- Hamas
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Hamas
حركة المقاومة الاسلامية
Founder Sheikh Ahmed Yassin & Mahmoud Zahar Chief of the Political Bureau Khaled Mashaal[1][2] Deputy Chief of the Political Bureau Mousa Abu Marzouq[1][2] Prime Minister Ismail Haniyah[1] Foreign Minister Mahmoud Zahar[1] Founded 1987 Preceded by Palestinian Muslim Brethren Headquarters Gaza, Palestinian territories Ideology Sunni Islamism,[3]
Islamic fundamentalism,[4] Palestinian nationalism, Religious nationalismReligion Sunni Islam International affiliation Muslim Brotherhood Politics of Palestine
Political parties
ElectionsHamas (Arabic: حماس Ḥamās, "enthusiasm", an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah, "Islamic Resistance Movement") is the Palestinian Sunni Islamic or Islamist[5] political party that governs the Gaza Strip. Hamas also has a military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.[6] Since June 2007 Hamas has governed the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories, after it won a majority of seats in the Palestinian Parliament in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections[7] and then defeated the Fatah political organization in a series of violent clashes. The European Union,[8][9] the United States,[10] Canada, Israel and Japan classify Hamas as a terrorist organization,[11][12] while nations such as Russia,[13] Turkey,[14] and Switzerland[15] do not.
Based on the principles of Islamic fundamentalism gaining momentum throughout the Arab world in the 1980s, Hamas was founded in 1987 (during the First Intifada) as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[16][17] Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin stated in 1987 and the Hamas Charter affirmed in 1988 that Hamas was founded to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip.[18][19] In July 2009, Khaled Meshal, Hamas's Damascus-based political bureau chief, said the organization was willing to cooperate with "a resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict which included a Palestinian state based on 1967 borders," provided that Palestinian refugees hold the right to return to Israel and that East Jerusalem be the new nation's capital.[20][21] The charter exhibits the influence of antisemitic conspiracy theories throughout, as evidenced by the explicit mention of the "The Protocols of the Elder of Zion," or statements labeling "Freemasons, The Rotary and Lions clubs" as "sabotage groups ... behind the drug trade and alcoholism in all its kinds." Some experts and advocacy groups[22] believe that statements by some Hamas leaders display similar conspiratorial influences, though Hamas officials are clear to describe the conflict with Israel as political and not religious.[23][23][24][25]
The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the Hamas affiliated military wing, has launched attacks with both military and civilian victims. Tactics have included rocket attacks and, from 1993 to 2008, suicide bombings.[26][27] Military targets included Israeli and Egyptian outposts and border crossings and rival Palestinian militias in the occupied territories.[28]
In the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections Hamas won a decisive majority in the Palestinian Parliament,[7] defeating the PLO-affiliated Fatah party. Following the elections, the United States and the EU halted financial assistance to the Hamas-led administration.[29] In March 2007 a national unity government, headed by Prime Minister Ismail Haniya of Hamas, was briefly formed, but this failed to restart international financial assistance.[30] Tensions over control of Palestinian security forces soon erupted into the 2007 Battle of Gaza,[30] after which Hamas retained control of Gaza while its officials were ousted from government positions in the West Bank.[30] Israel and Egypt then imposed an economic blockade on Gaza, on the grounds that Fatah forces were no longer providing security there.[31]
In June 2008, as part of an Egyptian-brokered ceasefire, Hamas ceased rocket attacks on Israel and made some efforts to prevent attacks by other organizations.[32][33] After a four months calm, the conflict escalated when Israel carried out a military action with the stated aim to prevent an abduction planned by Hamas, using a tunnel that had been dug under the border security fence,[33] killing seven Hamas operatives. In retaliation, Hamas attacked Israel with a barrage of rockets.[33][34] In late December 2008, Israel attacked Gaza,[35] withdrawing its forces from the territory in mid-January 2009.[36] After the Gaza War, Hamas continued to govern the Gaza strip and Israel maintained its economic blockade. On May 4, 2011, Hamas and Fatah announced a reconciliation agreement that provides for "creation of a joint caretaker Palestinian government" prior to national elections scheduled for 2012.[37]
Etymology
Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, or Harakat al-Muqāwama al-Islāmiyya or "Islamic Resistance Movement". The Arabic word Hamas also means devotion and zeal in the path of Allah.[38] The Hamas covenant interprets its name to mean "strength and bravery."[39]
Leadership and structure
Map of Key Hamas Leadership Nodes. 2010
Current leader, Khaled MeshaalHamas comprises three interrelated wings. The social welfare and political wings, which are responsible for the social, administrative, political, and propaganda activities of Hamas, and the military wing, which is engaged in covert activities, such as acting against suspected collaborators, gathering intelligence on potential targets, procuring weapons, and carrying out military attacks.[40]
Consultative councils
The Majlis al-Shura (consultative council) is the group's overarching political and decision making body. It includes representatives from Gaza, the West Bank, Israeli prisons, and the exiled external leadership, the Political Bureau, based in Damascus. Under this Shura council are committees responsible for supervising Hamas activities, from media relations to military operations. In the West Bank and Gaza, local Shura committees answer to the Shura council and carry out its decisions.[40]
Hamas's highest decision-making body is its Political Bureau, which consists of 15 members and operates in exile in Damascus, Syria. The bureau is elected by members who select their representatives in local Consultative Councils in specific geographic regions. The councils then nominate representatives to the General Consultative Council, and the Political Bureau is elected by members of the General Consultative Council.[2]
Military wing
Main article: Izz ad-Din al-Qassam BrigadesThe Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, Hamas's military wing formed in 1992, is named in commemoration of influential Palestinian nationalist Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam. Armed Hamas cells sometimes refer to themselves as "Students of Ayyash", "Students of the Engineer", or "Yahya Ayyash Units",[41] to commemorate Yahya Ayyash, an early Hamas bomb-maker killed in 1996.[7] Since its establishment, the military capability of Hamas has increased markedly, from rifles to Qassam rockets and more.[42]
While the number of members is known only to the Brigades leadership, Israel estimates the Brigades have a core of several hundred members who receive military style training, including training in Iran and Syria.[43] Additionally, the brigades have an estimated 10,000 operatives "of varying degrees of skill and professionalism" who are members of Hamas or their supporters and the internal security forces. These operatives can be expected to reinforce the Brigades in an "emergency situation".[44]
Although the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades are an integral part of Hamas, they also operate independently of Hamas, and at times contrary to Hamas' stated aims.[45] Most analysts agree that although differences of opinion between the Hamas military and political wing exist, Hamas’s internal discipline is strong enough to contain them.[46] Political scientists Ilana Kass and Bard O'Neill liken Hamas's relationship with the Brigades to the Northern Ireland political party Sinn Féin's relationship to the military arm of the Irish Republican Army.[47] To further explain the relationship, they quote a senior Hamas official: "The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade is a separate armed military wing, which has its own leaders who do not take their orders from [Hamas] and do not tell us of their plans in advance."[47] However, according to former U.S. Department of Treasury official and terrorism expert Matthew Levitt, the Hamas Political Bureau operates as the highest ranking leadership body determining the policy of the Hamas organization and has responsibility for directing and coordinating terrorist acts. Hamas’ founder, Sheikh Ahmad Yassin, stated in 1998: "We can not separate the wing from the body. If we do so, the body will not be able to fly. Hamas is one body." [48][49]
Social welfare
Hamas is particularly popular among Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, though it also has a following in the West Bank, and to a lesser extent in other Middle Eastern countries. Its popularity stems in part from its welfare wing providing social services to Palestinians in the occupied territories. Such services are not generally provided by the Palestinian Authority. Israeli scholar Reuven Paz estimates that 90% of Hamas activities revolve around "social, welfare, cultural, and educational activities." Social services include running relief programs and funding schools, orphanages, mosques, healthcare clinics, soup kitchens, and sports leagues.[50]
In particular, Hamas funded health services where people could receive free or inexpensive medical treatment. Hamas greatly contributed to the health sector, and facilitated hospital and physician services in the Palestinian territory. On the other hand, Hamas’s use of hospitals is sometimes criticised as purportedly serving the promotion of violence against Israel.[51] The party is known to financially support families of those who have been killed (including suicide bombers) or imprisoned while carrying out militant action or supporting such action. Families of militants not affiliated with Hamas sometimes receive less.[52]
Hamas has funded education as well as the health service, and built Islamic charities, libraries, mosques and education centers for women. They also built nurseries, kindergartens and supervised religious schools that provide free meals to children. When children attend their schools and mosques, parents are required to sign oaths of allegiance. Refugees, as well as those left without homes, are able to claim financial and technical assistance from Hamas.[53]
The work of Hamas in these fields supplements that provided by the United Nations Relief Works Agency (UNRWA). Hamas is also well regarded by Palestinians for its efficiency and perceived lack of corruption compared to Fatah.[54] Since the 2008–2009 Israeli military operation in Gaza, Palestinian public opinion polls have shown Hamas steadily increasing in popularity with 52% support compared to 13% for Fatah. All public opinion surveys conducted recently have supported this trend.[55]
Despite building materials needing to be smuggled into the territory, luxury beach resorts and tourist facilities operated by the interior ministry have been constructed by Hamas government linked charities which include gardens, playgrounds, football fields, a zoo and restaurants aimed to provide employment and low cost entertainment for citizens. Some Palestinians have complained about the admission fee, criticizing Hamas for charging them to use "government-owned" property.[56]
Goals
Hamas's 1988 charter calls for the replacement of Israel and the Palestinian Territories with an Islamic Palestinian state. After the elections in 2006, Hamas co-founder Mahmoud Al-Zahar did not rule out the possibility of accepting a "temporary two-state solution", and stated that he dreamed "of hanging a huge map of the world on the wall at my Gaza home which does not show Israel on it."[57] Xinhua reports that Al-Zahar "did not rule out the possibility of having Jews, Muslims and Christians living under the sovereignty of an Islamic state."[57] In late 2006, Ismail Haniyeh, the political leader of Hamas, said that if a Palestinian state was formed within the 1967 lines, Hamas was willing to declare a truce that could last as long as 20 years, and stated that Hamas will never recognize the "usurper Zionist government" and will continue "jihad-like movement until the liberation of Jerusalem".[58]
In an April 2008 meeting between Hamas leader Khaled Meshal and former US President Jimmy Carter, an understanding was reached in which Hamas agreed it would respect the creation of a Palestinian state in the territory seized by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, provided this were ratified by the Palestinian people in a referendum. Hamas later publicly offered a long-term truce with Israel if Israel agreed to return to its 1967 borders and grant the "right of return" to all Palestinian refugees. In November 2008, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh re-stated that Hamas was willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1949 armistice lines, and offered Israel a long-term truce "if Israel recognized the Palestinians' national rights."[59]
Israel has rejected some truce offers by Hamas because it contends the group uses them to prepare for more fighting rather than peace.[60] The Atlantic magazine columnist Jeffrey Goldberg, along with other analysts, believes Hamas may be incapable of permanent reconciliation with Israel.[61][62] Mkhaimer Abusada, a political scientist at Al Azhar University writes that Hamas talks "of hudna [temporary ceasefire], not of peace or reconciliation with Israel. They believe over time they will be strong enough to liberate all historic Palestine.”[63]
On 1 December 2010, Ismail Haniyeh said that "Hamas will respect the results (of a referendum) regardless of whether it differs with its ideology and principles"[64] and that "We accept a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital, the release of Palestinian prisoners, and the resolution of the issue of refugees."[65]
Charter
Main article: Hamas CharterThe Hamas Charter (or Covenant), issued in 1988, outlined the organization's position on many issues at the time, identifies Hamas as the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine and declares its members to be Muslims who "fear God and raise the banner of Jihad in the face of the oppressors." The charter states "our struggle against the Jews is very great and very serious" and calls for the eventual creation of an Islamic state in Palestine, in place of Israel and the Palestinian Territories,[39] and the obliteration or dissolution of Israel.[66][67] The Charter also asserts that through shrewd manipulation of imperial countries and secret societies, Zionists were behind a wide range of events and disasters going as far back in history as the French Revolution. Among the charter's controversial statements is the following: "The time will not come until Muslims will fight the Jews [and kill them]; until the Jews hide behind rocks and trees, which will cry: Oh Muslim! There is a Jew hiding behind me, come on and kill him!”[38] The document also quotes Islamic religious texts to provide justification for fighting against and killing the Jews of Israel,[68] presenting the Arab-Israeli conflict as an inherently irreconcilable struggle between Jews and Muslims, and Judaism and Islam,[38] adding that the only way to engage in this struggle between "truth and falsehood" is through Islam and by means of jihad, until victory or martyrdom.[38] The Charter adds that "renouncing any part of Palestine means renouncing part of the religion" of Islam.[69] The charter states that Hamas is humanistic, and tolerant of other religions as long as they do not block Hamas's efforts.[70]
Current Status
Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal indicated to Robert Pastor, senior adviser to the Carter Center, that the Charter is "a piece of history and no longer relevant, but cannot be changed for internal reasons."[71] Hamas do not use the Charter on their website and prefer to use their election manifesto to put forth their agenda.[72][73] Pastor states that those who quote the charter rather than more recent Hamas statements may be using the Charter as an excuse to ignore Hamas.[71]
British diplomat and former British ambassador to the UN Sir Jeremy Greenstock stated in early 2009 that the Hamas charter was "drawn up by a Hamas-linked imam some [twenty] years ago and has never been adopted since Hamas was elected as the Palestinian government in 2006".[74] Mohammed Nimer of American University comments on the Charter, “It’s a tract meant to mobilize support and it should be amended... It projects anger, not vision.”[75] Dr. Ahmed Yousef an adviser to Ismail Haniyeh has questioned the use of the charter by Israel and its supporters to brand Hamas as a fundamentalist, terrorist, racist, anti-Semitic organization and claims that they have taken parts of the charter out of context for propaganda purposes. He claims that they dwell on the charter and ignore that Hamas has changed its views with time.[76]
In March 2006, Hamas released its official legislative program. The document clearly signaled that Hamas could refer the issue of recognizing Israel to a national referendum. Under the heading “Recognition of Israel,” it stated simply (AFP, 3/11/06): “The question of recognizing Israel is not the jurisdiction of one faction, nor the government, but a decision for the Palestinian people.This was a major shift away from their 1988 charter”[77]
History
Main article: History of HamasEarly Islamic activism in Gaza
With its takeover of Gaza after the 1967 war with Egypt, Israel hunted down secular Palestinian Liberation Organization factions but dropped the previous Egyptian rulers' harsh restrictions against Islamic activists.[16] In fact, Israel for many years tolerated and at times encouraged Islamic activists and groups as a counterweight to the secular nationalists of the PLO and its dominant faction, Fatah.[16][78]
Among the activists benefited was Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Gaza, who had also formed the Islamist group Mujama al-Islamiya, a charity recognized by Israel in 1979. Israel allowed the organization to build mosques, clubs, schools, and a library in Gaza.[16]
Yitzhak Segev, the acting governor of Gaza in 1979, said he had no illusions about Yassin's intentions, having watched an Islamist movement topple the Shah as Israel's military attache in Iran. According to Segev, Yassin and his charity were completely peaceful towards Israel during this time, and Segev and other Israeli officials feared being viewed as an enemy of Islam. Segev maintained regular contact with Yassin, met with him around a dozen times, and arranged for Yassin to be taken to Israel for hospital treatment.[16]
Also, Segev said, Fatah was "our main enemy." [16][79] Islamists frequently attacked secular and leftist Palestinian movements, including Fatah, but the Israeli military avoided getting involved in those quarrels.[16] It stood aside, for example, when Mujama al-Islamiya activists stormed the Red Crescent charity's headquarters in Gaza, but Segev did send soldiers to prevent the burning down of the home of the head of the organization.[16]
In 1984 the Israeli army received intelligence that Sheikh Yassin's followers were collecting arms in Gaza. Israeli troops raided mosques and found a cache of weapons.[16] Yassin was arrested, but told his interrogators the weapons were meant to be used against secular Palestinians, not Israel. The cleric was released a year later and allowed to continue to develop his movement in Gaza.[16]
Around the time of Yassin's arrest, Avner Cohen, an Israeli religious affairs official, sent a report to senior military officers and civilian leadership in Gaza advising them of the dangers of the Islamic movement, but this report and similar ones were ignored.[16] Former military intelligence officer Shalom Harari said the warnings were ignored out of neglect, not a desire to fortify the Islamists: "Israel never financed Hamas. Israel never armed Hamas."[16][80]
Establishment
See also: First IntifadaIn 1987, several Palestinians were killed in a traffic accident involving an Israeli driver, and the events that followed – a Palestinian uprising (now known as the First Intifada) against Israel's West Bank and Gaza occupation – led Yassin and six other Palestinians to found Hamas as an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood movement. The new group was supported by Brotherhood-affiliated charities and social institutions that had already gained a strong foothold in the occupied territories. The acronym "Hamas" first appeared in 1987 in a leaflet that accused the Israeli intelligence services of undermining the moral fiber of Palestinian youth as part of Mossad's recruitment of what Hamas termed collaborators. Nonetheless, Israeli military and intelligence was still focused on Fatah, and continued to maintain contacts with Gaza's Islamic activists. Numerous Islamist leaders, including senior Hamas founder Mahmoud Zahar, met with Yitzhak Rabin as part of "regular consultations" between Israeli officials and Palestinians not linked to the PLO.[16]
Hamas carried out its first attack against Israel in 1989, abducting and killing two soldiers. The Israel Defense Forces immediately arrested Yassin and sentenced him to life in prison, and deported 400 Hamas activists, including Zahar, to South Lebanon, which at the time was occupied by Israel. During this time Hamas built a relationship with Hezbollah.
