bus services from Mangalore are the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators Association (DKBOA) and the Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA).^[148] These buses usually ply from the Mangalore Bus Station. White coloured taxis also traverse most of the city. Another mode for local transport is the autorickshaw.

Rail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907. Mangalore was also the starting point of India's longest rail route.^[49] The city has two railway stations—Mangalore Central (at Hampankatta) and Mangalore Junction (at Kankanadi).^[149] A metre gauge railway track, built through the Western Ghats, connects Mangalore with Hassan. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006 ^[150] and passenger traffic in December 2007.^[151] Mangalore is also connected to Chennai through the Southern Railway and to Mumbai via the Konkan Railway.^[152]

The Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services, while the New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk, and fluid cargoes. The New Mangalore Port is also well equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers. It is also the station for the coast guard. This artificial harbour is India's ninth largest port, in terms of cargo handling, and is the only major port in Karnataka.^[153][154]

Mangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE) is near Bajpe/Kenjar, and is located about 15 kilometres (9 mi) north-east of the city centre. It is the second airport in Karnataka to operate flights to international destinations.^[155]

Utility services

The Kadri Park in Mangalore

Electricity in Mangalore is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM).^{[156][157][158]} Mangalore experiences scheduled and unscheduled power cuts, especially during the summer, due to excess consumption demands.^[159] Major industries like Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants.^[160][161]

Potable water to the city is supplied by MCC.^[162] Almost all water is from the vented dam constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, 14 kilometres (9 mi) from Mangalore.^[163][164] The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aim to improve safe water supply systems and reduce leakage and losses in the distribution system in Mangalore.^[162] The official garbage dumping ground of Mangalore is in Vamanjoor.^[165] The city generates an average of 175 tons per day of waste, which is handled by the health department of the Mangalore City Corporation.^[166] The city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama,^[167] Kadri Park at Kadri, Tagore Park at Light House Hill, Gandhi Park at Gandhinagar.^[168] and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan.

Fixed Line telecom services are offered along side GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services. Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka.^[169] The telephone density in the city is 8.74 per 100 population.^[170] Prominent broadband internet service providers in the city include Tata, Airtel and DataOne by BSNL.^[171]

Sister cities

• Hamilton, Ontario, Canada^[172] 1968^[173]
• Delta, British Columbia, Canada^{[174][175][176]} 2010^[176]

