Hassan district

Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
native_name = Hassan district ಹಾಸನ
type= district
district_

district_image_desc = Taluk-level map of Hassan district
latd = 13
district_lat_m =
longd = 76
district_long_m =
state_name = Karnataka
division_name =
taluk_names = Hassan, Holenarsipur, Arkalgud, Channarayanapatana, Sakleshpur, Belur, Alur, Arasikere
hq = Hassan
leader_title = Deputy Commissioner
leader_name =
area_total =
population_as_of =
population_total =
postal_code = 573201
area_telephone = + 91 (0)
vehicle_code_range = KA-13
district_timezone = IST (UTC +5:30)
website= [.nic.in .nic.in]

Hassan ( _kn. ಹಾಸನ) is a district in Karnataka state, India. The district capital is Hassan, India city.Hassan district was the seat of the Hoysala empire which at its peak ruled large parts of south India from Belur as its early capital and Halebidu as its later capital during the period 1000 - 1334 CE. Today Hassan is primarily known worldwide for its Hoysala architecture and is a veritable treasure trove of about fifty sculptural marvels tucked away in several villages and towns of the district. Hassan is also well known nationally for modern technology. The [http://www.isro.org/centers/cen_mcf.htm Master Control Facility] of the [http://www.isro.org/index.htm Indian Space Research Organization] is located here.

Divisions

*Hassan
*Alur
*Belur
*Arasikere
*Sakleshpur
*Channarayanapatana
*Arakalgud
*Holenarasipura

History

The history of Hassan districit is essentially the history of two of the well known dynasties that have ruled Karnataka, the Western Ganga Dynasty of Talkad (350 - 999 CE.) and the Hoysala Empire (1000 - 1334 CE). In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Vijayanagar kings patronised Chennakesava of Belur as their family deity. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Hassan became a land of contention between the Keladi Nayakas of Shimoga and the Mysore Kingdom. It finally merged as an independent Mysore kingdom.

Ancient

Around the 300 BCE. Hassan was part of the Mayuran empire. Sage Bhadrabahu arrived from north India in 3rd century BCE. along with many ascetics marking the arrival of Jainism into Karnataka. Some historians believe king Chandragupta Maurya322 –298 BCE., grand father of emperor Ashoka was his disciple and accompanied Bhadrabahu to Sharavanabelagola and eventually died there. Other historians argued that the king was Ashoka's grandson and came later. A "basadi" or monument in his name called "Chandragupta basadi" still exists today. Whatever the truth about Chandragupta Maurya's lineage, the fact remains that Shravanabelagola has been a place of Jain worship for twenty three centuries.

Medieval

Later Hassan came under the rule of the Ganga Dynasty of Talkad. The Gangas initially ruled as a sovereign power from 350 - 550 CE. and later continued to rule this area as feudatories of Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas. In the late 10th century, many Jaina monuments were built at Shravanabelagola, commissioned by Ganga general Chamundaraya, including the fifty seven feet tall statue monolithic statue of Gomateshwara.During the rule of the Gangas, Shravanabelagola was an important religious capital. Today it is also a place of great archaeological importance. "Shravana" or "Shramana" means a Jain ascetic and "Belagola" or "Biliya Kola" in Kannada means white pond. Over eight hundred inscriptions which includes eighty from the Hoysala period have been discovered in and around Shravanabelagola covering a period 600 - 1830 CE. and has been enormously helpful in understanding the history not only of Hassan but the history of all the Kingdoms that ruled over Karnataka. Inscriptions are in Kannada, Sanskrit, Tamil, Marathi, Marwari and Mahajani languages and are attributed to all the major Kingdoms that have ruled over Karnataka, indicating patronage to Jainism was active thorough out medieval history.

Around 1000 CE., with their complete defeat at the hands of the Cholas, the Ganga lineage vanished forever from Gangavadi (southern districts of Karnataka). From that time onwards, till 1334 CE, Hoysalas ruled this region and after their decline, the Vijayanagar empire took control. After the decline of the Vijayanagar empire, the area came under the rule of the Mysore Kingdom.