The 1990s
Hamas's military branch, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, was created in 1991.[81] During the 1990s the al-Qassam Brigades conducted numerous attacks on Israel, with both civilian and military victims. In April 1993, suicide bombings in the West Bank began.[82] After the February 1994 massacre by Baruch Goldstein of 30 Muslim civilians in a Hebron mosque, the al-Qassam Brigades began suicide attacks inside Israel.[83]
In December 1992 Israel responded to the killing of a border police officer by deporting 415 leading figures of Hamas and Islamic Jihad to Lebanon, which provoked international condemnation and a unanimous UN Security Council resolution condemning the action.[84][85]
Although the suicide attacks by the al-Qassam Brigades and other groups violated the 1993 Oslo accords (which Hamas opposed[86]), Palestinian Authority President Yasir Arafat was reluctant to pursue the attackers and may have had inadequate means to do so.[87] Some analysts state that the Palestinian Authority could have stopped the suicide and other attacks on civilians but refused to do so.[88]
According to the Congressional Research Service, Hamas admitted to having executed Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israeli authorities in the 1990s. A transcript of a training film by the al-Qassam Brigades tells how Hamas operatives kidnapped Palestinians accused of collaboration and then forced confessions before executing them.[17]
In 1996, Yahya Ayash, the chief bombmaker of Hamas and the leader of the West Bank battalion of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, was assassinated by the Israeli secret service.[87][89]
In September 1997, Israeli agents in Jordan attempted but failed to assassinate Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal, leading to chilled relations between the two countries and release of Sheikh Yassin, Hamas’s spiritual leader, from Israeli prison. Two years later Hamas was banned in Jordan, reportedly in part at the request of the United States, Israel, and the Palestinian Authority.[90] Jordan's King Abdullah feared the activities of Hamas and its Jordanian allies would jeopardize peace negotiations with Israel, and accused Hamas of engaging in illegitimate activities within Jordan.[91][92] In mid-September 1999, authorities arrested Hamas leaders Khaled Mashaal and Ibrahim Ghosheh on their return from a visit to Iran, and charged them with being members of an illegal organization, storing weapons, conducting military exercises, and using Jordan as a training base.[91][92][93] Hamas leaders denied the charges.[90] Mashaal was exiled and eventually settled in Syria.
Second Intifada
August 2001 Sbarro pizza restaurant bombing in Jerusalem, in which 15 Israeli civilians were killed. Hamas said the attack was in response to Israel's assassination of its officials, including two senior leaders.[94]Al-Qassam Brigades militants were among the armed groups that launched both military-style attacks and suicide bombings against Israeli civilian and military targets during the Second Intifada (also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada (Arabic: انتفاضة الأقصى, Intifāḍat El Aqṣa; Hebrew: אינתיפאדת אל-אקצה, Intifādat El-Aqtzah), which began in late September 2000. This Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule in the occupied territories was much more violent than the First Intifada. The military and civilian death toll is estimated at 5500 Palestinians and more than 1100 Israelis, as well as 64 foreigners.[95] A 2007 study of Palestinian suicide bombings during the second intifada (September 2000 through August 2005) found that about 40 percent were carried out by the al-Qassam Brigades.[96]
The immediate trigger for the uprising is disputed, but a more general cause, writes U.S. political science professor Jeremy Pressman, was “popular Palestinian discontent [that] grew during the Oslo peace process because the reality on the ground did not match the expectations created by the peace agreements.”[97] Hamas would be the beneficiary of this growing discontent in the 2006 Palestinian Authority legislative elections.
In January 2004, Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmed Yassin said that the group would end armed resistance against Israel in exchange for a Palestinian state in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and east Jerusalem, and that restoring Palestinians' "historical rights" (relating to the 1948 Palestinian exodus) "would be left for future generations."[98] On January 25, 2004, senior Hamas official Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi offered a 10-year truce, or hudna, in return for the establishment of a Palestinian state and the complete withdrawal by Israel from the territories captured in the 1967 Six Day War.[98] Al-Rantissi stated that Hamas had come to the conclusion that it was "difficult to liberate all our land at this stage, so we accept a phased liberation."[98][99] Israel immediately dismissed al-Rantissi's statements as insincere and a smokescreen for military preparations.[99] Yassin was assassinated on March 22, 2004, by a targeted Israeli air strike,[100] and al-Rantisi was assassinated by a similar air strike on April 18, 2004.[101]
2006 presidential and legislative elections
While Hamas boycotted the 2005 Palestinian presidential election, it did participate in the 2005 municipal elections organized by Yasser Arafat in the occupied territories. In those elections it won control of over one third of Palestinian municipal councils, besting Fatah, which had for long been the biggest force in Palestinian politics.[102]
In its election manifesto for the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Hamas omitted a call for an end to Israel, though it did still call for armed struggle against the occupation.[103][104] Hamas won the 2006 elections, winning 76 of the 132 seats to Fatah's 43.[105] Seen by many as primarily a rejection of the Fatah government's corruption and ineffectiveness, the Hamas victory seemingly had brought to an end 40 years of PLO domination of Palestinian politics.[105][106]
In early February 2006, Hamas offered Israel a 10-year truce "in return for a complete Israeli withdrawal from the occupied Palestinian territories: the West Bank, Gaza Strip and East Jerusalem,"[7] and recognition of Palestinian rights including the "right of return."[107] Mashal added that Hamas was not calling for a final end to armed operations against Israel, and it would not impede other Palestinian groups from carrying out such operations.[108]
After the election, the Quartet on the Middle East (the United States, Russia, the European Union (EU), and the United Nations) stated that assistance to the Palestinian Authority would only continue if Hamas renounced violence, recognized Israel, and accepted previous Israeli-Palestinian agreements, which Hamas refused to do.[109] The Quartet then imposed a freeze on all international aid to the Palestinian territories.[110]
In 2006 after the Gaza election, Hamas leader sent a letter addressed to George Bush where he among other things declared that Hamas would accept a state on the 1967 borders including a truce. However, the Bush administration didnt reply.[111]
Electoral Platform for Change and Reform
The Change and Reform List adopts a set of principles stemming from the Islamic tradition that we embrace. We see these principles as agreed upon not only by our Palestinian people, but also by our Arab and Islamic nation as a whole. These principles are:
1. True Islam with its civilized achievements and political, economic, social, and legal aspects is our frame of reference and our way of life. 2. Historic Palestine is part of the Arab and Islamic land and its ownership by the Palestinian people is a right that does not diminish over time. No military or legal measures will change that right. 3. The Palestinian people, wherever they reside, constitute a single and united people and form an integral part of the Arab and Muslim nation . . . [Quranic verse]. Our Palestinian people are still living a phase of national liberation, and thus they have the right to strive to recover their own rights and end the occupation using all means, including armed struggle. We have to make all our resources available to support our people and defeat the occupation and establish a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. 4. The right of return of all Palestinian refugees and displaced persons to their land and properties, and the right to self-determination and all other national rights, are inalienable and cannot be bargained away for any political concessions. 5. We uphold the indigenous and inalienable rights of our people to our land, Jerusalem, our holy places, our water resources, borders, and a fully sovereign independent Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. 6. Reinforcing and protecting Palestinian national unity is one of the priorities of the Palestinian national action. 7. The issue of the prisoners is at the top of the Palestinian agenda.[112]
Legislative policy and reforming the judiciary.
"stress the separation between the three powers, the legislative, executive and judicial; activate the role of the Constitutional Court; re-form the Judicial Supreme Council and choose its members by elections and on the basis of qualifications rather than partisan, personal, and social considerations . . . ; enact the necessary laws that guarantee the neutrality of general prosecutor . . . [and] laws that will stop any transgression by the executive power on the constitution".[112]
Public freedoms and citizen rights.
"Achieve equality before the law among citizens in rights and duties; bring security to all citizens and protect their properties and assure their safety against arbitrary arrest, torture, or revenge; stress the culture of dialogue . . . ; support the press and media institutions and maintain the right of journalists to access and to publish information; maintain freedom and independence of professional syndicates and preserve the rights of their membership".[112]
Hamas–Fatah conflict
Main articles: Fatah–Hamas conflict and Battle of Gaza (2007)After the formation of the Hamas-led cabinet on March 20, 2006, tensions between Fatah and Hamas militants progressively rose in the Gaza strip as Fatah commanders refused to take orders from the government while the Palestinian Authority initiated a campaign of demonstrations, assassinations and abductions against Hamas which led to Hamas responding.[113] Israeli intelligence warned Mahmoud Abbas that Hamas had planned to kill him at his office in Gaza. According to a Palestinian source close to Abbas, Hamas considers president Abbas to be a barrier to its complete control over Palestine and decided to kill him. In a statement to Al Jazeera, Hamas leader Mohammed Nazzal, accused Abbas of being party to besieging and isolating the Hamas-led government.[114]
On June 9, 2006, during an Israeli artillery operation, an explosion occurred on a busy Gaza beach, killing eight Palestinian civilians.[115][116] It was assumed that Israeli shellings were responsible for the killings, but Israeli government officials denied this.[117][118] Hamas formally withdrew from its 16-month ceasefire on June 10, taking responsibility for the subsequent Qassam rocket attacks launched from Gaza into Israel.[119]
Hostage Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit on Hamas posterOn June 25, two Israeli soldiers were killed and another, Gilad Shalit, abducted following a joint incursion by Fatah, Islamic Jihad, and Hamas. In response, the Israeli military launched Operation Summer Rains three days later, to secure the release of the kidnapped soldier,[120][121][122] arresting 64 Hamas officials. Among them were 8 Palestinian Authority cabinet ministers and up to 20 members of the Palestinian Legislative Council,[122] The arrests, along with other events, effectively prevented the Hamas-dominated legislature from functioning during most of its term.[123][124]
On February 2007 Saudi-sponsored negotiations in Mecca produced agreement on a signed by Mahmoud Abbas on behalf of Fatah and Khaled Mashal on behalf of Hamas. The new government was called on to achieve Palestinian national goals as approved by the Palestine National Council, the clauses of the Basic Law and the National Reconciliation Document (the "Prisoners' Document") as well as the decisions of the Arab summit.[125]
In March 2007, the Palestinian Legislative Council established a national unity government, with 83 representatives voting in favor and three against. Government ministers were sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas, the chairman on the Palestinian Authority, in at a ceremony held simultaneously in Gaza and Ramallah. In June that year, renewed fighting broke out between Hamas and Fatah.[126] In the course of the June 2007 Battle of Gaza, Hamas exploited the near total collapse of Palestinian Authority forces in Gaza, to retain [127] control of Gaza, ousting Fatah officials. President Mahmoud Abbas then dismissed the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government.[128] and outlawed the Hamas militia.[129] At least 600 Palestinians died in fighting between Hamas and Fatah.[130] Human Rights Watch, a U.S.-based group, accused both sides in the conflict of torture and war crimes.[131]
Human Rights Watch estimates several hundred Gazans were "maimed" and tortured in the aftermath of the Gaza War. 73 Gazan men accused of "collaborating" had their arms and legs broken by "unidentified perpetrators" and 18 Palestinians accused of collaborating with Israel, who had escaped from Gaza’s main prison compound after Israel bombed the facility, were executed by Hamas security officials in the first days of the conflict.[132][133]
Hamas security forces reportedly shot and tortured Palestinians who opposed Hamas rule in Gaza and openly supported Israel's attack. One victim, recovering from multiple gunshot wounds in the leg, told Human Rights Watch he was "so happy they bombed that I was giving out sweets.”[132]
In another case, a Palestinian had criticized Hamas in a conversation on the street with some friends. Later that day, more than a dozen armed men with black masks and red kaffiyeh took the man from his home, and brought him to a solitary area where they shot him three times in the lower legs and ankles. The man told Human Rights Watch that he was not politically active.[132]
Hamas security forces attacked hundreds Fatah officials who supported Israel. Human Rights Watch interviewed one such person:
“There were eight of us sitting there. We were all from Fatah. Then three masked militants broke in. They were dressed in brown camouflage military uniforms; they all had guns. They pointed their guns at us and cursed us, then they began beating us with iron rods, including a 10-year-old boy whom they hit in the face. They said we were “collaborators” and “unfaithful.” They beat me with iron sticks and gun butts for 15 minutes. They were yelling: “You are happy that Israel is bombing us!” until people came out of their houses, and they withdrew.[132]Gaza War
Main articles: Gaza war and United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza ConflictOn June 17, 2008, Egyptian mediators announced that an informal truce had been agreed to between Hamas and Israel.[134][135] Hamas agreed to cease rocket attacks on Israel, while Israel agreed to allow limited commercial shipping across its border with Gaza, barring any breakdown of the tentative peace deal; Hamas also hinted that it would discuss the release of Gilad Shalit.[136] Israeli sources state that Hamas also committed itself to enforce the ceasefire on the other Palestinian organizations.[33] Even before the truce was agreed to, some on the Israeli side were not optimistic about it, Shin Bet chief Yuval Diskin stating in May 2008 that a ground incursion into Gaza was unavoidable and would more effectively quell arms smuggling and pressure Hamas into relinquishing power.[137]
Damage to a Beersheba kindergarten from a Grad rocket fired from GazaWhile Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire, the lull was sporadically violated by other groups, sometimes in defiance of Hamas.[33][138][139] For example, on June 24 Islamic Jihad launched rockets at the Israeli town of Sderot; Israel called the attack a grave violation of the informal truce, and closed its border crossings with Gaza.[140] On November 4, 2008 Israeli forces, in an attempt to stop construction of a tunnel, killed six Hamas gunmen in a raid inside the Gaza Strip.[141][142] Hamas responded by resuming rocket attacks, a total of 190 rockets in November according to Israel's military.[143]
With the six-month truce officially expired on December 19, Hamas launched 50 to more than 70 rockets and mortars into Israel over the next three days, though no Israelis were injured.[144][145] On December 21, Hamas said it was ready to stop the attacks and renew the truce if Israel stopped its "aggression" in Gaza and opened up its border crossings.[145][146]
On December 27 and 28, Israel implemented Operation Cast Lead against Hamas. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak said "We warned Hamas repeatedly that rejecting the truce would push Israel to aggression against Gaza." According to Palestinian officials, over 280 people were killed and 600 were injured in the first two days of airstrikes.[147] Most were Hamas police and security officers, though many civilians also died.[147] According to Israel, militant training camps, rocket-manufacturing facilities and weapons warehouses that had been pre-identified were hit, and later they attacked rocket and mortar squads who fired around 180 rockets and mortars at Israeli communities.[148] Chief of Gaza police force Tawfiq Jabber, head of the General Security Service Salah Abu Shrakh,[149] senior religious authority and security officer Nizar Rayyan,[150] and Interior Minister Said Seyam[151] were among those killed during the fighting. Although Israel sent out thousands of cell-phone messages urging residents of Gaza to leave houses where weapons may be stored, in an attempt to minimise civilian casualties,[148] some residents complained there was nowhere to go because many neighborhoods had received the same message.[148][152][153] Israeli bombs landed close to civilian structures such as schools,[154][155] and some alleged that Israel was deliberately targeting Palestinian civilians.[156]
Israel declared a unilateral ceasefire on January 17, 2009.[157] Hamas responded the following day by announcing a one week ceasefire to give Israel time to withdraw its forces from the Gaza Strip.[158] Israeli, Palestinian, and third-party sources disagreed on the total casualty figures from the Gaza war, and the number of Palestinian casualties who were civilians.[159][160] In November 2010, a senior Hamas official acknowledged that up to 300 fighters were killed and "In addition to them, between 200 and 300 fighters from the Al-Qassam Brigades and another 150 security forces were martyred." These new numbers reconcile the total with those of the Israeli military, which originally said were 709 "terror operatives" killed.[161][162]