Notes

1. ^ "Central Excise and Service Tax Location Code (Areas Under the Range West of Mangalore-II DVN (610201)". Central Board of Excise & Customs. http://sermon.nic.in/sermon/servlet/loc_code_repx_location_area?p1=610201. Retrieved 2008-07-05. ^{[dead link]}
2. ^ "STD Codes for cities in Karnataka". Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). http://www.bsnl.co.in/searchcode.php?state=Karnataka&pgno=3. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
3. ^ "List of RTOs". AICDA (All India Car Dealers Association). http://www.aicda.com/Rtolst.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-08. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d} "Mangalore takes over as the new SEZ destination". The Economic Times (The Times of India). 17 February 2008. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/The_Sunday_ET/Property/Mangalore_takes_over_as_the_new_SEZ_destination/articleshow/2788712.cms. Retrieved 2008-03-20. 
5. ^ ^{a b} "States Reorganization Act 1956". Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/. Retrieved 2008-07-01. 
6. ^ Babu, Savitha Suresh (17 February 2007). "Tiles for style". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/02/17/stories/2007021701030100.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-05. 
7. ^ "Mysore comes clean over B'lore". Deccan Herald. 10 May 2010. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/68796/mysore-comes-clean-over-blore.html. Retrieved 2010-05-12. 
8. ^ Kameshwar 2004, p. 8
9. ^ Census of India, 1971, p. 268
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 5
11. ^ Temple India 1981, p. 160
12. ^ ^{a b} "City of Mangalore". Mangalore City Corporation. http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
13. ^ The Cambridge history of Iran 1986, p. 421
14. ^ ^{a b c d} Raghuram, M. (2007-07-18). "Mangaluru: it has come a long way". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071855190700.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-27. 
15. ^ Farias 1999, p. 2
16. ^ "They will be Belagavi, Mangalooru, Mysuru". The Hindu. 19 December 2005. http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/19/stories/2005121916120100.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
17. ^ "Worst-Case Scenario". The Times of India. 30 November 2006. http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8xMS8zMCNBcjAwNDAy&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom. Retrieved 2008-08-25. 
18. ^ Kunal Bhatia (26 February 2008). "Mangalore: Of cultural institutions, tiles and religious spots". Mumbai Mirror. http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Lifestyle%20-%20Leisure&sectid=79&contentid=20080226200802261632455073e44f0c1. Retrieved 2008-08-25. 
19. ^ "1652 Sanson Map of India". http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/India-sanson-1652. 
20. ^ ^{a b} Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 6
21. ^ Indicopleustes 1897, pp. 358–373
22. ^ Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences 1935, p. 499
23. ^ Prasad 1989, p. 163
24. ^ Sharath, Lakshmi (21 January 2008). "Filled with lore". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/21/stories/2008062151860400.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-21. 
25. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Tourism". Mangalore City Corporation. http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/tourism.html. Retrieved 2009-06-07. 
26. ^ ^{a b} Bhat 1998, p. 17
27. ^ Chopra 2003, p. 162
28. ^ Ghosh 2002, p. 189
29. ^ Lee 1829, In Malabar
30. ^ Urs 1953, p. 119
31. ^ ^{a b} Prabhu 1999, p. 152
32. ^ Kamath, J. (16 September 2002). "Where rocks tell a tale". The Hindu Business Line. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
33. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 52
34. ^ Kerr 1812, Portuguese Transactions in India, under several governors, from the close of 1515, to the year 1526
35. ^ Kerr 1812, Continuation of the Portuguese Transactions in India, from 1526 to 1538
36. ^ "Christianity in Mangalore". Diocese of Mangalore. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080622155343/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-30. 
37. ^ Pereira, Maxwell (3 May 1999). "We the Mangaloreans". Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990503/iex03030.html. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
38. ^ Muthanna 1977, p. 235
39. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 62
40. ^ Thornton 1859, p. 114
41. ^ Thornton 1859, p. 170
42. ^ Forrest 1887, pp. 314–316^{[dead link]}
43. ^ Townsend 1867, p. 628
44. ^ Riddick 2006, p. 28
45. ^ Raghuram, M. (2005-06-18). "Feeling on top of the world". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/18/stories/2005061800910200.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 
46. ^ Monteiro, John B.. "Mangalore: Comtrust Carries On Basel's Mission". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400. Retrieved 2008-03-21. 
