Tulu Nadu

Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
type = region
native_name = Tulu Nadu
other_name =
nickname =
iucn_category =
state_name = Karnataka
metro =
skyline = Karnataka TuluNadu.pngskyline_caption = Tulu Nadu with respect to rest of Karnataka
latd = |latm = |lats =
longd=7|longm= |longs=
base_

locator_position =
base_map_label =
inset_map_marker =
map_caption =
area_total = 8441
area_magnitude =
area_rank =
area_total_cite = cite web |url=http://www.kar.nic.in/zpdk/tourism.htm |title=Tourism in DK District |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Karnataka State Unit |accessdate=2008-03-26] cite web |url=http://tourism-of-india.com/karnataka-tour/udupi-tour.html |title=Tour to Udupi |publisher=Tourism of India |accessdate=2008-03-26]
area_metro =
area_metro_cite =
altitude =
altitude_cite =
coastline =
climate =
precip =
temp_annual =
temp_winter =
temp_summer =
destinatione_1 =
direction_1 =
distance_1 =
mode_1 =
destinatione_2 =
direction_2 =
distance_2 =
mode_2 =
destinatione_3 =
direction_3 =
distance_3 =
mode_3 =
capital =
hq =
largest_city = Mangalore
largest_metro =
nearest_city =
region =
division =
district = Dakshina Kannada and Udupi
districts = 2
taluk_names =
population_total = 3,005,897
population_rank =
population_as_of = 2001
population_total_cite = cite web |url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm |title=Census GIS India |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=2008-03-26]
population_density = 356.1
population_density_cite =
population_metro =
population_metro_rank =
population_metro_as_of =
population_metro_cite =
sex_ratio =
literacy =
literacy_male =
literacy_female =
official_languages = Tulu
leader_title_1 =
leader_name_1 =
leader_title_2 =
leader_name_2 =
leader_title_3 =
leader_name_3 =
established_title =
established_date =
legislature_type =
legislature_strength =
parliament_const =
assembly_const =
planning_agency =
civic_agency =
corp_zone =
corp_ward =
jurisdiction_title_1 =
jurisdiction_name_1 =
jurisdiction_title_2 =
jurisdiction_name_2 =
jurisdiction_title_3 =
jurisdiction_name_3 =
blank_title_1 =
blank_value_1 =
blank_title_2 =
blank_value_2 =
abbreviation =
area_telephone =
postal_code =
unlocode =
vehicle_code_range = KA 19, KA 20, KA 21
website =
website_caption =
portal =
footnotes =


seal_size =
seal_caption =
coord_title =
autocat =

Tulu Nadu (Tulu: ತುಳುನಾಡ್) is a region on the south-western coast of Karnataka, India. It consists of the Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts. The northern part of Kasaragod in Kerala was also traditionally a part of Tulu Nadu according to some Malayalam works.

Tulu Nadu is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Uttara Kannada to the north, Shivamogga to the north-east, Chikkamagaluru to the east, Kodagu and Hassan to the south-east and Kerala to the south. Tulu is the principal language in the region, but other languages like Konkani, Kannada and Beary are also widely spoken. Tulu Nadu spans an area of convert|8441|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on, roughly 4.4% of the total geographical area of Karnataka. The population of this region was 3,005,897 in 2001. Mangalore and Udupi are the chief cities in Tulu Nadu.

History

Historically, Tulu Nadu included the two separate lands of "Haiva" and "Tuluva". The Ballal Kings of Sullia had ruled this area around 1100 years back. The Bunt/ Nair, Brahmin migration to Tulunadu might have happened during the lifetime of the Kadamba king Mayuravarma at 345 AD. Madhvacharya in the 13th century built the eight monasteries (Matha) in Udupi.