After the Gaza War
On August 16, 2009, Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal stated that the organization is ready to open dialogue with the Obama administration because its policies are much better than those of former US president George W. Bush: "As long as there's a new language, we welcome it, but we want to see not only a change of language, but also a change of policies on the ground. We have said that we are prepared to cooperate with the US or any other international party that would enable the Palestinians to get rid of occupation."[163] Despite this, an August 30, 2009 speech during a visit to Jordan[164] in which Mashaal expressed support for the Palestinian right of return was interpreted by David Pollock of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy as a sign that "Hamas has now clearly opted out of diplomacy."[165] In an interview on May 2010, Mashaal said that if a Palestinian state with real sovereignty was established under the conditions he set out, on the borders of 1967 with its capital Jerusalem and with the right of return, that will be the end of the Palestinian resistance, and then the nature of any subsequent ties with Israel would be decided democratically by the Palestinians.[166][167]
In July 2009, Khaled Meshal, Hamas's political bureau chief, stated Hamas's willingness to cooperate with a resolution to the Arab-Israeli conflict which included a Palestinian state based on 1967 borders, provided that Palestinian refugees be given the right to return to Israel and that East Jerusalem be recognized as the new state's capital.[citation needed]
Funding
As of 2009[update] the Council on Foreign Relations estimates Hamas's annual budget in at $70 million.[168]
In the early 2000s the largest backer of Hamas was Saudi Arabia, with over 50% of its funds coming from that country,[169] mainly through Islamic charity organizations.[170] An earlier estimate by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated a $50 million annual budget, mostly supplied by private charitable associations but with $12 million supplied directly by Gulf states, primarily Saudi Arabia, and a further $3 million from Iran. In 2002, a Saudi Arabian charity, the Saudi Council to Support the Palestinian Intefada run by the Saudi Interior Minister Prince Nayef Bin Abdul Aziz stated the council will give the families of 102 Hamas militants killed, including eight suicide bombers, $5,340 each.[171][172]
Saudi owned al-Taqwa Bank has been identified of holding money for Hamas as early as 1997. Jamie C. Zarate, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Treasury Department, told Congress that 60 million was moved to Hamas accounts with al-Taqwa bank. The Al Taqwa bank has also been used to launder funds for Al Qaeda.[173][174][175] The funding by Saudi Arabia continued despite Saudi pledges to stop funding groups such as Hamas that have used violence,[176] and its recent denouncements of Hamas' lack of unity with Fatah.[177] According to the US State Department, Hamas is funded by Iran, Palestinian expatriates, and "private benefactors in Saudi Arabia and other Arab states."[10] Saudi spokesman Adel Al Jubeir said that “no Saudi government money goes to Hamas, directly or indirectly.” He added that it “very likely” that “some Saudi individuals” have provided financial support to Hamas.[178]
In 2004, reports citing unidentified U.S. and Israeli intelligence officials indicated that Saudi funding for Hamas had been curtailed and replaced by other regional sponsors. In June 2004 testimony before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, former Treasury Department General Counsel David Aufhauser quoted “informed intelligence sources” as saying that “for whatever reason, the money going to Hamas from Saudi Arabia has substantially dried up.”[178] Aufhauser indicated that Saudi financial support “has been supplemented by money from Iran and Syria flowing through even more dangerous rejectionist groups in the West Bank.”[178] Similarly, Israeli daily Maariv quoted in 2004 an unidentified Israeli military official as saying that “for the first time in years the Saudis have begun to reduce the flow of funds to Hamas and to the Gaza Strip.”[178] This source attributes this change largely to U.S. pressure on Saudi Arabia to stem the flow of funding to Hamas and other terrorist organizations.[178] According to the US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), another reported funding source for Hamas is through the 21,000 Arabs of Palestinian and Lebanese descent who live in the Foz do Iguaçu area of the tri-border region of Latin America. According to Paraguayan Interior Minister Julio César Fanego, they have donated "something between $50 and $500 million" to 16 Arab extremist groups between 1999 and 2001, in amounts ranging from $500 to $2,000.[179][180]
In the late 1980s, 10% of all Hamas funding came Islamic Republic of Iran.[181] Later, from 1993 to 2006, Iran provided Hamas with approximately $30 US million annually. More recent assessments indicate that Iranian funding has increased significantly between 2006–2009, to hundreds of millions of Euros per year. After 2009, sanctions on Iran made funding difficult, forcing Hamas instead to rely on religious donations by individuals in the West Bank, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia.[182][183] Since June 2011 funding from the Islamic Republic of Iran has been cut to show "displeasure at Hamas's failure to hold public rallies in support of President Assad" in the face of the Syrian uprising, and funding from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt has been cut so the MB can diverts funds "to support Arab Spring revolts".[184] The shortages have meant that Gaza's 40,000 civil service and security employees were not paid July 2011.[184]
Hamas-linked charities in 2010 invested heavily in Gaza business ventures, with the condition that much of revenue stream from those ventures go to Hamas-linked charitable purposes in Gaza.[185] Generally, Hamas and its members have increasingly dominated the Gaza economy, in particular since the 2006 Israel-led blockade of Gaza and Gaza elections.[186][187]
Gaza domestic funding
Hamas approved a 540 million dollar government budget for 2010 with up to 90% coming from "undisclosed" foreign aid which includes funding from Iran and Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood according to western intelligence agencies.[184] Due to the Gaza blockade, Hamas still faces a financial crisis. With a bureaucracy of around 30,000 staff, the organisation is growing faster than can be handled with salaries being delayed or prioritised for the lowest paid. To fund it's budget, Hamas has raised new taxes on businesses and imposed a 14.5% tax on luxury goods smuggled through the tunnels. Gaza businessmen have accused Hamas of profiting from the blockade and using these taxes to buy large tracts of land and private buildings for public facilities in competition to established businesses.[184][188][189]
In August 2011, the U.S State Department threatened to cut a 100 million dollars in aid it sends to the Gaza Strip if Hamas continues to insist upon auditing American foreign aid organizations after Hamas suspended operations of the International Medical Corps following the group's refusal to submit to an onsite audit. Most foreign charities submit their own audits to the Interior Ministry in Ramallah. Charities must be audited by law, possibly to ensure money is not diverted for political or intelligence-gathering purposes but as the U.S. government forbids direct contact with Hamas the action prompted Washington to issue the threat via a third party. Aid provided by American and other foreign groups goes to hundreds of thousands of Palestinians in Gaza, where most of the 1.6 million residents are refugees[190][191]
A US official based in the region said "USAID-funded partner organizations operating in Gaza are forced by Hamas's actions to suspend their assistance work. (They) were put on hold effective August 12."[192] According to the official, Hamas demanded access to files and records of NGOs, which would reveal financial and administrative information, details of staff members and information on beneficiaries. He said Hamas shut down IMC and USAID after the US objected to "unwarranted audits". Hamas administration official Taher al-Nono said Hamas had a right to monitor their work in the territory but an understanding had been reached that would allow independent auditing teams to inspect the files of NGOs.[193]
A day after the US announced it was suspending financial aid to Gaza, Hamas officials said they had reached an agreement with the United States that would allow USAID to continue operations.[194]
In August 2011, the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip imposed new travel restrictions on Palestinians active in non-governmental organizations by requiring them to provide details of the trip to the ministry in what the Palestinian NGO Network regards as another Hamas attempt to control and hamper them. The Palestinian Center for Human Rights condemned the new laws. Tharut al Bic, head of the interior ministry’s NGO department, stated that “the new instructions are intended to make it easier for travellers to better organize their trip and to preserve order”. Hamas requires sick people wishing to leave the Gaza Strip to submit applications and meet various conditions, in addition to restrictions Israel imposes on Palestinians leaving Gaza.[195]
Media
In 2005, Hamas announced its intention to launch an experimental TV channel, "Al-Aqsa TV". The station was launched on January 7, 2006, less than three weeks before the Palestinian legislative elections. It has shown television programs, including some children's television, which deliver anti-semitic messages.[196] Hamas has stated that the television station is "an independent media institution that often does not express the views of the Palestinian government headed by Ismail Haniyeh or of the Hamas movement," and that Hamas does not hold anti-semitic views.[197]
Islamization efforts
In the Gaza Strip
Main article: Islamization of the Gaza StripFrom 1987 to 1991, during the first intifada, Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab alongside other measures, including insisting women stay at home be segregated from men, and the promotion of polygamy. In the course of this campaign women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn 'just to avoid problems on the streets'.[198]
Since Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, some of its members have attempted to impose Islamic dress or the Hijab head covering on women.[63][199] Also, the government’s "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn citizens of the dangers of immodest dress, card playing and dating.[200] However, there are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards, and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.[63] There has also been successful resistance to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women.[201]
Hamas officials deny having any plans to impose Islamic law, one legislator stating that “What you are seeing are incidents, not policy,” and that Islamic law is the desired standard "but we believe in persuasion.”[200] The Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.[63] In March 2010, the BBC interviewed five "middle-class" women in Gaza City in March 2010, and all indicated there had been little or no change toward more conservative dress and mores.[202]
In the West Bank
In 2005, the human rights organization Freemuse released a report titled "Palestine: Taliban-like attempts to censor music", which said that Palestinian musicians feared that harsh religious laws against music and concerts will be imposed since Hamas group scored political gains in the Palestinian Authority local elections of 2005.[203]
The attempt by Hamas to dictate a cultural code of conduct in the 1980s and early 1990s led to a violent fighting between different Palestinan sectors. Hamas members reportedly burned down stores that stocked videos which they deemed indecent and destroyed books which they described as "heretical." [204]
In 2005, an outdoor music and dance performance in Qalqiliya were suddenly banned by the Hamas led municipality, for the reason that such an event would be forbidden by Islam, or "Haram".[205] The municipality also ordered that music no longer be played in the Qalqiliya zoo, and mufti Akrameh Sabri issued a religious edict affirming the municipality decision.[204] In response, the Palestinian national poet Mahmoud Darwish warned that "There are Taliban-type elements in our society, and this is a very dangerous sign".[203][204][206][207]
The Palestinian columnist Mohammed Abd Al-Hamid, a resident of Ramallah, wrote that this religious coercion could cause the migration of artists, and said "The religious fanatics in Algeria destroyed every cultural symbol, shattered statues and rare works of art and liquidated intellectuals and artists, reporters and authors, ballet dancers and singers – are we going to imitate the Algerian and Afghani examples?"[204]
Tayyip Erdoğan's Turkey as a Role Model
Some Hamas members stated that the model of Islamic government that Hamas seeks to emulate is that of Turkey under the rule of Tayyip Erdoğan. The foremost members to distance Hamas from the practices of Taliban and to publicly support the Erdoğan model were Ahmad Yousef and Ghazi Hamad, advisers to Prime Minister Hanieh.[208][209] Yusuf, the Hamas deputy foreign minister, reflected this goal in an interview to a Turkish newspaper, stating that while foreign public opinion equates Hamas with the Taliban or al-Qaeda, the analogy is inaccurate. Yusuf described the Taliban as “opposed to everything,” including education and women’s rights, while Hamas wants to establish good relations between the religious and secular elements of society and strives for human rights, democracy and an open society.[210] According to professor Yezid Sayigh of the King's College in London, how influential this view is within Hamas is uncertain, since both Ahmad Yousef and Ghazi Hamad were dismissed from their posts as advisers to Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Hanieh in October 2007.[208] Both have since been appointed to other prominent positions within the Hamas government. Khaled al-Hroub of the West Bank-based and anti-Hamas[211] Palestinian daily Al Ayyam added that despite claims by Hamas leaders that it wants to repeat the Turkish model of Islam, "what is happening on the ground in reality is a replica of the Taliban model of Islam".[212]
Antisemitism and anti-Zionism
See also: Racism in the Palestinian territoriesAccording to academic Esther Webman, antisemitism is not the main tenet of Hamas ideology, although antisemitic rhetoric is frequent and intense in Hamas leaflets. The leaflets generally do not differentiate between Jews and Zionists. In other Hamas publications and in interviews with its leaders attempts at this differentiation have been made.[213] In 2009 representatives of the small Jewish sect Neturei Karta met with Hamas leader Ismail Haniya in Gaza, who stated that he held nothing against Jews but only against the state of Israel.[214]
Hamas Charter (1988)
Main article: Hamas Covenant- Article 7 of the Hamas Covenant provides the following quotation, attributed to Mohammed:
"The Day of Judgement will not come about until Moslems fight the Jews (killing the Jews), when the Jew will hide behind stones and trees. The stones and trees will say O Moslems, O Abdulla, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him. Only the Gharkad tree, (evidently a certain kind of tree) would not do that because it is one of the trees of the Jews."[215]
- Article 22 states that the French revolution, the Russian revolution, colonialism and both world wars were created by the Zionists or forces supportive of Zionism:
"You may speak as much as you want about regional and world wars. They were behind World War I, when they were able to destroy the Islamic Caliphate, making financial gains and controlling resources. They obtained the Balfour Declaration, formed the League of Nations through which they could rule the world. They were behind World War II, through which they made huge financial gains by trading in armaments, and paved the way for the establishment of their state. It was they who instigated the replacement of the League of Nations with the United Nations and the Security Council to enable them to rule the world through them. There is no war going on anywhere, without having their finger in it."[216]
- Article 32 of the Covenant refers to an antisemitic forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion:
"Today it is Palestine, tomorrow it will be one country or another. The Zionist plan is limitless. After Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates. When they will have digested the region they overtook, they will aspire to further expansion, and so on. Their plan is embodied in the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", and their present conduct is the best proof of what we are saying."[215]
Statements by Hamas members and clerics
In 2008 Imam Yousif al-Zahar of Hamas said in his sermon at the Katib Wilayat mosque in Gaza that "Jews are a people who cannot be trusted. They have been traitors to all agreements. Go back to history. Their fate is their vanishing.".[61][217] In an interview on the same year, Hamas Culture Minister Atallah Abu Al-Subh stated that "[218] The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is the faith that every Jew harbors in his heart".[219]
Another Hamas legislator and imam, Sheik Yunus al-Astal, discussed a Koranic verse suggesting that "suffering by fire is the Jews' destiny in this world and the next". He concluded "Therefore we are sure that the Holocaust is still to come upon the Jews".[61][217]
According to MEMRI, in September 1996 the Hamas monthly Falastin Al-Muslima had published a series of articles by Shaykh Ibrahim Al-'Ali, on how Allah punished the Jews of Iliya, transforming them into animals, a punishment that left a mark on Jews - "their opinions, their feelings, and their ways of thought – which are reflected in face and external appearance – became like their nature and like the appearance of apes and pigs". Al-'Ali explained that the Jews later invented the theory of evolution, to prove that the entire human race was descended from apes, to cover their own shame of being "the brothers of apes and pigs". Sunni tradition also holds that Shi'ites suffered the same fate "because the Jews invented the Shi'a (Shia religion)...and is pervaded by [the Jews'] beliefs."[220]
Statements on the Holocaust
Hamas has been explicit in its Holocaust Denial. In reaction to the Stockholm conference on the Jewish Holocaust, held in late January 2000, Hamas issued a press release which it published on its official website, containing the following statements from a senior leader:
This conference bears a clear Zionist goal, aimed at forging history by hiding the truth about the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis. (...) The invention of these grand illusions of an alleged crime that never occurred, ignoring the millions of dead European victims of Nazism during the war, clearly reveals the racist Zionist face, which believes in the superiority of the Jewish race over the rest of the nations. (...) By these methods, the Jews in the world flout scientific methods of research whenever that research contradicts their racist interests.[221]
In August 2003, senior Hamas official Dr Abd Al-Aziz Al-Rantisi wrote in the Hamas newspaper Al-Risala that the Zionists encouraged murder of Jews by the Nazis with the aim of forcing them to immigrate to Palestine.[222]
In 2005, Khaled Mashaal called Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's December 14, 2005 statements on the Holocaust that Europeans had "created a myth in the name of Holocaust"[223]) as "courageous."[224] Later in 2008, Basim Naim, the minister of health in the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority government in Gaza countered holocaust denial, and said "it should be made clear that neither Hamas nor the Palestinian government in Gaza denies the Nazi Holocaust. The Holocaust was not only a crime against humanity but one of the most abhorrent crimes in modern history. We condemn it as we condemn every abuse of humanity and all forms of discrimination on the basis of religion, race, gender or nationality."[225]
In an open letter to Gaza Strip UNRWA chief John Ging published August 20, 2009, the movement's Popular Committees for Refugees called the Holocaust "a lie invented by the Zionists," adding that the group refused to let Gazan children study about it.[226] Hamas leader Younis al-Astal continued by saying that having the Holocaust included in the UNRWA curriculum for Gaza students amounted to "marketing a lie and spreading it." Al-Astal continued "I do not exaggerate when I say this issue is a war crime, because of how it serves the Zionist colonizers and deals with their hypocrisy and lies."[227][228]
Criticism
Proximity to civilians during warfare
New York Times journalist Steven Erlanger reported that "Hamas rocket and weapons caches, including rocket launchers, have been discovered in and under mosques, schools and civilian homes."[229] Another report published by Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center revealed that Hamas used close to 100 mosques to store weapons and as launch-pads to shoot rockets. The report contains testimony from variety Palestinian sources, including a Hamas militant Sabhi Majad Atar, who said he was taught how to shoot rockets from inside a mosque.[230] Hamas has also been criticized by Israeli officials for blending into or hiding among the Palestinian civilian population During the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict.[231] The Israeli government published what it said was video evidence of human shield tactics by Hamas.[232] Israel said that Hamas frequently used mosques and school yards[233] as hideouts and places to store weapons,[234][235] and that Hamas militants stored weapons in their homes, making it difficult to ensure that civilians close to legitimate military targets are not hurt during Israeli military operations.[236] Israeli officials also accused the Hamas leadership of hiding under Shifa Hospital during the conflict, using the patients inside to deter an Israeli attack.[229][237]
The Israeli government a filed report entitled "Gaza Operations Investigation: Second Update" to the United Nations accusing Hamas of exploiting its rules of engagement by shooting rockets and launching attacks within protected civilian areas.[238][239][240] Israel says 12,000 rockets and mortars were fired at it between 2000 and 2008 - nearly 3,000 in 2008 alone.[241]
In one case, an errant Israeli mortar strike killed dozens of people near a UN school. Hamas said that the mortar killed 42 people and left dozens wounded. Israel said that Hamas militants had launched a rocket from a yard adjacent to the school and one mortar of three rounds hit the school, due to a GPS error. According to the Israeli military probe, the remaining two rounds hit the yard used to launch rockets into Israel, killing two members of Hamas' military wing who fired the rockets.[242]
Human Right Watch called Hamas to "publicly renounce" the rocket attacks against Israeli civilians and hold those responsible to account. Human Right Watch program director Iain Levine said the attacks by Hamas were "unlawful and unjustifiable, and amount to war crimes", and accused Hamas of putting Palestinians at risk by launching attacks from built-up areas.[241] Hamas spokesman relied that the report was "biased" and he denied that Hamas uses human shields.[241]
Human Rights Watch investigated 19 incidents involving 53 civilian deaths in Gaza which Israel said were the result of Hamas fighting in densely populated areas and did not find evidence for existence of Palestinian fighters in the areas at the time of the Israeli attack. In other cases where no civilians had died, the report concluded that Hamas may have deliberately fired rockets from areas close to civilians.[243] HRW also investigated 11 deaths that Israel said were civilians being used as human shields by Hamas. HRW found no evidence that the civilians were used as human shields, nor had they been shot in crossfire.[244]
The Israeli 'human shields' charge against Hamas was called "full of holes" by "The National (Abu Dhabi)", which stated that only Israel accused Hamas of using human shields during the conflict, though Hamas "may be guilty" of “locating military objectives within or near densely populated areas” and for "deliberately firing indiscriminate weapons into civilian populated areas".[245]
Criticism of rocket and mortar attacks
The rocket attacks by Hamas have been condemned by Human rights organizations as war crimes, both because they usually target civilians and because the weapons' inaccuracy would disproportionately endanger civilians even if military targets were chosen. Human Rights Watch has also condemned the attackers for firing from near residential structures, thus putting Gazan civilians at unnecessary risk.[246]
In July 2008 Barack Obama, then the Democratic presidential candidate, said: "If somebody was sending rockets into my house, where my two daughters sleep at night, I’m going to do everything in my power to stop that, and I would expect Israelis to do the same thing."[247] On December 28, 2008, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice said in a statement: "the United States strongly condemns the repeated rocket and mortar attacks against Israel".[248] On March 2, 2009 Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned the attacks.[249]
The August 2, 2010 Rocket attacks on Eilat and Aqaba and Aqaba sparked rage in Egypt at Hamas and Iran. The Egyptian press stated that the firing of the rockets from Egyptian territory by Hamas or by organizations cooperating with it constituted the crossing of a red line. The Egyptian position is that Iran is employing local proxies, such as Hamas, to escalate violence in the Middle East and to sabotage the Palestinian reconciliation efforts, as well as efforts to renew Palestinian-Israeli peace negotiations.[250] Later that year, the Egyptian government daily Al-Gumhouriyya also slammed Hamas's firing of "primitive" rockets at Israel that, according to the writer, serve only to prompt a deadly response from Israel. He blamed Hamas for turning the Gaza Strip into a "big prison" isolated from the world, where the residents suffer poverty while the leaders live in luxury.[251]
Children
Children as human shields
Israel has accused Hamas of using children as human shields. The Israeli government released video footage of Hamas in which it describes as two Hamas militants grabbing a young boy's arm from behind holding him to walk in front of them toward a group of people waiting near a wall. The IDF argues the militants were placing the boy between themselves and an Israeli sniper. The second scene shows an individual, described as a Hamas militant, grabbing a school boy off of a floor, where he is hiding behind a column from IDF fire, and using him as a human shield to walk to a different location.[252]
In November 2006, the Israeli Air Force warned Muhammad Weil Baroud, a Palestinian militant accused of launching rockets into Israeli territory, to evacuate his home in a Jabalya refugee camp apartment block in advance of a planned Israeli air strike. Hamas responded by calling for volunteers to protect the apartment block and nearby buildings and, according to the Jerusalem Post, hundreds of local residents, mostly women and children, responded. Israel suspended the air strike. Israel termed the Hamas action an example of the use of human shields, although surrounding an apartment block under most interpretations of international law is not such an example, since the term "human shield" involves warring parties placing civilians in "proximity to a legitimate military target."[253][254] In response to the incident, Hamas proclaimed: 'We won. From now on we will form human chains around every house threatened with demolition.'"[255] In a November 22 press release, Human Rights Watch condemned Hamas, stating: "There is no excuse for calling civilians to the scene of a planned attack. Whether or not the home is a legitimate military target, knowingly asking civilians to stand in harm's way is unlawful".[256] Political scientist Norman Finkelstein organized a campaign against the Human Rights Watch condemnation, asking "Is it a war crime to protect one’s home from collective punishment?"[257]
When the UN-sponsored Goldstone Commission Report on the Gaza War was commissioned in 2009, it stated that it "found no evidence that Palestinian combatants mingled with the civilian population with the intention of shielding themselves from attack."[258]
Children as combatants
The Israeli government released a video compiled mostly from Arab news sources showing Palestinian children under the age of 15 going through military training and carrying and firing arms. The video's narration explains that Hamas indoctrinates these child combatants and that Hamas operators send the children "on missions from which they would not risk their own lives." According to the Israeli government, the children are used as spotters, to transport explosives and weapons, sent to play in areas to deter Israeli attacks and are sent unknowingly with explosive devices in their schoolbags to be blown up in the vicinity of Israelis.[259] The United Nations defines the use of children for military purposes as a war crime and a form of slavery. See Military use of children.
Although Hamas admits to sponsoring summer schools to train teenagers in handling weapons they condemn attacks by children. Following the deaths of three teenagers during a 2002 attack on Netzarim in central Gaza, Hamas banned attacks by children and "called on the teachers and religious leaders to spread the message of restraint among young boys".[260][261]
Children's Magazine
Main article: Al-FatehAl-Fateh ("the conqueror") is the Hamas children's magazine, published biweekly in London, and also posted in an online website. It began publication in September 2002, and its 108th issue was released in mid-September 2007. The magazine features stories, poems, riddles, and puzzles, and states it is for "the young builders of the future".[262]
According to MEMRI, the magazine includes incitement to jihad and martyrdom and glorification of terrorist operations and of their planners and perpetrators. as well as characterizations of Jews as "murderers of the prophets" and laudatory descriptions of parents who encourage their sons to kill Jews. In each issue, a regular feature titled "The Story of a Martyr" presents the "heroic deeds" of a mujahid from one of the organizations who died in a suicide operation, including operations against civilians, or who was killed by the IDF. MEMRI also noted that the magazine includes illustrations of figures, including child warriors, who embody the ethos of jihad and martyrdom, presenting them as role models. These include the magazine's titular character, Al-Fateh ("The Conqueror") - a small boy on a horse brandishing a drawn scimitar - as well as children carrying guns, and photos of Hamas fighters launching Qassam rockets.[263][264]
Al-Aqsa TV
Main article: Al-Aqsa TVSee also: Tomorrow's PioneersAl-Aqsa TV is a television channel founded by Hamas.[265] The station began broadcasting in the Gaza Strip on January 9, 2006.[266][267] Its programming includes ideologically tinged children's shows, news talk, and religiously inspired entertainment.[268] According to the Anti-Defamation League, the station promotes terrorist activity and incites hatred of Jews and Israelis.[267] Hamas has stated that the television station is "an independent media institution that often does not express the views of the Palestinian government headed by Ismail Haniyeh or of the Hamas movement," and that Hamas does not hold anti-semitic views.[197]
Al-Aqsa TV is headed by Fathi Ahmad Hammad, chairman of al-Ribat Communications and Artistic Productions - a Hamas-run company which also produces Hamas's radio station, Voice of al-Aqsa, and its bi-weekly newspaper, The Message.[269]
Teenage Academic Scholars Travel Ban
In September 2011, according to the Palestinian Center for Human Rights, the Hamas minister of education informed eight high school National Merit Scholar students that they could not leave the Gaza Strip to study in the United States, saying the reasons were "social and cultural."[270]
Dissent and the media
Human rights groups and Gazans have accused the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip of restricing freedom of the press and forcefully suppressing dissent. Both foreign and Palestinian journalists report harassment and other measures taken against them.[271][272] In September 2007 the Gaza Interior Ministry disbanded the Gaza Strip branch of the pro-Fatah Union of Palestinian Journalists, a move criticized by Reporters without borders.[273] In November of that year the Hamas government arrested a British journalist and for a time canceled all press cards in Gaza.[274][275] On February 8, 2008 Hamas banned distribution of the pro-Fatah Al-Ayyam newspaper, and closed its offices in the Gaza Strip because it ran a caricature that mocked legislators loyal to Hamas,.[276][277] The Gaza Strip Interior Ministry later issued an arrest warrant for the editor.[278]
More widely, in late August 2007 the group was accused in The Telegraph, a conservative British newspaper, of torturing, detaining, and firing on unarmed protesters who had objected to policies of the Hamas government.[279] Also in late August, Palestinian health officials reported that the Hamas government had been shutting down Gaza clinics in retaliation for doctor strikes – The Hamas government confirmed the "punitive measure against doctors" because, in its view, they had incited other doctors to suspend services and go out on strike.[280]
In September 2007 the Hamas government banned public prayers, after Fatah supporters began holding worship sessions that quickly escalated into raucous protests against Hamas rule. Government security forces beat several gathering supporters and journalists.[281]
In October 2008, the Hamas government announced it would release all political prisoners in custody in Gaza. Several hours after the announcement, 17 Fatah members were released.[282]
Human rights abuses
In June 2011, the Independent Commission for Human Rights based in Ramallah published a report whose findings included that the Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were subjected in 2010 to an “almost systematic campaign” of human rights abuses by the Palestinian Authority and Hamas, as well as by Israeli authorities, with the security forces belonging to the PA and Hamas being responsible for torture, arrests and arbitrary detentions.[283]
Political violence and terrorism
Palestinian rocket attacks
on Israel
By year 2001 · 2002–2006 · 2007
2008 · 2008 cease-fire
Gaza War · 2009 · 2010 · 2011Groups responsible Fatah · Hamas · Islamic Jihad
Popular Resistance Committees
Ansar al-Sunna · Force 17
Army of Islam · Tawhid wal-Jihad
Abdullah Azzam BrigadesRocket types Mortar · Qassam · Al-Quds
Katyusha · GradCities hit Ashdod · Ashkelon · Beersheba
Gedera · Kiryat Gat · Kiryat Malakhi
Netivot · Sderot · Ofakim · YavneRegional Council areas hit Settlements hit (evacuated) Atzmona · Dugit · Elei Sinai
Gadid · Ganei Tal · Katif
Kfar Darom · Morag
Netzarim · Netzer Hazani
Neve Dekalim · Nisanit
Rafiah Yam · SlavActions by Israel Civil defense in Israel
Red Color · Iron Dome · ZAKARelated topics Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Palestinian political violence
Palestinian suicide attacks
Palestinian animal bomb attacks
Lebanese rocket attacks on IsraelHamas uses both political activities and violence in pursuit of its goals. For example, while politically engaged in the 2006 Palestinian Territories parliamentary election campaign, Hamas stated in its election manifesto that it was prepared to use "armed resistance to end the occupation".[284]
From 2000 to 2004, Hamas was responsible for killing nearly 400 Israelis and wounding more than 2,000 in 425 attacks, according to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2001 through May 2008, Hamas launched more than 3,000 Qassam rockets and 2,500 mortar attacks into Israel.[12]
Attacks on civilians
In the first years of the First Intifada (1987–1993), Hamas violence was directed first at collaborators with Israel and at individuals it considered moral deviants, and then later at the Israeli military.[285] A new direction began with the formation of the al-Qassam Brigades militia in 1992, and in 1993 suicide attacks began against Israeli targets on the West Bank.[286]
Aftermath of 1996 Jaffa Road bus bombings in which 26 people were killedThe first such attack occurred on April 16, 1993, when an al-Qassam Brigades operative detonated explosives in a car he parked next to two buses, one military and one civilian, in the West Bank town of Mehola, killing a Palestinian civilian and wounding 8 Israeli soldiers.[287] After the February 1994 massacre by Baruch Goldstein of 30 Muslim civilians in a Hebron mosque, the al-Qassam Brigades expanded suicide attacks to target primarily civilians.[83] The first of the suicide bombings that targeted civilians was at Afula on April 16, 1994, when a suicide bomber detonated an explosives-laden car next to a bus, killing nine (including the bomber) and wounding 50. The most deadly suicide bombing was an attack on a Netanya hotel on March 27, 2002, in which 30 people were killed and 140 were wounded. The attack has also been referred to as the Passover massacre since it took place on the first night of the Jewish festival of Passover at a Seder.