47. ^ Dodwell, p. 59
48. ^ "College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary". The Hindu. 8 January 2004. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010810180300.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-30. 
49. ^ ^{a b} "Mangalore was once the starting point of India's longest rail route". The Hindu. 29 October 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/29/stories/2007102958510300.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 
50. ^ "Brief History". New Mangalore Port. http://www.newmangalore-port.com/default.asp?channelid=2759&city=PORT. Retrieved 2008-07-27. 
51. ^ "Corporate Profile". Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited. Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071009223225/http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/about_Cprofile.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-27. 
52. ^ "Mangalore, India Page". Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Mangalore.html. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 
53. ^ "Rainfall Stations in India". Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Pune). http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-27. 
54. ^ ^{a b} Rao, P. S. N.. Urban governance and management: Indian initiatives. Indian Institute of Public Administration in association with Kanishka Publishers, Distributors. p. 402. ISBN 978-81-7391-801-8. 
55. ^ "City Statistics". Mangalore City Corporation. http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/city-statistics.html. Retrieved 2007-08-03. 
56. ^ Balakrishna, K. M.; Narayana, Y; Kumari, Anitha (PDF). Meteorological Measurements of Mangalore Region for ARMEX Programme (Observations and Data Analysis). Department of Physics (Mangalore University). p. 26. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080410145013/http://www.nio.org/past_events/ARMEX/presentations/P2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-25. 
57. ^ Mausam: quarterly journal of meteorology, hydrology & geophysics, Volume 56, Issue 1. India Meteorological Department. 2005. p. 76. 
58. ^ Geological Survey of India. Seismic zoning map of India (Map). http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GSI_BHUJ_SEISMIC_ZONES_MAP.html. Retrieved 2008-07-20. 
59. ^ Heitzman 2008, p. 102
60. ^ Mangalore City Corporation, p. 38
61. ^ Subrahmanyam, V. P.. "Some aspects of water balance in the tropical monsoon climates of India" (PDF, 466 KB). Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regions with Particular Reference to the Hydrological Effects of Agriculture and Forestry Practice (Proceedings of the Hamburg Symposium, August 1983) (International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS)) 140: 327–328. http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~iahs/redbooks/a140/iahs_140_0325.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-08. 
62. ^ "Urbanisation and Urban Sprawl". Environmental Information System (Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/urban/chapter4.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-16. 
63. ^ ^{a b} Shrihari, S. (DOC, 109 KB). Environmental Concerns For A Typical Fast Developing Indian City : Mangalore. Faculty of Civil Engineering (National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal). pp. 5–6. http://www.arch.ku.ac.th/upebangkok/images/Jan_4/Room_2/e24/Paper.doc. Retrieved 2008-07-20. ^{[dead link]}
64. ^ "Mangalore, India". Weatherbase. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=48234&refer=&units=metric. Retrieved 2008-03-19. 
65. ^ "Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2103/. Retrieved 2008-07-27. 
66. ^ Mishra, A. K.; Gnanaseelan, C.; Seetaramayya, P. (25 August 2004). "A study of rainfall along the west coast of India in relation to low level jet and air–sea interactions over the Arabian Sea" (PDF, 522 KB). Current Science (Current Science Association) 87 (4): 483. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252004/475.pdf. Retrieved 2008-03-21. 
67. ^ "Mangalore, Karnataka Climate Guide to the Average Weather & Temperatures with Graphs Elucidating Sunshine and Rainfall Data & Information about Wind Speeds & Humidity:". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.climatetemp.info/india/mangalore-karnataka.html. Retrieved 2011-10-12. 
68. ^ ^{a b c d} "South Scan (Mangalore, Karnataka)". CMP Media LLC. http://www.crn.in/SouthScanNov152007.aspx. Retrieved 2008-03-20. 
69. ^ ^{a b} Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2005, p. 1
70. ^ "Commissionerate of Customs — Mangalore". Mangalore Customs. http://customsmangalore.gov.in/organization/about-us.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-23. 
71. ^ "Kerala's timber market sustained by imports". NDTV Profit. 17 February 2008. http://www.ndtvprofit.com/2008/02/17121444/Keralas-timber-market-sustain.html. Retrieved 2008-04-04. 