During the rule of Vijayanagara Tulu nadu was administered in two parts – "Mangaluru Rajya" and "Barakuru Rajya". Tulunad was the original homeland of the dynasty that founded the Vijayanagar Empire based in eastern Karnataka. Tulu Nadu was governed by feudatories of the Vijayanagara Empire until the 17th century. The longest reigning dynasty of Tulu Nadu was the Alupas. They were the feudatories of the prominent dynasties of Karnataka. The Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi was the earliest, under which the Alupas flourished. Later the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Badami, Chalukyas of Kalyani, Hoysalas of Durasamudra and Rayas of Vijayanagara were the overlords. The Alupas, however, were independent and their subordination was nominal at best. They ruled until the Vijayanagara kings totally dominated the Tulu Nadu from 14th to the 17th centuries. The region became extremely prosperous during Vijayanagara period with Barkur and Mangalore gaining importance. After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Keladi Nayakas of Ikkeri controlled much of Tulu Nadu. Over the following many centuries, more ethnic groups migrated to the area. Konkanis and Goud Saraswat Brahmins arrived by sea, as Mangalore was a major port that served not only the Portuguese but also the Arabs for maritime trades. Jains were already a prominent group and even today are uniquely preserved in Tulu Nadu. Though small in number, the Jains left behind indelible reminders of their glory with temples (bastis) in (Moodabidri) and monolithic statues of Bahubali, the gomateshwara, in Karkala, Venoor and Dharmasthala. In the 16th century there was a large influx of Catholics to Tulu Nadu from Goa. They built excellent educational institutes and contributed to the development of education in the region. The Muslim community of Tulu Nadu were basically Arab traders who married local women and settled there. Some of them speak the Beary language, which is a mix of Tulu and Malayalam and others speak Urdu.

Under Portugal, the region was called the "Missao do Sul" (Mission of the South).In the 18th, it was conquered by Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore. After the British defeated Haidar's successor Tipu Sultan in 1799, the region was attached to the Madras Presidency before being reverted to the state of Mysore in the aftermath of independence. Mysore has since been renamed Karnataka. At the end of 18th century, Haider Ali and Tippu Sultan controlled the region. Mangalore played a prominent role in Tippu’s battles with the British. The British gained full control in 1801, after the defeat of Tippu in 1799. The British ruled the region with Madras (now Chennai) as its headquarters. Tipu Sultan conquered the region and the British conquered it from him. Under the British, the region was organized as the Districts of North Canara and South Canara.

When the Indian independence was achieved in 1947, Tulu Nadu became part of Madras state along with Kerala. When the states were divided into linguistic states in the 1950s, Tulu Nadu became part of Karnataka. The two districts were made a part of the Madras Presidency, but North Canara was later transferred to the Bombay Presidency. The name "Canara" has been Indianized as "Kannada", so that the districts are now Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada. The district of South Canara was recently bifurcated to create the District of Udipi.

Geography

Tulu Nadu lies along the Malabar Coast, and shares a number of geographic, culinary, and social traits with the neighbouring Konkan and Kerala regions. Like them, Tulu Nadu is bounded on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the east by the Western Ghats.

Culture

The Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance practiced in Tulu Nadu with great fanfare. [cite web
url = http://www.szcc.tn.nic.in/07_folktheatre/karnataka/Yakshagana/yakshagana.html
title = Yakshagana
accessdate = 2007-12-07
publisher = SZCC, Tamil Nadu.] [cite book
last = Plunkett
first = Richard
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = South India
publisher = Lonely Planet
date = 2001
location =
pages = 53
url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JmL9KqczbRYC&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=yakshagana+unique&source=web&ots=9_wX6OlWh7&sig=XiF-XEq63YZk_82YJTGM2ofzi60#PPA53,M1
doi =
id = ISBN 1864501618] "Hulivesha" (Tiger dance) is a unique form of folk dance in the region fascinating the young and the old alike, which is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami. [cite news
url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/354160109.cms
date = 2001-10-26
title = Human `tigers' face threat to health
accessdate = 2007-12-07
publisher = Times of India] "Karadi Vesha" (Bear Dance) is one more popular dance performed during Dasara in Tulu Nadu.cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=726 |title= What's in a Name? |accessdate= 2008-03-04 |author= Stephen D'Souza |publisher=daijiworld.com] "Bhuta Kola" or spirit worship, which is usually done at night is practised here. "Kambala" or buffalo race is conducted in water filled paddy fields. "Korikatta" (Cockfight) is another favourite sport for the people. "Nagaradhane" or "Snake worship" is practised in the Tulu Nadu according to the popular belief of the "Naga Devatha" to go underground and guard the species on the top. [cite web |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=50662 |title= Nagarapanchami Naadige Doddadu |accessdate= 2008-01-28 |publisher=Mangalorean.Com]