Hamas defended the suicide attacks as a legitimate aspect of its asymmetric warfare against Israel, but the practice is illegal under international law.[288][289] Hamas renounced suicide attacks in April 2006.[26] In a 2002 report, Human Rights Watch stated that Hamas leaders "should be held accountable" for "war crimes and crimes against humanity" committed by the al-Qassam Brigades.[290][291][292]
In May 2006 Israel arrested a top Hamas official, Ibrahim Hamed, who Israeli security officials alleged was responsible for dozens of suicide bombings and other attacks on Israelis.[293] Hamed’s trial on those charges has not yet concluded.[294]
While the suicide attacks ceased in 2005, al-Qassam Brigades rocket and mortar attacks on towns and settlements near Gaza continued. Since 2002, paramilitary soldiers of al-Qassam Brigades and other groups have used homemade Qassam rockets to hit Israeli towns in the Negev, such as Sderot. Al-Qassam Brigades was estimated in 2007 to have launched 22% of the rocket and mortar attacks,[295] which killed fifteen people between the years 2000 and 2009 (see Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel).[296] The introduction of the Qassam-2 rocket in 2008 enabled Palestinian paramilitary groups to reach, from Gaza, such Israeli cities such as Ashkelon.[297]
In 2008, Hamas leader Khaled Mashaal, offered that Hamas would attack only military targets if the IDF would stop causing the deaths of Palestinian civilians.[298] Following a June 19, 2008 ceasefire, the al-Qassam Brigades ended its rocket attacks and arrested Fatah militants in Gaza who had continued sporadic rocket and mortar attacks against Israel. The al-Qassam Brigades resumed the attacks after the November 4 Israeli incursion into Gaza.[33][34]
Rocket attacks on Israel
According to Human Rights Watch, Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups have launched thousands of rockets into Israel since 2001, killing 15 civilians, wounding many more, and posing an ongoing threat to the nearly 800,000 Israeli civilians who live and work in the weapons’ range. Hamas officials have said that the rockets were aimed only at military targets, saying that civilian casualties were the "accidental result" of the weapons’ poor quality. According to Human Rights Watch statements by Hamas leaders suggest that the purpose of the rocket attacks was indeed to strike civilians and civilian objects. From January 2009, Hamas largely stopped launching rocket attacks on Israel and has on at least two occasions arrested members of other groups who have launched rockets, "showing that it has the ability to impose the law when it wants".[299] In February 2010, Hamas issued a statement regretting any harm that may have befallen Israeli civilians as a result of Palestinian rocket attacks during the Gaza war. It maintained that its rocket attacks had been aimed at Israeli military targets but lacked accuracy and hence sometimes hit civilian areas. Israel responded that Hamas had boasted repeatedly of targeting and murdering civilians in the media.[300]
Attempts to derail 2010 peace talks
See also: 2010 Palestinian militancy campaignIn 2010, Hamas, who have been actively sidelined from the peace talks by Israel[citation needed], spearheaded a coordinated effort by 13 Palestinian militant groups, in attempt to derail the stalled peace talks between Israel and Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian Authority. According to the Israeli Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories Major Gen. Eitan Dangot, Israel seeks to work with Salam Fayyad, to help revive the Palestinian economy, and hopes to hopes to ease restrictions on the Gaza Strip further, "while somehow preventing the Islamic militants who rule it from getting credit for any progress". According to Dangot, Hamas must not be seen as ruling successfully or be allowed to "get credit for a policy that would improve the lives of people."[301] The campaign consists of attacks against Israelis in which, according to a Hamas declaration in early September, "all options are open".[302][303][304][305] The participating groups also include Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Resistance Committees and an unnamed splinter group of Fatah.[306]
As part of the campaign, on August 31, 2010, 4 Israeli settlers, including a pregnant woman, were killed by Hamas militants while driving on Route 60 near the settlement Kiryat Arba, in the West bank. According to witnesses, militants opened fire on the moving vehicle, but then "approached the car" and shot the occupants in their seats at "close range". The attack was described by Israeli sources as one of the "worst" terrorist acts in years.[307][308][309] A senior Hamas official said that Israeli settlers in the West Bank are legitimate targets since "they are an army in every sense of the word".[310][311]
Themes of martyrdom
See also: Martyrdom in Islam
Izz al-Din Shuheil al-Masri, perpetrator of the 2001 Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing.According to a translation by Palestinian Media Watch, in 2008, Fathi Hamad, a member of the Palestinian Legislative Council, stated on Al-Aqsa TV, “For the Palestinian people death became an industry, at which women excel and so do all people on this land: the elderly excel, the Jihad fighters excel, and the children excel. Accordingly (Palestinians) created a human shield of women, children, the elderly and the Jihad fighters against the Zionist bombing machine, as if they were saying to the Zionist enemy: 'We desire death as you desire life'."[312]
In 2010, Hamas speaker Ahmad Bahr praised the virtues of martyrdom and Jihad, and said that 2.5 million black-eyed virgins were waiting in the Garden of Eden which could be entered only by prophets, by the righteous, and by martyrs. He continued by saying that nobody on Earth "will be able to confront the resistance, or to confront the mujahideen, those who worship Allah and seek martyrdom."[313]
Guerrilla warfare
Hamas has made great use of guerrilla tactics in the Gaza Strip and to a lesser degree the West Bank.[314] It has successfully adapted these techniques over the years since its inception. According to a 2006 report by rival Fatah party, Hamas had smuggled between several hundred and 1,300 tons of advanced rockets, along with other weaponry, into Gaza.[314]
Hamas has used IEDs and anti-tank rockets against the IDF in Gaza. The latter include standard RPG-7 warheads and home-made rockets such as the Al-Bana, Al-Batar and Al-Yasin. The IDF has a difficult, if not impossible time trying to find hidden weapons caches in Palestinian areas — this is due to the high local support base Hamas enjoys.[315]
Other targets and activities
In addition to killing Israeli civilians and armed forces, Hamas has also attacked suspected Palestinian collaborators, and Fatah rivals.[316] In the wake of the Israeli invasion of Gaza in January 2009, Hamas has been accused of systematically rounding up, torturing and summarily executing Fatah supporters suspected of supplying information to Israel.[317]
On February 2007, members of the Palestinian Red Crescent, speaking on conditions of anonymity, said that Hamas had confiscated their humanitarian supply convoys that were destined for Palestinian civilians.
Human Rights Watch has cited a number of summary executions as particular examples of violations of the rules of warfare, including the case of Muhammad Swairki, 28, a cook for Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas's presidential guard, who was thrown to his death, with his hands and legs tied, from a 15-story apartment building in Gaza City.[318]
Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups are accused of frequently extrajudicially executing or otherwise punishing those considered collaborators with Israel. Frequent killings of unarmed people have also occurred during Hamas-Fatah clashes.[319][320]
Thousands of angry Hamas loyalists marched on February 24, 2008 at the funeral of a Muslim preacher who died in PNA custody, turning the ceremony into a rare show of defiance against President Mahmoud Abbas.[321]
On August 14, 2009 Hamas fighters stormed the Mosque of radical cleric Abdel-Latif Moussa.[322] The cleric was protected by at least 100 fighters from Jund Ansar Allah ("Army of the Helpers of God"), an Islamist group with links to Al-Qaeda. The resulting battle left at least 13 people dead, including Moussa and 6 Hamas fighters, and 120 people injured.[323]
International designation of Hamas
Country Designation 
AustraliaThe military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, is listed as a terrorist organization.[324] 
CanadaLists Hamas as a terrorist group in the Canadian Criminal Code.[325][326] 
European UnionHamas has been included in the black list of EU-designated terrorists groups since 2003[8] 
IsraelThe Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that "Hamas maintains a terrorist infrastructure in Gaza and the West Bank, and acts to carry out terrorist attacks in the territories and Israel."[327] 
JapanStated in 2005 that it had frozen the assets of "terrorist organizations, including... Hamas."[12][328] 
JordanBanned Hamas in 1999[329] 
NorwayNorway was the first Western country to recognize the 2007 Palestinian government consisting of both Hamas and Fatah, and Norwegian officials have met with Hamas representatives on several occasions. "We know that the USA and the EU have legal obligations since they have Hamas on their terrorist list. We must be able to take an independent decision about contact," Norwegian foreign minister Jonas Gahr Støre responded to a 2006 United States' attempt to dissuade Norwegian contact with Hamas.[330] 
RussiaRussia does not designate Hamas a terrorist organisation, and held direct talks with Hamas in 2006, after Hamas won the Palestine elections, stating that it did so to press Hamas to reject violence and recognise Israel.[331] An Israeli official has said that Russia will reduce its ties to Hamas.[332] 
SwitzerlandSwitzerland does not forbid any organizations except Al Qaida.[15] Swiss officials have regular contacts with Hamas representatives as the de-facto authority of the Gaza strip.[333] The Swiss Federal Council has condemned the “terrorist attacks” committed by the Hamas against Israel.[334] 
TurkeyThe Turkish government met with Hamas leaders in February 2006, after the organization's victory in the Palestinian elections. In 2010, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan described Hamas as "resistance fighters who are struggling to defend their land."[335][336] 
United KingdomHamas as a whole was designated a terrorist organization by the UK Government in 2003 with no distinction made between its military and non-military wings.[337] 
United StatesLists Hamas as a "Foreign Terrorist Organization"[338] United States designation of Hamas
The State Department decided to add Hamas to its U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations in April 1993.[17] As of 2009[update], Hamas is still listed.[339]
The United States states that its strong stand against Hamas arises from the group's use of violence, its opposition to U.S. interests in the Middle East, and because Hamas is allegedly receiving support from Iran and collaborating with the Lebanese group Hezbullah. The Hamas representative in Iran denied the allegation that it had received $30 million from Iran in 1992, but acknowledged Iranian assistance to Palestinian groups. In particular, the U.s. alleges that Hamas soldiers have been given refuge in southern Lebanon, where they receive training and support from Hezbollah guerrillas.
The FBI and United States Department of Justice also stated, in 2004, that Hamas threatened the United States through covert cells on US soil.[340][341] Researcher Steven Emerson in 2006 alleged that the group had "an extensive infrastructure in the US mostly revolving around the activities of fundraising, recruiting and training members, directing operations against Israel, organizing political support and operating through human-rights front groups." Emerson added that while the group had never acted outside of Israel or the Palestinian Territories, it does have the capacity to carry out attacks in the U.S. "if it decided to enlarge the scope of its operations."[342] FBI director Robert Mueller in 2005 testified to the Senate Intelligence Committee that, the FBI's assessment at that time was that there was "a limited threat of a coordinated terrorist attack in the US from Palestinian terrorist organizations" such as Hamas. He added that Hamas had "maintained a longstanding policy of focusing their attacks on Israeli targets in Israel and the Palestinian territories, and that the FBI believed that the main interest of Hamas in the U.S.remained "the raising of funds to support their regional goals." Mueller also stated that, "of all the Palestinian groups, Hamas has the largest presence in the US, with a robust infrastructure, primarily focused on fundraising, propaganda for the Palestinian cause, and proselytizing. Although it would be a major strategic shift for Hamas, its US network is theoretically capable of facilitating acts of terrorism in the US[343]
On 2 May 2011, Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh condemned the killing of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan by the United States.[344] Haniyeh praised Bin Laden, the founder of the jihadist organization al-Qaeda, as a "martyr" and an "Arab holy warrior".[345][346] The United States government condemned his remarks as "outrageous".[347]
Public opinion of Hamas
In Arab countries
Pro-Hamas rally in DamascusIn a 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Survey, 62% of Palestinians had a favorable opinion of Hamas, as do majorities or pluralities in Jordan and Morocco. Opinions of Hamas are divided in Egypt and Kuwait, and Hamas is viewed negatively in Turkey and Lebanon.[348]
In Israel
In February 2008 a Haaretz poll indicated that 64% of Israelis favour their government holding direct talks with Hamas in Gaza about a cease-fire and the release of captives.[349]
According to a November 2009 survey conducted by Haaretz, 57% of Israelis support the view of MK Shaul Mofaz of Kadima, that Israel should establish a dialogue with Hamas under certain conditions, for example, that Hamas renounces violence, recognizes Israel's right to exist as a Jewish nation, and loses its designation as a terrorist organization. Hamas responded to this by labeling it "Zionist vulgarity" and stating that they will never negotiate with or recognize their "enemy", the state of Israel.[350][351]
Legal action against Hamas
See also: Anti-terrorism legislationIn the USA
The charitable trust Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development was accused in December 2001 of funding Hamas.[352] The US Justice Department filed 200 charges against the foundation. The case first ended in a mistrial, in which jurors acquitted on some counts and were deadlocked on charges ranging from tax violations to providing material support for terrorists. In a retrial, on November 24, 2008, the five leaders of the Foundation were convicted on 108 counts.[353]
“ Hamas is an extremist group...it is one of the deadliest terrorist organizations in the world today. ” In 2004, a federal court in the United States found Hamas liable in a civil lawsuit for the 1996 murders of Yaron and Efrat Ungar near Bet Shemesh, Israel. Hamas has been ordered to pay the families of the Ungars $116 million.[356] On July 5, 2004, the court issued a default judgment against the PNA and the PLO regarding the Ungars' said that the Palestinian Authority and the PLO provide safe haven to Hamas.