72. ^ "Study Area around SEZ, Mangalore" (DOC, 1.45 MB). Mangalore City Corporation. http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Fig.%203.5.1.doc. Retrieved 2008-07-02. 
73. ^ Mangalore City Corporation. "Proposed MSEZ Site and Existing Industries" (DOC, 790 KB). http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%201/Fig.1.2.doc. Retrieved 2008-04-09. 
74. ^ "Two more plans for EPIP cleared". The Hindu. 31 August 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/31/stories/2006083118290300.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-29. 
75. ^ "Strategic oil reserves to come directly under Govt". The Hindu Business Line. 2 April 2006. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/04/02/stories/2006040202220200.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
76. ^ "Strategic crude reserve gets nod". The Hindu. 7 January 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/07/stories/2006010704081600.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
77. ^ "India to form crude oil reserve of 5 mmt". The Economic Times. 20 June 2007. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India_to_form_crude_oil_reserve_of_5_mmt/articleshow/2137148.cms. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
78. ^ "CNC India Fund Summary" (PDF, 1.88 MB). CNC India Fund I Periodical (CNC India Group) 1 (1): 2. http://www.cncindiafund.com/Newsletter%201.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-04. ^{[dead link]}
79. ^ "History". Corporation Bank. http://www.corpbank.com/asp/0100text.asp?presentID=84&headID=84. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
80. ^ "Cheque truncation process from April, says Leeladhar". The Hindu. 2005-11-20. http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/20/stories/2005112015560300.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
81. ^ "Inception". Vijaya Bank. http://vijayabank.com:8081/vijaya/vijaya/internet-en/menus/we-at-vijaya-bank/inception.html. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
82. ^ "History". Karnataka Bank. http://www.karnatakabank.com/ktk/History.jsp. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
83. ^ "Mangalore: Countdown for MCC Bank Election Begins Amid Blame Games". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 15 March 2008. http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=44631&n_tit=Mangalore%3A%20Countdown%20for%20MCC%20Bank%20Election%20Begins%20Amid%20Blame%20Games. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
84. ^ "History". SCDCC Bank. http://www.scdccbank.com/history.html. Retrieved 2008-06-24. 
85. ^ National Council of Applied Economic Research 1961, pp. 6–73
86. ^ Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2004, p. 233
87. ^ Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 510
88. ^ Somerset & Bond Wright, p. 511
89. ^ ^{a b c d e} "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011". Deccan Herald. http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.xls. Retrieved 2011-10-31. 
90. ^ ^{a b} "Karnataka's tier II cities miss out on boom". Deccan Herald. 24 October 2011. http://www.deccanherald.com/content/200317/karnatakas-tier-ii-cities-miss.html. Retrieved 2011-10-26. 
91. ^ ^{a b} "Population of Corporation/CMC/TMC/TP (Population 2001 Census)". Directorate of Municipal Administration, Bangalore. http://municipaladmn.kar.nic.in/AreapopE.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-16. 
92. ^ http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.xls
93. ^ ^{a b} "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns. (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999. Retrieved 2007-09-03. 
94. ^ Mangalore City Corporation, p. 131
95. ^ "Growing number of slums in Mangalore a cause for concern". The Hindu. 8 April 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/08/stories/2006040818420300.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 
96. ^ "Slums mushrooming in port city". The Hindu. 21 January 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/21/stories/2006012111860300.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-14. 
97. ^ Dayananda, B. (2006) (PDF, 747 KB). Crime Review - 2006. Dakshina Kannada Police. Archived from the original on 2009-10-26. http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/mngpolice/CrimeReviewDK2004-06.pdf&date=2009-10-26+02:55:41. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
98. ^ South Kanara District Gazetteer 1973, p. 93
99. ^ Prabhu, Ganesh (10 January 2004). "Enduring art". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/06/10/stories/2004061000340300.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-20. 
100. ^ Pinto, Stanley G (26 October 2001). "Human 'tigers' face threat to health". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
101. ^ ^{a b c d} D'Souza, Stephen. "What's in a Name?". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726. Retrieved 2008-03-04. 
102. ^ "Beary Sahitya Academy set up". The Hindu. 13 October 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101361130300.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-15. 