It was under the rule of the Hoysalas, a clan of hill people whose origins are traced to Angadi in Chikmagalur District who built a powerful empire from the malnad region of Karnataka that Hassan reached its zenith of fame, much of which is seen today in the fifty or more Hoysala temples scattered around the country side in the district. Inscriptions in many of these temples speak volumes of the glory of a bygone era, the administration of the Hoysalas, their land reforms, taxation, culture and so on.The Hoysalas, who claim to be of the Kuruba/yadava race stepped into the shoes of their predecessors, the Gangas after being feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani from about 1000 - 1150 CE.After the decline of the Kalyani Chalukya power and constant efforts by Hoysala Vishnuvardhana to break free of subordination to the Chalukyas, the Hoysalasemerged as an independent power in the middle of the 12th century. Vishnuvardhana who went by the name Bittideva was a Jaina but later changed his name having accepted Vishnavism, a sect of Hinduism.Many historians feel that Vishnuvardhana was the true maker of the Hoysala empire. Their emergence as a sovereign power was made possible by two decisive victories, one against the Cholas at Talakad in 1114 CE. after which Vishnuvardhana assumed the titles of "Veera Ganga" and "Talakadu Gonda", struck coins in memory of the victory, built the "Keerthi Narayana" temple at Talakad and the famous "Chennakeshava" temple at Belur and took control of Gangavadi. The other was a sensational victory over the mighty Chalukya forces of Vikramaditya VI at Kannegal in 1118 CE. However it was only after the death of Vikramaditya VI that Vishnuvardhana was able to gain control over central regions of present day Karnataka in Hangal, Uchchangi, Banavasi and Barkapura.During the rule of his grandson, Veera Ballala II 1173 – 1220 CE. who earned the title "Cholarajyapratishtacharya" or preserver of the Chola kingdom, the Hoysalas were able to become a true force to reckon with in South India. During this time, Hassan became the epicenter of Kannada literary and cultural activities.

Hoysala architecture

The Hoysalas claim to immortality arises from their contribution to Karnataka culture, Kannada literature and their own unique style of vesara architecture.

Historians such as Henry Cousens and James Furgusson observed that the Hoysala style of architecture is essentially an extension and culmination of the vesara style initiated by the Badami Chalukyas and further enhanced by the Kalyani Chalukyas. In fact, the carved doorways, lathe turned pillars and pierced window screens used frequently by the Hoysalas is also commonly seen in earlier Kalyani Chalukya temples of north and central Karnataka. The Star shaped platform on which many Hoysala temples were constructed, the Jagati, the Zig- Zag character of the walls and the density of sculpture on gray soap stone (chloritic schist) is however a unique features of Hoysala architecture.

Contribution to Kannada

Hassan district has a special place in Kannada history in that Halmidi,a tiny village in Belur taluk is the home of the oldest known Kannada language inscription in Kannada script dated 450 CE. The inscription whose date is sometimes debated as 425 CE. is attributed to king Kakusthavarma, great-great-grandson of king Mayurasharma, founder of the Kadamba dynasty.

Geography

Lying between 12° 13´ and 13° 33´ North latitudes and 75° 33´ and 76°38´ East longitude, Hassan district has a total area of 6826.15 km². It is divided into 8 talikus, 38 hoblies & 2369 villages.The geography is mixed with the "malnad" or mountainous region to the west and south west called "Bisle Ghat" and the "maidan" or planis regions in the north, south and east. There are some areas of degraded forest ranges in central portion of the district.

The general level of Hassan district is it slopes with the course of Hemavathi river from the western ghat ranges towards the bed of Cauvery river near Hampapura in the south east. Its chief tributary is Yagachi from Belur taluq which joins it near Gorur. Hemavathi passes through Holenarsipur taluq in a southerly direction and joins with Cauvery river near Hampapura close to the border of Hassan district. Hassan and Belur stands around 3,084 and convert|3150|ft|m above the sea level respectively.

The district is surrounded by Chikmagalur District to the north west, Chitradurga District to the north, Tumkur District to the east, Mandya District to the south east, Mysore to the south, Kodagu District to the south west and Dakshina Kannada district to the west.

Demographics

The district had a population of 1,721,669 of which 17.70% were urban as of 2001. Of this 859086 were males and 862583 were female with a decadal population increase of 9.92%.The population density is 251 people/km². Kannada is spoken by a vast majority of the people in thedistrict.

Economy

Tourism and coffee are the two main sources of income of Hassan district. Coffee is grown in the "malnad" areas of Sakleshpura. Other than this, farmers grow black pepper, paddy and sugarcane.Hassan district has forty five monuments that receive protection from authorities. Twenty four of these are protected by Karnataka state archaeological department while the remaining twenty one are protected by the "Archaeological Survey of India" and are hence of national importance.

Concerns

According to estimates, in the year 2005, 800,000 tourists visited the temples of Hassan district. However concerns remain that the true and full tourism potential may not have been exploited in the district.Some of the sculptures and monuments in "Channakeshava" temple at Belur and the "Hoysaleshwara" temple at Halebidu have been damaged by vandals. The ASI has blamed lack of manpower to fully guard the premises effectively. A blame game between the Department of Tourism and ASI has been ongoing.