On August 20, 2004, three Palestinians, one a naturalized American citizen, were charged with a "lengthy racketeering conspiracy to provide money for terrorist acts in Israel." The indicted include Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook, senior member of Hamas, believed to be currently in Damascus, Syria and considered a fugitive by the US.
On February 1, 2007, two men were acquitted of contravening US law by supporting Hamas.[357] Both men argued that they helped move money for Palestinian causes aimed at helping the Palestinian people and not to promote terrorism.
In January 2009, a Federal prosecutor accused the Council on American-Islamic Relations of having links to a charity designated as a support network for Hamas.[358] The Justice Department identified CAIR as an “un-indicted co-conspirator” in the Holy Land Foundation case in Dallas, which concluded with the sentencing of the two founders of the foundation to life in prison for funneling $12 million to Hamas.[359] Later, a federal appeals court removed that label for all parties and instead, named them "joint venturers."[360]
In Germany
A German federal court ruled in 2004 that Hamas was a unified organisation whose humanitarian aid work could not be separated from its "terrorist and political activities." [361] In July 2010, Germany also outlawed Frankfurt-based International Humanitarian Aid Organization (IHH e.V.), saying it had used donations to support Hamas-affiliated relief projects in Gaza.[362][363] While presenting their activities to donors as humanitarian assistance, German Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere said, IHH e.V. had "exploited trusting donors’ willingness to help by using money that was given for a good purpose for supporting what is, in the final analysis, a terrorist organization.”[362][363][364] A spokesperson for the Islamic Human Rights Commission described the decision as "a victory for those who seek to stigmatise all Islamic activism as supporting terrorism."[365]
See also
- Fatah-Hamas conflict
- Hamastan
- Human rights in the Palestinian National Authority
- List of Hamas suicide attacks
- List of political parties in the Palestinian National Authority
References
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- BBC: Hamas was put on the EU terror list in 2003, BBC
- Solana Denies Direct Contact With Hamas, The Moscow Times
- Mr. Solana goes to Damascus for some peace talks, New Europe
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- ^ a b The deadly embrace: the impact of Israeli and Palestinian rejectionism on the peace process University Press of America, Ilana Kass & Bard E. O'Neill, 1997, p. 267
- ^ http://www.eurojournals.com/rjis_8_12.pdf
- ^ Matthew Levitt. "Hamas from Cradle to Grave". Meforum.org. http://www.meforum.org/582/hamas-from-cradle-to-grave. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^
- "Hamas: Background Q&A". Council on Foreign Relations. March 16, 2006. http://cfrterrorism.org/groups/hamas.html.
- "Hamas" – Council on Foreign Relations. Updated January 7, 2009
- Books: Kingdom of God The New Statesman May 7, 2007; "Using Israeli estimates, [Matthew Levitt, senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy] reckons Hamas probably has an annual budget of between $70m and $90m, 80 to 85 per cent of which it spends on its political work and its extensive networks of schools, clinics and welfare organisations, while 15 to 20 per cent goes on military operations."
- ^ Emerson, Steven. "Why Does The New York Times Love Hamas?" Steven Emerson. January 6, 2009. November 14, 2009.
- ^ Levitt, Matthew (2007). Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad. Yale University Press. p. 122. ISBN 0300122586.
- ^ Peter Hilsenrath "Health policy as counter-terrorism: Health services and the Palestinians" (PDF). October 2005. http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/media/78u409g64p5jvh491v5m/contributions/x/2/6/5/x26530218g04pll8.pdf.[dead link]
- ^ "Why Rising Popularity Poses a Dilemma for Hamas". Time. January 23, 2006. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1151969,00.html.
- ^ "Hamas leader: You can't get rid of us". Haaretz. July 29, 2010. http://www.haaretz.com/news/hamas-leader-you-can-t-get-rid-of-us-1.155935.
- ^ Yaghi, Mai (2010-07-25). "Hamas thrives in Gaza's besieged economy". News.yahoo.com. http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100725/bs_afp/mideastconflictgazahamaseconomy. Retrieved 2010-08-24.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Hamas leader urges int'l community to respect Palestinian people's choice". Xinhua. April 2, 2006. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-04/02/content_4373348.htm.
- ^ "Haniyeh calls for formation of Palestinian state on 1967 lines." Haaretz. December 19, 2006.
- ^ Hamas willing to accept Palestinian state with 1967 borders Haaretz November 15, 2008
- ^ Israel rejects Gaza ceasefire The Guardian (UK), April 25, 2008
- ^ a b c Erlanger, Steven (2008-04-01). "In Gaza, Hamas’s Insults to Jews Complicate Peace - New York Times". Gaza Strip: Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/01/world/middleeast/01hamas.html. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ “Nizar Rayyan of Hamas on God's Hatred of Jews”, The Atlantic, (January 2, 2009).
- ^ a b c d Hamas Fights Over Gaza’s Islamist Identity New York Times, September 5, 2009
- ^ "Hamas vows to honor Palestinian referendum on peace with Israel." Reuters 1 December 2010.
- ^ Haaretz, 2010 Dec. 1, "Hamas Vows to Honor Palestinian Referendum on Peace with Israel; Islamist Leader Ismail Haniyeh Says He Would Accept a Deal with Israel Based on 1967 Borders and Denies that Gaza has Become a Stronghold for Al-Qaida," http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-vows-to-honor-palestinian-referendum-on-peace-with-israel-1.328234
- ^ "Covenant of Hamas". http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/880818a.htm. Retrieved February 24, 2009.
- ^ The Palestinian Hamas By Shaul Mishal, Avraham Sela. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ "Hamas Charter (1988)". Palestine Center. 1988. http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/www.thejerusalemfund.org/carryover/documents/charter.html. "The time will not come until Muslims will fight the Jews (and kill them); until the Jews hide behind rocks and trees, which will cry: O Muslim! there is a Jew hiding behind me, come on and kill him! This will not apply to the Gharqad, which is a Jewish tree (cited by Bukhari and Muslim)."
- ^ "Hamas Covenant 1988: The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement". The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Yale Law School. August 18, 1988. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
- ^ Article 31 of the Hamas Charter (1988) Yale Law School: The Avalon Project
- ^ a b Mazin Qumsiyeh on the History and Practice Of Nonviolent Palestinian Resistance Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May–June 2010, pp. 40-42
- ^ Hamas drops call for destruction of Israel from manifesto The Guardian Retrieved 28th May 2011
- ^ Hamas Official website Retrieved 28th May 2011
- ^ "BBC Today Programme interview with Sir Jeremy Greenstock, January 12, 2009". BBC News. January 12, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7823000/7823746.stm. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Prospects for Peace Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, July 2009, pp. 53-54
- ^ Hamas Charter: Vision, Fact and Fiction Palestine Chronicle (23/1/2011)Retrieved 27th may 2011
- ^ Nixed Signals Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting Retrieved 30th May 2011
- ^ Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad Matthew Levitt & Dennis Ross, Yale University Press, 2007, p. 24. “Scholars and historians on both sides . . . agree that from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s the [Muslim] Brotherhood benefited from the Israeli government's support of non-violent Islamist Palestinian factions, believing these groups would function as a useful counterweight to the secular nationalist Palestinian groups . . .”
- ^ Hitchens, Christopher (2006-01-30). "Suicide Voters". Slate.com. http://www.slate.com/id/2135098. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ Shavit, Ari (2009-01-07). "Watching Hamas". Newyorker.com. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/02/06/060206ta_talk_shavit. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ Martyrdom, Not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence By M.A. Philipp Holtmann, p. 13
- ^ For suicide attacks, sources include:
- "To the outside world, Hamas is best-known — infamous — for its reliance on suicide bombers." (Palestinian territories:Inside Hamas, PBS Frontline: World, May 9, 2006)
- "...the militant organization, best known abroad for its attacks against Israeli civilians..." (Musharbash, Yassin. "Could Victory be Undoing of Hamas", Der Spiegel, January 27, 2006)
- "...it was best known in Israel and abroad for the suicide attacks it used..." ("After the Hamas earthquake", The Guardian, January 27, 2006).
- ^ a b Martyrdom, Not Suicide: The Legality of Hamas' Bombings in the Mid-1990s in Modern Islamic Jurisprudence By M.A. Philipp Holtmann, p. 16
- ^ For Arabs in Israel, a house is not a home by Edward Platt, New Statesman, August 30, 2010
- ^ Inside Hamas: the untold story of militants, martyrs and spies By Zaki Chehab, p. 115
- ^ Chronology for Palestinians in Israel The UN Refugee Agency, 2004
- ^ a b The Palestinian people: a history By Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S. Migdal, pp. 372-373
- ^ Karsh, Efraim. Arafat's War: The Man and His Battle for Israeli Conquest. New York: Grove Press, 2003. p. 216.
- ^ Katz, Samuel. The Hunt for the Engineer. Lyons Press, 2002. ISBN 1-58574-749-1, p. 256
- ^ a b "Jordan curbs Hamas", The Guardian, November 22, 1999
- ^ a b Hamas Leader Khaled Mashaal Time, January 4, 2009
- ^ a b Jordan: Whether Hamas persecute, kidnap, torture or abuse with impunity Jordanian citizens who disagree with its methods, policies and ideology Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, 25 October 2000, JOR35666.E, accessed 28 September 2010
- ^ Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad, by Matthew Levitt, Dennis Ross. Yale University Press, 2007. p.45
- ^ Who carried out suicide bombing? The Guardian, August 10, 2001
- ^ B'Tselem – Statistics – Fatalities, B'Tselem.
- ^ Human Capital and the Productivity of Suicide Bombers pdf Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 21, Number 3, Summer 2007. Pages 223–238
- ^ The Second Intifada: Background and Causes of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Jeremy Pressman, Fall 2003 (pdf)
- ^ a b c Running out of time Al-Ahram Weekly January 29 – February 4, 2004
- ^ a b Israel rejects 'insincere' Hamas offer of 10-year truce The Independent January 27, 2004
- ^ Fury as Gaza buries Hamas leader BBCNews April 19, 2004
- ^ Hamas chief killed in air strike BBCNews March 22, 2004
- ^ Price, Matthew (May 13, 2005). "Hamas success in Fatah heartland". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/4541383.stm. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (January 12, 2006). "Hamas drops call for destruction of Israel from manifesto". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/Story/0,2763,1684472,00.html. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ "Hamas: Ceasefire for return to 1967 border". Y Net News. January 30, 2006. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3207845,00.html.
- ^ a b Hamas Routs Ruling Faction, Casting Pall on Peace Process, The New York Times, January 27, 2006
- ^ Kristen Ess. "Why Hamas Won" ZNet. Palestine, January 31, 2006.
- ^ Peace with Israel for withdrawal to ’67 borders, ynetnews March 3, 2006
- ^ Butcher, Tim (February 9, 2006). "Hamas offers deal if Israel pulls out". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/02/09/wmid09.xml&sSheet=/news/2006/02/09/ixworld.html. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ John Pike. "Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement)". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hamas.htm. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Palestinian sanctions to remain BBC, March 20, 2007
- ^ Ravid, Barak (2006-06-06). "In 2006 letter to Bush, Haniyeh offered compromise with Israel". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/in-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ a b c A “New Hamas” through Its New Documents Journal of Palestine Studies 2006.Retrieved 30th May 2011
- ^ "The Proof Is in the Paper Trail". Vanityfair.com. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza_documents200804. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Mahnaimi, Uzi. Israel foils plot to kill Palestinian president, The Sunday Times, May 7, 2006
- ^ McGreal, Chris (June 10, 2006). "Death on the Beach: Seven Palestinians killed as Israeli shells hit family picnic". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,1794536,00.html. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ "Palestinian Child Buries Slain Family". IslamOnline.net. June 11, 2006. http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2006-06/11/01.shtml.
- ^ Katz, Yaakov (June 20, 2006). "HRW says it can't refute IDF Gaza beach findings blast". Jerusalem Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1063909381.html?dids=1063909381:1063909381&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+20%2C+2006&author=YAAKOV+KATZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=01&desc=HRW+says+it+can%27t+refute+IDF+Gaza+beach+findings+blast. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Katz, Yaakov (June 22, 2006). "IDF: Second piece of shrapnel not ours". Jerusalem Post. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1071649401.html?dids=1071649401:1071649401&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+22%2C+2006&author=YAAKOV+KATZ&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=04&desc=IDF%3A+Second+piece+of+shrapnel+not+ours. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "Militants Fire Rockets Into South Israel". Sfgate.com. March 5, 2010. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/06/15/international/i025402D49.DTL&type=politics. Retrieved May 27, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ "Operation Summer Rains", Federation of American Scientists
- ^ "PM: We will not recapture Gaza". Ynetnews. 2006-07-02. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3268440,00.html.
- ^ a b "Israelis, Palestinians urged to 'step back from the brink', avert full-scale conflict, as Security Council debates events in Gaza". UN. June 30, 2006. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8768.doc.htm.
- ^ "Fatah and Hamas no nearer to unity as Palestinian parliament's term ends". Haaretz. January 25, 2010. http://www.haaretz.com/news/fatah-and-hamas-no-nearer-to-unity-as-palestinian-parliament-s-term-ends-1.262054.
- ^ "Israel releases jailed Hamas parliament speaker". Haaretz. June 23, 2009. http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-releases-jailed-hamas-parliament-speaker-1.278644.
- ^ "The Palestinian National Unity Government". February 24, 2007. http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/inss022407.htm. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
- ^ Rose, David (2009-10-20). "The Gaza Bombshell". Vanityfair.com. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza200804. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ The "Gaza War". (PDF) . Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
- ^ McGirk, Tim (2007-06-13). "What Happens After Hamas Wins?". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1632614,00.html. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ CNN – Abbas outlaws Hamas militia forces[dead link]
- ^ "Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006". Ynetnews.com. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3409548,00.html. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ Fatah supporters surrender to Hamas The Guardian (UK), June 13, 2007
- ^ a b c d Under Cover of War|Human Rights Watch. Hrw.org (2009-04-20). Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
- ^ B'Tselem - Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians - Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes. Btselem.org (2007-11-12). Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
- ^ "Israel-Hamas truce announced". Al Jazeera English. June 17, 2008. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/EC97905E-9D8A-4B11-B7E2-4BC3E9DAAF8A.htm. Retrieved June 17, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ "Israel, Hamas Agree on Gaza Strip Truce". Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/17/AR2008061700659.html. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ "Israel agrees to Gaza ceasefire". BBC News. 2008-06-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7460504.stm. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ US embassy cables: US talks to Israeli security chief about Arabs and Gaza The Guardian (UK), April 7, 2011 'Diskin said that Israel does not like the tahdiya -- seeing it as a means whereby Hamas and other groups can regroup and re-arm -- but also dislikes the current situation. The ISA, he said, believes that the best option now is a large-scale ground incursion into the Gaza Strip that allows the IDF to take over the southern part of the Gaza Strip and to stop smuggling and increase pressure on Hamas. "If you do this, it will cause big problems for Hamas' survival in the Gaza Strip," he said.'
- ^ Hamas: Continued rocket fire by Fatah armed group harms Palestinian interests Haaretz. Avi Isacharoff and Yuval Azoulay. June 29, 2008
- ^ Hamas arrests militants after rocket fire Reuters. July 10, 2008
- ^ Israel closes Gaza after rockets BBC, June 25, 2008
- ^ Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen, The Guardian, November 5, 2008.
- ^ Why Israel went to war in Gaza, The Guardian, January 4, 2008.