103. ^ "Srimanthi Bai Museum is in a shambles". The Hindu. 7 July 2006. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/07/07/stories/2006070717580300.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-21. 
104. ^ "Shree Venkatramana Temple (Car Street, Mangalore)". Shree Venkatramana Temple, Mangalore. http://www.svtmangalore.org/jeernodhara/#. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
105. ^ Shenoy, Rajanikanth (13 February 2008). "Colourful Kodial Theru". Mangalorean.com. http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=67248. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
106. ^ Monteiro, John B.. "Monti Fest Originated at Farangipet – 240 Years Ago!". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=129. Retrieved 2008-01-11. 
107. ^ Nayak, Amrita (24 November 2007). "Food for thought". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/11/24/stories/2007112450980400.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-18. 
108. ^ "'Mosaru Kudike' brings in communal harmony". The Hindu. 28 August 2005. http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/28/stories/2005082812400300.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-22. 
109. ^ "Objectives of Karavali Utsav". Karavli Utsav, Mangalore. http://www.karavaliutsav.com/display.php?content_option=SECTION&ref_id=140. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
110. ^ "Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu". Mangalorean.com. 18 August 2007. http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662. Retrieved 2008-01-28. 
111. ^ "Typically home". The Hindu. 11 August 2007. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/11/stories/2007081150880400.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
112. ^ "Praveen elected new mayor". Times of India. 2011-02-28. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-28/mangalore/28641556_1_bjp-corporators-new-mayor-praveen. Retrieved 2011-03-11. 
113. ^ "We are on the job, says SP". The Times of India. 13 April 2009. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4397047.cms. Retrieved 2009-06-18. 
114. ^ Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 7
115. ^ "New Assembly constituencies". Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore. 14 July 2007. http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=35701&n_tit=M%27lore%3A+Assembly+Constituencies+Revised+%2D+Bye+Bye+Ullal%2C+Suratkal+++. Retrieved 2007-09-22. 
116. ^ "Assembly constituencies proposed by Delimitation Commission". The Hindu. 5 May 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/05/stories/2006050522990400.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-22. 
117. ^ "The Indian Police Service (Fixation of Cadre Strength) Regulations, 1955". Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions. Archived from the original on December 16, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061216151054/http://persmin.nic.in/ais/Ips_fcsreg.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-15. 
118. ^ "'Use Kannada script to teach Tulu now'". The Hindu. 22 June 2005. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/06/22/stories/2005062215310300.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
119. ^ ^{a b} Fernandes, Ronald Anil; Naina J. A.; Hegde, Bhakti V.; Raveendran, Aabha; Padmanabha K. V., Sibanthi; Mayya, Sushma P. (15 August 2007). "Sixty and still enterprising ...". Deccan Herald. http://archive.deccanherald.com/content/Aug152007/district2007081519172.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-01. 
120. ^ Kamila, Raviprasad (1 April 2006). "It's a treasure of books". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/04/01/stories/2006040100730100.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-31. 
121. ^ "Details of Mangalore University". Mangalore University. http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/. Retrieved 2008-03-21. 
122. ^ "Mangalore University has been Accredited at the 4 Star level by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).". Mangalore University. http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/xampp/accredition.html. Retrieved 2008-04-15. 
123. ^ "Colours of the season". The Hindu. 9 December 2006. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/12/09/stories/2006120901650100.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-09. 
124. ^ "Minister keen on improving sports infrastructure". The Hindu. 7 August 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/07/stories/2006080716740300.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-18. 
125. ^ "Approval granted for sports training centre at Mangala Stadium". The Hindu. 17 July 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/17/stories/2006071717730300.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