Concerned people have complained that some of the protected temples are not in good condition including "Keshava" and "Someshwara" temples at Harnahalli, "Nageshwara" and "Channakeshava" temples at Mosale, "Channakeshava" ("Allanatha") Temple at Kondajji. Some temples which are really worth visiting should be on the tourist circuit too they said. These are the "Lakshminarasimha" temple at Nuggehalli, "Lakshmidevi" temple at Doddagaddavalli and "Lakshminarayana" temple at Adagur.

Proposals

* A proposal has been sent to the government for the development of some Hoysala temples and tourist places, including Ramanathapura, Shanthigrama, Sriramadevarakatte and the Gorur Dam.
* Develop eight "parisara vana" or environmental parks in eight taluks of the district.
* Lion safari at Gendekatte forest in an area of 120 hectares.
* Develop an 'eco-tourism at Belasinda forest area of Channarayapatna taluk on convert|100|acre|km2 of land.
* Sandalwood conservation centre on convert|2000|acre|km2 at Sriramadevarahalla of Belur taluk.
* Eco-tourism in Bisle forest area of Sakleshpur taluk.
* Medicinal plants park at Hirekallugudda forest area of Arsikere taluk.

Culture

Much of culture of Hassan district in the past is linked with the Hoysala and Ganga dynasty rulers who ruled over this area. Initially the Gangas were Hindus but by the time of king Shivamara II (785 CE., took to Jainism. The Hoysalas were Jains too and the mythical founder of the empire "sala" was said to be blessed by the Jain sage Sudatta Muni. Some of the successive rulers were also Jains until Ramanujacharya came to Hassan to escape persecution from the Cholas in early 12th century. During this time Vishnuvardhana was influenced by Ramanujacharya and accepted Hinduism, though his wife Shantaladevi continued to follow Jainism, setting an example of religious tolarance. In fact the "Channigraya" temple in Belur was commissioned by her during the time the nearby famous "Chennakeshava" temple was being built. This tolerance is alive even today and can be seen in the importance given by the district administration and people in general to Jain religious events like "Mahamastakabhisheka", long after Jainism has ceased to be the main religious practice of this region. While Most of the Hoysala monuments in Hassan are Hindu, and date between the 11th c. - 13th c. CE, the monuments of Shravanabelagola are a colossal effort of the Jain Ganga dynasty who ruled from about 350 - 999 CE. and is one of the most important Jain pilgrimage sites for in India.

Today, Hassan is a largely agrarian community with a charm that is essentially similar to that of Mysore District, except the palaces and colonial buildings of Mysore are replaced with exquisite "vesara" monuments built by the Hoysalas. One does not have to travel more than a few kilometers to visit the next monument on the list. Its cuisine is a mix of Mysore, Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada districts resulting in tasty specialities like "midigayi" pickle (small raw mango), "sandige", "avalakki" (beaten rice), and "talipittu" ("akki rotti" made of rice flour). About 5% of the total population are Muslims. A community of Hebbar Iyengars an ancient brahmin community who settled in this area for more than a thousand years. An inscription in Shantigrama indicates that the founder was a brahmin from Kashi. Hassan Iyengars, a different brahmin community are well known all over south Karnataka for their tasty condiment preparations like cakes, puffs, biscuits and breads etc. Iyengar bakeries are a common feature in most towns and cities of Karnataka.

Hassan is also called as "Poor man's Ooty". Its Bisle ghat area has the same scenic beauty of the "Nilgiri" district of Tamil Nadu without the rapid and extensive commercialization. Hassan is a place where Kannada literature finds famous personalities like Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar

Places to Visit

*Belur, 34 km from Hassan town is situated on the banks of Yagachi river. The Chennakeshava Temple built by Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana in 1117 AD is a monument of supreme architectural beauty. The intricate carvings on its stone walls and the gravity pillars in the courtyard are the unique features of this temple.
*Gorur, 22 km from Hassan town is where a dam across the river Hemavathi has been built. This place is a pleasant picnic spot.
*Halebidu, 39 km from Hassan town and 16 km from Belur is the home of the famous Hoysaleswara temple. Built in 1121, the walls of the temple are covered with detailed friezes and sculptures depicting scenes narrated in great Hindu epics. another famous temple near here is the "Kedareshwara" temple known for the rich quality of its sculptures.
*Shravanabelagola, 52 km from Hassan town is a popular Jain piligrimage center. It is wedged between two rocky hills, Indragiri and Chandragiri. The monolithic statue of Lord Gomateshwara, a Jain saint standing atop the Indragiri hill is 17 meters tall and is said to be one of the tallest monolithic statues in the world. About 1100 years old, the statue was commissioned by Chavundaraya, army commander of the Ganga Dynasty that ruled southern Karnataka from about 350 AD–999 AD. "Mahamastakabhisheka" is a ceremony held here once every 12 years when devotees offer prayers to the great Jain saint.
*Bisle reserve forest or Bisle ghat, one of Karnataka's best trekking destinations.