- ^ Robin Lustig (January 6, 2009). "Gaza: the numbers". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/worldtonight/2009/01/gaza_the_numbers.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "Rockets from Gaza bombard Israeli area". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/12/24/Rockets_from_Gaza_bombard_Israeli_area/UPI-97171230119628/. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ a b "Hamas 'might renew truce' in Gaza". London: BBC News. December 23, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7797144.stm. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
- ^ Why Israel Attacked Time magazine – December 27, 2008
- ^ a b Civilian death toll rises after second day of air strikes The Guardian (UK), December 29, 2008
- ^ a b c Israeli airstrikes in Gaza kill more than 200 msnbc.com, 28 December 2008
- ^ IAF kills Hamas strongman Siam - Confronting Hamas, Jerusalem Post
- ^ "Obituary: Nizar Rayyan". London: BBC News. January 1, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7807430.stm. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ "Key Hamas Leader Killed". London: BBC News. January 15, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7831870.stm. Retrieved January 15, 2009.
- ^ Warnings Not Enough for Gaza Families New York Times, January 5, 2009
- ^ Israel Deepens Gaza Incursion as Toll Mounts New York Times, January 5, 2009
- ^ "Strike at Gaza school 'kills 40'". London: BBC News. January 7, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7814054.stm. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ "Israel 'shelled civilian shelter'". London: BBC News. January 9, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7819492.stm. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- ^ Israel accused of war crimes over 12-hour assault on Gaza village The Guardian January 18, 2009
- ^ "Israel declares ceasefire in Gaza". London: BBC News. January 18, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7835794.stm. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ^ "Hamas announces ceasefire in Gaza". London: BBC News. January 18, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7836205.stm. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
- ^ Israel, Hamas probes on Gaza violations 'inadequate'[dead link] Agence France Presse, hosted by Yahoo News, September 21, 2010
- ^ Hamas releases second response to Goldstone Report Palestine Note, July 28, 2010 "...approximately 1,400 Palestinians were killed according to the Hamas government and the Palestinian Center for Human Rights. The Israeli army puts the number at 1,166."
- ^ "Hamas says 300 Fighters Killed in Gaza war". Google.com. 2010-11-01. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hF7u6SVbHfZSeLKnM97LlsaGWg_Q?docId=CNG.af5a1cb25e03ecc70924e5a7787c7aa3.831. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Liel, Alon. "Jerusalem Post- Hamas confirms losses in Cast Lead for first time". Jpost.com. http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=193521. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
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- ^ Speech of Khaled Meshaal August 30, 2009 (rough automated translation from Arabic)
- ^ Pollock, David. "Rejectionists Readying to Counter U.S. Peace Push." Washington Institute for Near East Policy. September 1, 2009.
- ^ Video interview of Khaled Meshal by Charlie Rose, May 28, 2010 Click on small "transcript" link at top of comments section to view transcript; scroll up to view video.
- ^ Hamas renews offer to end fight if Israel withdraws Reuters, May 30, 2010.
- ^ "Hamas: Background Q&A". Council on Foreign Relations. March 16, 2006. http://cfrterrorism.org/groups/hamas.html.
- ^ Flow of Saudis' Cash to Hamas Is Scrutinized New York Times
- ^ "Saudi Arabia's denials of involvement in international terrorism". Jcpa.org. http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp504.htm. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ http://eufunding.org.uk/terror/FundingEvil.pdf
- ^ IPR Strategic Business Information Database. Saudi Arabia: charity to support al Aqsa uprising. February 2, 2002
- ^ Matthew A. Levitt, testimony before the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee, “Role of Charitiesand NGOs in Terrorist Financing,” August 1, 2002.
- ^ The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization - July 2003 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)
- ^ Hamas Funding ‘’GlobalSecurity.org’’
- ^ "Past Hamas Activity in Saudi Arabia". Washingtoninstitute.org. September 26, 2008. http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2378. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Ian Black, Middle East editor (January 1, 2009). "Saudis blame Hamas amid calls for talks with Fatah". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/01/saudi-arabia-hamas-gaza. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document "Saudi Arabia: Terrorist Financing Issues".
- ^ A Global Overview Of Narcotics-Funded Terrorist And Other Extremist Groups, May 2002, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division
- ^ Testimony of Victor Comras to the US House Subcommittee on Financial Oversight and Investigations, hearings on Current and Evolving Trends in Terrorism Financing. September 28, 2010.
- ^ This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document "Fatah and Hamas: the New Palestinian Factional Reality".
- ^ The Iran-Hamas Alliance, In Focus Quarterly, by Meyrav Wurmser, Fall 2007
- ^ Hamas receives blow to wallet, Intelligence Online, April 22, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Iran punishes Hamas for not backing Assad| August 23, 2011
- ^ [8]"Hamas commercial ventures thrive in Gaza's besieged economy," Mai Yaghi, Agence France Presse (AFP), July 26, 2010, Daily Star.
- ^ "As the Israeli blockade eases, Gaza goes shopping", Donald Macintyre, 26 July 2010, The Independent.
- ^ "New Gaza Leisure Projects Focus on Fun Not Hardship" August 2, 2010, Reuters, New York Times.
- ^ Hamas imposes new Gaza taxes to pay for burgeoning bureaucracy, The Guardian, by Rory McCarthy.
- ^ "Hamas profits from Israel's Gaza blockade". Csmonitor.com. 2009-08-17. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2009/0817/p09s01-wome.html. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ Bronner, Ethan (11 August 2011). "U.S. Threatens to Halt Gaza Aid Over Hamas Audits". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/12/world/middleeast/12gaza.html. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ^ US may cut Gaza aid over Hamas probes
- ^ http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4108159,00.html US suspends work of aid groups in Gaza Strip
- ^ U.S. suspends work of aid groups in Gaza Strip
- ^ 'Hamas, US reach compromise on Gaza aid'
- ^ http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/gaza-ngos-express-horror-at-new-hamas-travel-restrictions-on-palestinians-1.381428 Gaza NGOs express 'horror' at new Hamas travel restrictions on Palestinians
- ^ "Anti-Semitic Hate Speech in the Name of Islam". Spiegel Online International. May 16, 2008. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,553724,00.html.
- ^ a b Hamas Condemns the Holocaust The Guardian May 12, 2008
- ^ Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.230-231
- ^ "Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code _English_Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 2010-01-03. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2010-01/03/content_12748559.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ a b Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, November 30, 2009
- ^ Hamas patrols beaches in Gaza to enforce conservative dress code The Guardian (UK), October 18, 2009
- ^ Women in Gaza: Life Under HamasBBC, March 20, 2010
- ^ a b "Palestine: Taliban-like attempts to censor music". Freemuse.org. http://www.freemuse.org/sw10095.asp. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ a b c d Afghanistan in Palestine, by Zvi Bar'el, Haaretz, 26.07.05
- ^ Battling over the public sphere: Islamic reactions to the music of today. Jonas Otterbeck. Contemporary Islam. Volume 2, Number 3, 211–228, DOI: 10.1007/s11562-008-0062-y. "... the over-all argument was that the event was haram"
- ^ "Palestinians Debate Whether Future State Will be Theocracy or Democracy". Associated press, July 13, 2005.
- ^ Gaza Taliban? by Editorial Staff, The New Humanist, Volume 121 Issue 1, January/February 2006
- ^ a b Hamas Rule in Gaza: Three Years On, Yezid Sayigh, Crown Center for Middle East studies, March 2010
- ^ See also: Letter from Gaza, Hamas's tunnel diplomacy, By Thanassis Cambanis, June 18, 2010. Foreign Affairs. "They want to know if we are more like the Taliban or Erdogan. They will see that we are closer to Erdogan."
- ^ Hamas: ‘We want Erdoğan’s model, not Taliban’s’. Cansu Çamlibel, The Daily Hurriyet. June 10, 2010
- ^ A Leader of Hamas Warns of West Bank Peril for Fatah New York Times. June 21, 2006. "Mr. Sawaf’s West Bank office in Ramallah has been destroyed, and the Palestinian paper Al Ayyam has refused to continue printing his paper in the West Bank."
- ^ Hamas-Gaza-extremism, The Weekly Middle East Reporter (Beirut, Lebanon), August 8, 2009
- ^ Webman, Esther. Anti-semitic Motifs in the Ideology of Hizballah and Hamas, Project for the study of Anti-semitism, Tel Aviv University, 1994, p. 22. ISBN 965-222-592-4
- ^ "Anti-Zionist Jews meet with Hamas leader in Gaza". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1100774.html.
- ^ a b The Avalon Project: Hamas Covenant 1988. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
- ^ "Hamas Covenant 1988". Yale.edu. http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/hamas.htm. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
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- ^ The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
- ^ On Hamas TV: Hamas Culture Minister Presents Excerpts from Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Claims Jews Trying to Control the World MEMRI April 22, 2008
- ^ "Falastin Al-Muslima (London), September 1996, pp. 54-55. As cited by "Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals"". MEMRI. http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sr&ID=SR01102. Retrieved November 1, 2002.
- ^ www.palestine-info.com. qtd in Paz
- ^ http://www.ajn.com.au/pages/archives/feature/feature-03a.html[dead link]
- ^ Iran leader's Holocaust remarks condemned MSNBC, December 14, 2005
- ^ "Hamas springs to Iran's defense" Al Jazeera, December 15, 2005
- ^ "Hamas condemns the Holocaust" The Guardian, May 12, 2008
- ^ Hamas rips UN over Holocaust lessons, Jerusalem Post 30-09-2009
- ^ Hadid, Diaa (August 31, 2009). "Hamas leader denies Nazi genocide of Jews". The New York Times. Associated Press. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/08/31/world/AP-ML-Hamas-Holocaust.html. Retrieved August 31, 2009.
- ^ "Hamas rips U.N. for teaching the Holocaust." JTA. 31 August 2009. 31 August 2009.
- ^ a b By Steven Erlanger (2009-01-10). "A Gaza War Full of Traps and Trickery". Israel;Gaza Strip: Nytimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/world/middleeast/11hamas.html?pagewanted=2&adxnnlx=1280388179-qF4d3hv%203Tv6y2/Q/lZ1Eg. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Hamas used almost 100 mosques for military purposes. Jpost.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
- ^ Laub, Karen. "Ground war in Gaza drives up civilian casualties."[dead link] Associated Press. January 7, 2009. January 13, 2009.
- ^ "Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals." Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. January 11, 2009. January 13, 2009.
- ^ "Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals." 2009. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See 4:00 in the video.
- ^ "Hamas's human shields." Jerusalem Post. March 4, 2008. January 13, 2009.
- ^ "Weapons Hidden in Mosque Neutralized by Israel Air Force Dec 31. 2008." December 31, 2008. January 13, 2009.
- ^ Barzak, Ibrahim and Matti Friedman. "Israel Destroys Hamas Homes, Gaza Mosque." Time.com. January 2, 2009. January 13, 2009.
- ^ Mizroch, Amir. "Dichter: Hamas salaries paid at Shifa Hospital." Jerusalem Post. January 12, 2009. January 13, 2009.
- ^ IDF morality exemplified at mosque. Jpost.com. Retrieved on 2010-08-21.
- ^ "Gaza Operation Investigations: Second Update". Mfa.gov.il. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Templates/ArticleDynamicFlexible.aspx?NRMODE=Published&NRNODEGUID={647ED288-10B4-48C9-A5C7-FF83746547B3}&NRORIGINALURL=%2FMFA%2FTerrorism-%2BObstacle%2Bto%2BPeace%2FHamas%2Bwar%2Bagainst%2BIsrael%2FGaza_Operation_Investigations_Second_Update_July_2010.htm&NRCACHEHINT=Guest. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ "GAZA OPERATIONS INVESTIGATIONS: SECOND UPDATE JULY 2010" (PDF). http://www.mfa.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/1483B296-7439-4217-933C-653CD19CE859/0/GazaUpdateJuly2010.pdf. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ a b c "Hamas rocket attacks 'war crimes'". BBC News. 2009-08-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8187446.stm. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ IDF investigation shows errant mortar hit UN building in Gaza Haaretz January 12, 2009
- ^ Turning a Blind Eye Human Rights Watch April 11, 2010
- ^ Israel: Investigate ‘White Flag' Shootings of Gaza Civilians Human Rights Watch August 13, 2009
- ^ "Israeli ‘human shield’ claim is full of holes" The National (UAE) January 13, 2009.
- ^ Indiscriminate Fire, Human Rights Watch 30-06-2007
- ^ Steven Lee Myers and Helene Cooper, Obama Defers to Bush, for Now, on Gaza Crisis, New York Times 28-12-2009
- ^ U.S. Condemns Hamas in Midst of Israeli Strikes, Fox News 28-12-2008
- ^ Clinton calls for 'durable' Gaza truce, condemns rockets, AFP 02-03-2009
- ^ Rage in Egypt at Hamas and Iran following Rocket Attacks on Eilat, Aqaba, MEMRI Special Dispatch No.3200
- ^ Al-Gumhouriyya (Egypt), October 22, 2010. By Abdallah Al-Naggar. translation by MEMRI
- ^ "IDF propaganda Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals." 2009. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See 4:25–4:29 in the video.
- ^ AF.mil Targeting Decisions Regarding Human Shields, by Captain Daniel P. Schoenekase, U.S. Army National Guard
- ^ Thenationael.ae "Israeli ‘human shield’ claim is full of holes" by Craig Nelson, The National (UAE), January 13, 2009
- ^ "Hamas's human shields." Jerusalem Post. March 4, 2008. November 15, 2009.
- ^ OPT: Civilians Must Not Be Used to Shield Homes Against Military Attacks Human Rights Watch November 22, 2006
- ^ "NormanFinkelstein.com". NormanFinkelstein.com. http://www.normanfinkelstein.com/a-shocking-statement-hrw-condemns-palestinians-use-of-nonviolence-to-protect-homes-from-destruction/. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Marcus, Itamar, et al. "PMW Bulletins." PMW. September 16, 2009. November 15, 2009.
- ^ "Video: Hamas uses civilians as a means to achieving military goals." 2009. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. See 06:46 through 08:00 in the video.
- ^ Youths' Suicide Mission Stuns Palestinians ABC April 25, 2002
- ^ Teenage Suicide Bombers MEF 2002
- ^ "Online Terrorists Prey on the Vulnerable". Globalpolitician.com. http://globalpolitician.com/24252-terror. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "Hamas Children's Magazine Al-Fateh Encourages Terrorism, Glorifies Martyrdom". Memri.org. http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA39307. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "Hamas Magazine for Kids Promotes Martyrdom and Hatred". Adl.org. http://www.adl.org/main_Terrorism/al_fateh_hamas.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "Hamas leader killed in air strike". London: BBC. January 1, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7807124.stm.
- ^ Hamas TV station shut down, news24.com, January 22, 2006
- ^ a b "Terrorism: Al Aqsa TV". ADL. http://www.adl.org/terrorism/profiles/al_aqsa_tv.asp. Retrieved 2009.
- ^ "Hamas Launches Television Network". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5186883. Retrieved February 3, 2006.
- ^ Johnson, Alan (2008-05-15). "Hamas and antisemitism". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/may/15/hamasandantisemitism.
- ^ Hamas bans Palestinian merit scholars from leaving Gaza
- ^ "Hamas forces try to arrest prominent Gaza journalist –". International Herald Tribune. March 29, 2009. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/25/africa/ME-GEN-Palestinians-Journalists-Protest.php. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Spokesperson of Presidency Condemns Hamas Militias New Crimes against Citizens in Gaza Strip, WAFA, August 31, 2007.