126. ^ "Central Maidan (Mangalore, India)". Cricinfo. http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58296.html. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
127. ^ Vasu, Anand (9 September 2007). "Wadiyar defeats Viswanath in Karnataka elections". Cricinfo. http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
128. ^ "Mixed verdict in KSCA polls". Deccan Herald. 10 September 2007. http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep102007/scroll2007091024510.asp?section=frontpagenews. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
129. ^ "Recent Tournaments". United Karnataka Chess Association. http://www.karnatakachess.com/recent.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-22. 
130. ^ "Mangalore: All India Fide Rated Open Chess Tournament takes off". Mangalorean.Com. 3 July 2006. http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=47176&newstype=local. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
131. ^ "All India chess tourney in Mangalore from July 19". Mangalorean.Com. 17 June 2008. http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=81429&newstype=local. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
132. ^ "Details of Pilikula Nisarga Dhama (Pilikula)". Pilikula Nisargadhama. http://www.pilikula.com/index.php. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
133. ^ "Pilikula — Perched for higher growth". Mangalorean.Com. 20 July 2008. http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=85522&newstype=local. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
134. ^ "Budhi Kunderan (India)". Cricinfo. http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30178.html. Retrieved 2008-07-26. 
135. ^ Vasu, Anand (11 March 2007). "Repaying the faith". Cricinfo. http://content-www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/310173.html. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
136. ^ "'Madipu' literary competitions". Deccan Herald. 19 July 2007. http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jul192007/district2007071913749.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-18. 
137. ^ "Herr Kannada". Deccan Herald. 18 January 2004. http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan182004/artic6.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-18. 
138. ^ "Daily Video News Channels from Mangalore". Canara Tv. http://canaratv.com/. Retrieved 2008-01-16. 
139. ^ "Mangalore: Channel V4 to offer Conditional Access system they also have a News channel called V4 Media News- a great initiate locally to transmit local news every hour and it has got a large viewership.". Mangalorean.com. 22 December 2007. http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newsid=61578&newstype=local. Retrieved 2008-01-24. 
140. ^ "Good response for DTH in Mangalore". The Hindu. 19 March 2005. http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/19/stories/2005031912050300.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-21. 
141. ^ "BIG FM Launches Station in Mangalore". Media Newsline. 5 December 2007. http://www.medianewsline.com/news/119/ARTICLE/1796/2007-12-05.html. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
142. ^ Belgaumkar, Govind D. (23 November 2007). "It's time to swing to hits from FM channels". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/23/stories/2007112350640200.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
143. ^ "Tulu film festival". The Hindu. 23 February 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/23/stories/2006022315050300.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-19. 
144. ^ "NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI" (PDF, 62.2 KB). National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
145. ^ "4-lane road project in Mangalore likely to be completed in 30 months". The Hindu Business Line. 7 October 2005. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/07/stories/2005100700631900.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-13. 
146. ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/DKs-new-NH-to-connect-three-states-/articleshow/5857031.cms
147. ^ "Profile of KSRTC". Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC). Archived from the original on July 3, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080703125154/http://ksrtc.in/ksrtc-fecility.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-04. 
148. ^ "Transport operators in district vie for routes". The Hindu. 6 March 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/06/stories/2006030616460300.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-16. 
149. ^ "Name changed". The Hindu. 8 November 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/08/stories/2007110854800400.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
150. ^ "Mangalore -Hassan rail line open for freight traffic". The Hindu Business Line. 6 May 2006. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/05/06/stories/2006050601880700.htm. Retrieved 2006-10-13. 