Tulu is a Dravidian language of India with fewer than two million speakers. Most of its speakers are in the districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in the west of the state of Karnataka. It is also spoken in northern part of the Kasargod district of Kerala. Besides Tulu, Kannada (the state language) and Konkani are also widely spoken in the area. Also, a sizeable population of Muslims, Bearys, speak Beary bashe an offshoot of Malayalam. The Tulu speakers are known as Tuluvas. The Tulu script, also known as the Tigalari script, strongly resembles the script of the Malayalam language.A script called Tulu is used in Tulunadu for centuries. All Tulu classics discovered recently are in Tulu script, and som in other scripts. This Tulu script was being used by Brahmins. Till recently they were using it for writing Mantras, for accounts etc.Like Nairs who are originally from Tulunadu and settled in the present Kerala,Tulu Brahmins were also going to Kerala Temples for priestly work (called 'Shanti' Services). They took the Tulu writing with them to Kerala thus they carried the Tulu script to Kerala. Malayalam had not developed a script of its own by that time. The upper castes and classes of Keralites started close contacts with the Nairs and Tulu Brahmins and hence they adopted the Tulu script, and later adopted it to what is now called the Malayalam script. (This has been proved in detail by Vidwan P V Puninchathaya in 'Tulu -Nadu-Nudi'). And in fact according to the puranas,Tulunadu was a part of Kerala,also known as Parasurama Kshetram,ie., 'The Land of Parasurama',as the land was reclaimed from sea by him.

Tulu cuisine is popular across South India, mostly due to udupi restaurants, which are primarily vegetarian. The Tulu language was also once spoken in Uttara Kannada or North Kanara, which for this reason is sometimes considered part of Tulu Nadu as well.

Demographics

The majority of the people in Tulunad belong to the Tuluva ethnic group. Earlier the Tuluvas ruled over a large empire known as Vijayanagar Empire. However with the loss of empire, the Tulu peoples have concentrated in the costal areas. The next largest group are the Konkanis who migrated here from Goa, due to persecution by the Portuguese. Other people who settled here include Kannadigas,Malayalis and Bearis

Economy

Tulu Nadu was once primarily dependent on agriculture and fishing. The main crops grown were rice, bengal gram, horse gram, vegetables and fruits. Plantation crops like coconut, areca nut, cocoa, cashew nut, and pepper are also grown. In the early 20th century, the red clay roof tile industry, cashew nut processing, and the banking industry grew substantially. Tulu Nadu is called "the cradle of Indian banking." Five major banks of India (Syndicate Bank, Canara Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank and Karnataka Bank) have their origins here. In the early part of the 21st century the area has been transforming itself into a hub of the information technology and medical services industries. This is due to the excellent educational facilities and hospitals available in Tulu Nadu, covering all fields, and the abundance of skilled workers. There has been large-scale decline in agriculture and related industries due to the non-availability of labour and preference for white-collar jobs. Agricultural land is being converted to commercial and real estate properties, and environmental pollution is increasing drastically due to large-scale deforestation and increase in automobile use. A public sector petroleum refinery ( MRPL )was established in the 1990s. Some chemical plants (e.g., fertilizers and pesticides) have been established. Tulu Nadu contributes the second highest revenue to Karnataka state after the city of Bangalore.

See also

*History of Tulundau
*Temples in Tulunadu

External links

* [http://www.boloji.com/places/0018.htm Tulu Nadu: The Land and Its People]
* [http://www.mangalore.com/documents/mangalore.html Mangalore Home Page]
* [http://www.udupipages.com/home/culture/tulu1.html History of tulunad - udupipages.com]
* [http://www.kar.nic.in/gazetteer South Canara Gazetteer 1973]
* [http://viswamurugu.com/tuluweb1.html A Research on Tulunadu and Tuluvas]

References

* Also Read "Studies in Tuluva history and culture: From the pre-historic times upto [sic] the modern (1975)" by Dr. P. Gururaja Bhat