The temples of Belur, Halebidu and Shravanabelagola are a proposed UNESCO "World Heritage Site".

Hassan district is full of other Hoysala architectural gems scattered around the countryside. Important among them are the Hoysala temples of
* Chennakeshava Temple at Belur
* Hulikere (ornate stepped tank or "Kalyani")
* Pushpagiri ("Mallikarjuna", "Bhairava" temples)
* Doddagaddavalli ("Lakshmidevi" temple)
* Koravangala ("Govindeshwara", "Nakeshwara" and "Bucheshwara" temples)
* Kondajji ("Vishnu" temple)
* Adagur ("Lakshminarayana" temple)
* Chatachatahalli ("Chatteshwara" temple)
* Javagal ("Narasimha" temple)
* Haranahalli ("Keshava" and " Someshwara" temples)
* Arasikere ("Ishwara" temple)
* Hullekere ("Channakeshava" temple)
* Shantigrama ("YogaNarasimha" and "Channakeshavaswamy" temple)
* Nuggehalli ("Lakshminarasimha" and "Sadashiva" temple)
* Sakleshpura ("Sakaleswara" temple)
* Manjarabad (fort and dungeons)
* Ramnathapura ("Rameshwara" temple)and Pattabi Rama ,Subramanyeshwara
* Gorur ("Yoganarasimha" temple, "Paravasudeva" temple and Dam over river)
* Basadihalli ("Adinatha Basadi", "Parshwanath Basadi" and "Saantinatha Basadi")
* Malekal Tirupathi ("Venkata Ramanna" and "Govidaraja" temple)
* Shantigrama ("Yoganarsimha", "Dharmeshwara" and "Keshava" temples)
* Anekere ("Chennakaesava" temple)
* Mallarajapatna ("Lakshmaneshwara" temple)
* Mavathanahalli ("Mahalingeshwara" temple)
* Anathi ("Lakshminarayana" temple)
* Hebbalalu ("Singeshwara" temple)
* Jinanathapura ("Shantinatha basadi")
* Ambuga ("Prasanna Chennakeshava" temple)
* Heragu ("Kirthinarayana" temple)
* Mosale ("Nageshwara" and "Channakeshava" temples)
* Mavinakere ("Ranganathaswamy" temple)
* Holenarasipura ("Narasimha" temple)
* Honnavara (Keshava" temple)
* Hirekadalur (keshava temple)
* Halmidi (Inscription)
* Western Ghats
* Master control facility

Famous People

* H.D. Deve Gowda, former prime minister of India
* Raja Rao, writer( English), Padma Vibhushan(2007) and Padma bhushan(1969)
* H.D.Kumaraswamy, former chief minister of Karnataka
* Gorur Ramaswamy Iyengar, Kannada literature
* S.L. Bhairappa, Kannada literature
* Raja Ramanna, Scientist, lead the team which created India's first atomic bomb.
* Vishnuvardhana, Hoysala king
* Veera Ballala II, Hoysala king
* Veera Ballala III, Hoysala king
* Shantigrama Srinivasa Desikachar, Sanskrit Scholar, conferred "Abhinava Ramanuja" title in 2006 by Governor of Karnataka
*Narayana Gowda, Karnataka Rakshana Vedike state president.
*Javagal Srinath, former Indian cricketer.
*H D Revanna, Boss of Hassan District.

References

Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041

ee also

* Hoysala Dynasty
* Hoysala architecture
* Channarayaptna

External links

* [http://www.mahamasthakabhisheka.com/heritageofshravanabelagola/royalpatronage.htm History of Shravanabelagola]
* [http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka, Arthikaje]
* [http://www.hoysalatourism.com Hoysala Tourism]
* [http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/India_WhizMap/IndiaMap.htm Census India]
* [http://Kannadasiri.kar.nic.inarchaeology/eng/E23_Hassan.htm Protected Monuments of Hassan]
* [http://www.mahamastakabisheka.com/around.html In and Around Shravanabelagola]
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/Jun212005/spectrum11122005620.asp Bringing glory back to temples]
* [http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Bisle&w=88563023%40N00 Some pictures of Bisle area of Hassan district]