151. ^ "Bangalore-Mangalore train service from December 8". The Hindu. 24 November 2007. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/11/24/stories/2007112461660400.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-02. 
152. ^ "The Beginning" (PDF, 117 KB). Konkan Railway Corporation Limited. http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/ehtm/intro1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-04-16. ^{[dead link]}
153. ^ Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report, p. 4
154. ^ "New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT)". New Mangalore Port. http://www.newmangalore-port.com/default.asp?channelid=2759&city=PORT. Retrieved 2006-10-13. 
155. ^ "Intl services begin at Mangalore airport". The Hindu Business Line. 4 October 2006. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/10/04/stories/2006100403880900.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-21. 
156. ^ "About Us". Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL). http://www.kptcl.com/kptclaboutus.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-03. 
157. ^ "About Us". Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM). http://www.mesco.in/aboutus/index.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-03. 
158. ^ Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) 2004, p. 227
159. ^ "Unscheduled load-shedding may be inevitable: Mescom". The Hindu Business Line. 5 February 2003. http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2003/02/05/stories/2003020500611700.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-03. 
160. ^ "Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. (A Subsidiary of Oil and Natural gas Corporation Ltd.)" (PDF, 31.2 KB). Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals (MRPL). http://www.mrpl.co.in/downloads/sep06_06_pmc.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-03. 
161. ^ "Infrastructure". Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF). Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011021914/http://www.mangalorechemicals.com/operations_Infrastructure.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-03. 
162. ^ ^{a b} Budhya, Gururaja (PDF, 22.2 KB). 'Social relevance of decision making' – A case study of water supply and waste water management in Mangalore, Coastal Karnataka, India.. Asian Educational Services. pp. 1–2. http://www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/ihdw02/summaries/pdf/Guru%20text1.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-18. 
163. ^ "No funds crunch to tackle water scarcity in Dakshina Kannada". The Hindu Business Line. 21 April 2005. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/04/21/stories/2005042101271900.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-05. 
164. ^ (PDF, 418 KB) Karnataka Coastal Project. Duraline Pipes. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060623195715/http://duraline.in/newsletter/Q4+2004+Newsletter.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-27. 
165. ^ "Vamanjoor dumpyard turns killer". The Times of India. 8 December 2002. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30602735.cms. Retrieved 2008-04-16. 
166. ^ Mangalore City Corporation, p. 10
167. ^ "About Place". Pilikula Nisargadhama. http://www.pilikula.com/index.php?slno=90&pg=1. Retrieved 2008-07-03. 
168. ^ Pinto, Stanly (7 September 2003). "Gandhi Nagar park gets a new lease of life". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/170491.cms. Retrieved 2008-03-26. 
169. ^ "Dakshina Kannada Telecom District". Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (Karnataka Telecom Circle). http://www.karnataka.bsnl.co.in/mangalore/. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 
170. ^ "Fact Sheet". STPI (Mangalore). http://www.mgl.stpi.in/fact_sheet.html. Retrieved 2008-04-18. 
171. ^ "BSNL launches broadband service". The Hindu. 17 June 2005. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/06/17/stories/2005061714690300.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-22. 
172. ^ "Hamilton's Sister Cities". myhamilton.ca — Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070926234112/http://www.myhamilton.ca/myhamilton/CommunitiesAndOrganizations/communitiesofhamilton/sistercities. Retrieved 2007-12-07. 
173. ^ "Reaching for peace on earth". Hamilton Mundialization Committee. http://www.mundialization.ca/html/news_media1.html. Retrieved 2010-10-13. 
174. ^ "Delta looks to India for twin city". DeltaOptimist. 2010-04-07. http://www2.canada.com/deltaoptimist/story.html?id=4ca60c5b-4430-42d1-8490-4261f26f4f02. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
175. ^ "Hamilton's Sister Cities". British Columbia Trade and Investment Representative Office. http://www.canadaspacificgateway.in/other-sectors/twinning. Retrieved 2010-05-17. 
176. ^ ^{a b} "Mangalore, Delta in sisterly embrace". DNA. 2010-10-13. http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_mangalore-delta-in-sisterly-embrace_1451843. Retrieved 2010-10-13. 

References

• Bhat, N. Shyam (1998). South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-586-9. http://books.google.com/?id=Z0nZzbFDSAoC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2009-06-07. 
• Chopra, P. N. (2003). History of South India. S.Chand & Company. ISBN 81-219-0153-7. http://books.google.com/?id=4eRx-d821rYC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2008-07-02. 
• Census of India, 1971. Office of the Registrar General (Government of India). 
• Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) (2004). "Economic Infrastructure" (PDF, 116 KB). Economic Survey of Karnataka 2003–04. National Informatics Centre (Karnataka State). pp. 216–235. http://des.kar.nic.in/ecosurvey/03-04/Chapter-4-Eng.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-25. 
• Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Karnataka) (2005) (PDF, 282 KB). Area, Population, Membership, Revenue, Expenditure & Employment by Municipalities, Karnataka, 2000–2001.. National Informatics Centre (Karnataka State). http://des.kar.nic.in/cnl/lbs2000.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-26. 
• Dodwell, H.H. (1922). The Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press Archive. http://books.google.com/?id=KIM8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2009-01-16. 
• Farias, Kranti K. (1999). The Christian Impact on South Kanara. Church History Association of India. 
• Fisher, William Bayne; Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence; Boyle (1986). The Cambridge history of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20094-3. http://books.google.com/?id=EF_4AQeOltUC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 
• Forrest, George W. (1887). Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat. 2. Bombay: Government Central Press. 
• Ghosh, Amitav (2002). The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces. Orient Longman. ISBN 81-7530-047-7. http://books.google.com/?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2008-07-02. 
• Heitzman, James (2008). City in South Asia (illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34355-8. http://books.google.com/?id=hnrjxask-voC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 
• "History" (PDF, 3.7 MB). South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. 12. Gazetteer Department (Government of Karnataka). 1973. pp. 33–85. http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_2.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-27. 
• Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. 
• International Committee of Historical Sciences (1935). Bulletin of the International Committee of Historical Sciences. 7. Les presses universitaires de France. 
• Kameshwar, G. (2004). Tulu tales: a soota chronicle. Rupa & Co.. ISBN 978-81-291-0427-4. 
• Kerr, Robert (1812). "Discoveries, Navigations, and Conquests of the Portuguese in India, from 1505 to 1539". General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels. 6. George Ramsay and Company. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/kerr/. Retrieved 2008-07-21. 
• Mangalore City Corporation. "Description of Environment" (DOC, 2.52 MB). Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007). pp. 31–48. http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_3Water.doc. Retrieved 2008-03-21. 
• Mangalore City Corporation. "Description of Environment" (DOC, 6.35 MB). Mangalore SEZ Draft (October 2007). pp. 111–134. http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/sez/MSEZ%20Draft%20EIA/Mangalore%20SEZ,%20Oct.%202007/Chapter%203/Chap_Socio.doc. Retrieved 2008-04-09. 
• Lee, Samuel (1829). "On the Malabar Coast". Quoted in "Selections from the Travels of Ibn Batuta". London: Oriental Translation Committee. http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/. Retrieved 2008-07-29. 
• Mangalore City Corporation (DOC, 964 KB). Integrated Solid Waste Management Operation & Maintenance report. http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/forms/SWM%20Details%20for%20Website.doc. Retrieved 2008-06-20. ^{[dead link]}
• Muthanna, I. M. (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. 
• National Council of Applied Economic Research (1961). Traffic Survey of Mangalore and Malpe Ports: Report. Public Works Department, Government of Mysore. 
• Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8 .
• Prasad, Om Prakash. Decay and revival of urban centres in medieval South India: c. A.D. 600-1200. Commonwealth Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7169-006-0. 
• "People" (PDF, 2.57 MB). South Kanara District Gazetteer. Karnataka State Gazetteer. 12. Gazetteer Department (Government of Karnataka). 1973. pp. 86–125. http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-10-26. 
• Riddick, John F. (2006). The History of British India: A Chronology. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-32280-5. http://books.google.com/?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2008-07-02. 
• Somerset, Playne; Bond, E. W.; Wright, Arnold; Wright, Playne (2004). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1344-9. http://books.google.com/?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2008-06-18. 
• Temple India. Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra. 1981. 
• Thornton, Edward (1859). The History of the British Empire in India. Cox and Wyman Printers. http://books.google.com/?id=GYpCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
• Townsend, George Henry (1867). A Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records. Warne. http://books.google.com/?id=zLBCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage. Retrieved 2008-08-19. 
• Urs, K. Basavaraj (1953). Speeches of Sirdar Sir M. Kantharaj Urs (Dewan of Mysore 1919–1922). Government Branch Press. 

Further reading

• Bhat, P. Gururaja (1969). Antiquities of South Kanara. Prabhakara Press. 
• Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000). "Mangalore". Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 0-85229-760-2. http://books.google.com/?id=kEj-2a7pmVMC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved 2008-06-16. 
• Venn, T. W. (1945). Mangalore. Mysore: Wesley Press. 

External links

Karnataka portal

• Mangalore City Corporation Website
• Mangalore travel guide from Wikitravel