- ^ Hamas disbands journalists union amid continuing incidents, Reporters without borders, September 6, 2007
- ^ "Hamas widens crackdown on journalists in Gaza". B92. November 15, 2007. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/world-article.php?yyyy=2007&mm=11&dd=15&nav_id=45429. Retrieved July 4, 2008. "Gaza's Interior Ministry announced that journalists who do not hold official Hamas-issued press cards would not be allowed to work in Gaza."
- ^ Martin, Paul (November 13, 2007). "On-the-spot: 'I was arrested by Hamas' – Times Online". London: Timesonline.co.uk. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article2863831.ece. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ^ Hamas de facto government bans distribution of Al-Ayyam newspaper in the Gaza Strip Ma'an News Agency, February 10, 2008
- ^ "Hamas orders closure of newspaper over caricature –". International Herald Tribune. March 29, 2009. http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/10/africa/ME-GEN-Palestinians-Hamas-Newspaper-Ban.php. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "Maan News Agency". Maannews.net. http://www.maannews.net/en/index.php?opr=ShowDetails&ID=27801. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
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- ^ al-Mughrabi, Nidal. "Gaza clinics closed, retaliation for doctor strikes." Reuters.com. August 28, 2007. November 14, 2009.
- ^ Hamas blocks Fatah protests in Gaza, ynetnews, September 7, 2007
- ^ Hamas frees Fatah prisoners, Al-Jazeera, October 30, 2008.
- ^ Liel, Alon. "'PA bans journalists from reporting human rights abuses'". Jpost.com. http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=224143. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Madelene Axelsson (January 27, 2006). "Islamistisk politik vinner mark". Stockholms Fria Tidning. http://www.stockholmsfria.nu/artikel/6296. (Swedish)
- ^ Hamas in Politics, By Jeroen Gunning, pp. 128–129, search at Books.Google.com; see also The Rise of Hamas, by Paul W. Pope, at Dartmouth.edu[dead link]
- ^ No End to War, by Walter Laqueur, p. 107. "[I]n 1993–1994 when Hamas ... enlisted experts for bomb making, and the first suicide bombers went into action. Some of the very early operations aborted. The first successful suicide bomb attack occurred in the Jordan Valley in October 1993. The first bus attack happened in Afula in northern Israel in April 1994..." Search at Books.Google.com
- ^ Suicide car bomb kills two near West Bank restaurant Associated Press, April 17, 1993
- ^ "Israel's Targeted Killings of Hamas Leaders". Asil.org. 1907-10-18. http://www.asil.org/insigh133.cfm. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Saarnivaara, Minna (2008). "Suicide Campaigns as a Strategic Choice: The Case of Hamas". Policing 2 (4): 423–433. doi:10.1093/police/pan061. http://policing.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/2/4/423.
- ^ Erased In A Moment: Suicide Bombing Attacks Against Israeli Civilians V. Structures and Strategies of the Perpetrator Organizations, Human Rights Watch, October 2002. ISBN 1-56432-280-7
- ^ "Indiscriminate Fire, Palestinian Rocket Attacks on Israel and Israeli Artillery Shelling in the Gaza Strip". Hrw.org. June 30, 2007. http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/06/30/indiscriminate-fire-0. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "Civilians under Assault, Hezbollah’s Rocket Attacks on Israel in the 2006 War". Hrw.org. August 28, 2007. http://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2007/08/28/civilians-under-assault. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "Top Hamas fugitive nabbed". ynetnews.com. May 23, 2006. http://www.ynetnews.com/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3254071,00.html.
- ^ Who are the deadly terrorists Israel refuses to release for Shalit? By Barak Ravid, Haaretz, March 17, 2009
- ^ "Anti-Israeli Terrorism in 2007 and its Trends in 2008". Intelligence and Terrorism Information Cente (Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center): 11,28. May 2008. http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/terror_07e.pdf. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
- ^ Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism. September 2000 to January 27, 2009 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ BICOM Fact Sheet 2: Ashkelon – The Changing Scenario BICOM. 2008-05-03.
- ^ Mashaal offers to cease civilian attacks March 31, 2008, Jerusalem Post
- ^ HRW report April 11, 2010
- ^ Al-Mughrabi, Nidal, "Hamas "regrets" civilian deaths, Israel unmoved," Reuters, February 5, 2010.
- ^ Israeli General Lays Out Plan For Reviving Gaza[dead link]
- ^ "Islamist groups attempt to derail Middle East talks," Mark Weiss, September 4, 2010, Irish Times.
- ^ "Hamas targets Israeli-Palestinian talks by killing four Israelis; Hamas took responsibility for the fatal shooting of four Israeli settlers outside Hebron today, on the eve of Israeli-Palestinian talks in Washington," Joshua Mitnick, August 31, 2010, Christian Science Monitor.
- ^ "Hamas to launch 'more effective attacks' on Israel," September 3, 2010, Jerusalem Post.
- ^ "The Shadow of Hamas," Staff Editorial, September 8, 2010, Washington Post.
- ^ Gaza militants vow wave of attacks against Israel, Reuters 02-09-2010
- ^ 4 "Israeli Settlers Killed in West Bank," New York Times, August 31, 2010.
- ^ Liel, Alon. "Abbas condemns Hamas attack; 4 Israelis shot dead". Jpost.com. http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=186640. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "US says Hebron attack must not derail Middle East talks". BBC News. September 1, 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11148097.
- ^ "4 Israelis killed by Hamas". News.xinhuanet.com. 2010-09-01. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/video/2010-09/01/c_13472957.htm. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ Service, Haaretz (2010-09-01). "Hamas official: Israeli settlers are a legitimate military target". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/hamas-official-israeli-settlers-are-a-legitimate-military-target-1.312108. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
- ^ "Hamas explains using civilians as human shields", Palestinian Media Watch, (December 28, 2008).
- ^ The Middle East Research Institute, Special Dispatch No.3227: Hamas PLC Speaker Ahmad Bahr: 2.5 Million Virgins Await the Prophets, the Righteous, and the Martyrs in a Single Palace in the Garden of Eden, September 13, 2010
- ^ a b "Report: Hamas weighing large-scale conflict with Israel". Ynet News. October 3, 2006. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3310425,00.html.
- ^ Issam Aburaiya (October 3, 2006). "Hamas and Palestinian Nationalism". Archived from the original on June 5, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070605021001/http://www.humanities.uci.edu/history/levineconference/papers/aburaiya.pdf#search=%22hamas%20enjoys%20great%20popular%20support%22.
- ^ Fatah, Hamas gunbattles kill 7 (Toronto Star) October 1, 2006
- ^ San Francisco Chronicle January 22, 2009 Hamas executes suspected Fatah traitors in Gaza
- ^ Gaza: Armed Palestinian Groups Commit Grave Crimes, Human Rights Watch, June 13, 2007.
- ^ "Middle East | Unrest erupts in Gaza Strip". BBC News. July 3, 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2090520.stm. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Levinson, Charles (June 10, 2007). "Shot by their own side, healed by the enemy – Telegraph". London: Telegraph.co.uk. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/06/10/wirq310.xml. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Angered by preacher's death, protesters stand against Abbas – CNN.com[dead link]
- ^ "Mosque gun battle rages in Gaza". London: BBC News. August 14, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8202553.stm.
- ^ "Gaza Islamist leader dies in raid". London: BBC News. August 15, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8202746.stm.
- ^ Listing of Terrorist Organisations, Australian Government Attorney-General's Department, January 27, 2006. Retrieved July 31, 2006.
- ^ Currently listed entries, Public Security and Emergency Preparedness Canada, National Security, Listed entities. Retrieved Sep 22, 2010.
- ^ "Hamas is listed as a terrorist group in the Criminal Code of Canada." Tibbetts, Janice. Canada shuts out Hamas ,The Montreal Gazette, March 30, 2006.
- ^ The Financial Sources of the Hamas Terror Organization, 2003-07-30
- ^ "Japan's Diplomatic Bluebook 2005" (PDF). 2005. http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/2005/ch3-a.pdf.."In accordance with the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law, it [Japan] has frozen the assets of ... 472 terrorists and terrorist organizations, including Al-Qaeda ... as well as those of Hamas ..."
- ^ Karmi, Omar. "What does the Hamas victory mean for nearby Jordan?", The Daily Star, February 18, 2006
- ^ "Norway turns down US request over Hamas representatives' visit". Peoples Daily China. April 25, 2006. http://english.people.com.cn/200604/25/eng20060425_260826.html. Retrieved July 19, 2008.
- ^ Eke, Steven (March 3, 2006). "Moscow risks anger over Hamas visit". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4769204.stm. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
- ^ Naami, Saleh. "Moscow to distance itself from Hamas." ahramOnline, 15 December 2010.
- ^ "Besuchsrecht für das IKRK zum gefangenen Soldaten Gilad Shalit" (in German). Curia Vista - Geschäftsdatenbank - Die Bundesversammlung - Das Schweizer Parlament. 2011-02-16. http://www.parlament.ch/d/suche/seiten/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id=20103991. Retrieved 2011-03-18. "Die Vertreterinnen und Vertreter des Eidgenössischen Departements für auswärtige Angelegenheiten (EDA) erinnern die De-facto-Behörden in Gaza regelmässig an ihre völkerrechtlichen Pflichten [Translation: ‘The Federal Department of Foreign Affairs regularly remind the de-facto authorities in Gaza of their obligations under international law’] [...]."
- ^ "Nahost-Engagement des Bundes. Gefährliche Hilfe?" (in German). Curia Vista - Geschäftsdatenbank - Die Bundesversammlung - Das Schweizer Parlament. 2006-05-31. http://www.parlament.ch/D/Suche/Seiten/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id=20061018. Retrieved 2011-03-18. "Der Bundesrat hat die insbesondere von der Hamas verübten Terroranschläge gegen Israel immer aufs Schärfste verurteilt. Solche Anschläge sind kriminell und durch nichts zu rechtfertigen. [Translation: ‘In especial, the Federal Council has always condemned in the strongest terms the terrorist attacks committed by Hamas against Israel. Such attacks are criminal and unjustifiable.’]"
- ^ Hamas is not terrorist group: Turkish PM[dead link]
- ^ "Turkish FM Davutoğlu meets Hamas chief amid Israel row". Hurriyetdailynews.com. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=davutoglu-meets-hamas-chief-in-damascus-2010-07-20. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ Response to Interpal inquiry by Charity Commission By John Ware, BBC. 2 March 2009
- ^ "Country reports on terrorism". U.S. State Dept.. May 27, 2005. Archived from the original on May 11, 2005. http://web.archive.org/web/20050511025028/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm. Retrieved 2008-01.26.
- ^ "US Department of State's Foreign Terrorist Organizations fact sheet, released July 7, 2009". State.gov. January 19, 2010. http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ United States v. Abu Marzook. No. 03 CR 978 12. IL District Ct. 2005.
- ^ Lake, Eli. "Hamas Agents Lurking in U.S., FBI Warns." New York Sun. April 29, 2004. December 10, 2006.
- ^ Aaron Klein (December 24, 2006). "Hamas threatens attacks on US". Yedioth Ahronoth. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3343944,00.html.
- ^ FBI Press Room:[dead link] Testimony of Robert S. Mueller, III, Director, Federal Bureau of Investigation, before the Senate Committee on Intelligence of the United States Senate. February 16, 2005
- ^ "Hamas leader condemns US killing of bin Laden.". Seattletimes.nwsource.com. 2011-05-02. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2014934480_apmlpalestiniansbinladen.html. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ Sawafta, Ali. "Abbas government welcomes bin Laden death, Hamas deplores". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/02/us-binladen-palestinians-idUSTRE74137A20110502. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ Conal Urquhart in Ramallah. "Hamas praises Osama bin Laden as holy warrior". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/may/02/hamas-osama-bin-laden. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ "US: Hamas Leader's bin Laden Remarks 'Outrageous'" by David Gollust, Voice of America, May 3, 2011
- ^ Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Survey: Global Unease With Major World Powers, June 27, 2007
- ^ Yossi Verter (February 27, 2008). "Poll: Most Israelis back direct talks with Hamas on Shalit". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958473.html. Retrieved February 27, 2008.
- ^ Haaretz poll: 57% of Israelis support plan to talk to Hamas. By Yossi Verter, Haaretz Correspondent. Accessed: November 14, 2009.
- ^ Mualem, Mazal (November 8, 2009). "Haaretz.com". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1126655.html. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "PO-837: Secretary O'Neill – Statement on the Blocking of Hamas Financiers' Assets". Ustreas.gov. December 4, 2001. http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/po837.htm. Retrieved May 27, 2010.[dead link]
- ^ Kovach, Gretel C. (November 24, 2008). "Five Convicted in Terrorism Financing Trial". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/us/25charity.html. Retrieved December 29, 2008.
- ^ Bush Freezes Financial Assets of Three Groups Linked to Hamas”, Whith House News Conference, December 4, 2001. Transcript release by the U.S. Department of Justice.
- ^ "Funding evil: how terrorism is financed-- and how to stop it" Ehrenfeld, Rachel. pg 100
- ^ $116m awarded in terrorism suit The Boston Globe
- ^ Eggen, Dan (February 2, 2007). "Two Men Acquitted of Conspiracy To Fund Hamas Activities in Israel –". Washingtonpost.com. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/01/AR2007020101377.html?nav=rss_world. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ "FBI Cuts Ties With CAIR Following Terror Financing Trial". Foxnews.com. January 30, 2009. http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/01/30/fbi-cut-ties-cair-following-terror-financing-trial/. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Yager, Jordy (October 14, 2009). "House Republicans accuse Muslim group of trying to plant spies". Thehill.com. http://thehill.com/homenews/house/63023-republicans-accuse-muslim-advocacy-group-of-trying-to-plant-spies. Retrieved May 27, 2010.
- ^ Court removes ‘co-conspirator’ tag from Muslim groups | Nation. Jewish Journal (2010-10-22). Retrieved on 2011-03-19.
- ^ "Germany bans Hamas-linked donor group". Expatica.com. http://www.expatica.com/de/news/german-news/germany-bans-hamas-linked-donor-group_82832.html. Retrieved 2010-08-24.
- ^ a b "Germany bans group accused of Hamas links". Ynetnews.com. 07.12.10. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3918670,00.html. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ a b By DPA (12.07.10). "Germany outlaws IHH over claimed Hamas links". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/germany-outlaws-ihh-over-claimed-hamas-links-1.301483. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
- ^ Germany IHH e.V. ban shameful, illegal, says group leader Today's Zaman, July 14, 2010
- ^ PRESS RELEASE: Germany – Banning of IHH stigmatises all Islamic humanitarian activism July 14, 2010
Bibliography
- Yousef, Mosab Hassan (March 3, 2010). Son of Hamas. Carol Stream, Illinois: Tyndale House. p. 288. ISBN 978-1414333076. http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Son-of-Hamas/Mosab-Hassan-Yousef/e/9781414333076/?itm=1&USRI=mosab+hassan+yousef+%22son+of+hamas%22.
- Mueller, Sebastian (June 6, 2006). Hawala. An Informal Payment System and Its Use to Finance Terrorism (1 ed.). Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag. p. 84. ISBN 978-3865506566. http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Hawala/Sebastian-R-Mueller/e/9783865506566/?itm=1&USRI=hawala.+an+informal+payment+system+and+its+use+to+finance+terrorism.
External links
- Hamas official website (in Arabic)
- Palestinian National Authority Council of Ministers Web site (In Arabic)
- Britannica
- Hamas leaders CFR
- Hamas Charter
- The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) (includes interpretation)
- Hamas Shifts From Rockets to Public Relations The New York Times, July 23, 2009
- 22 years on the start of Hamas Al-Qassam Brigades' Information Office
- Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories in 2007 by Elizabeth Freed of Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group
- Sherifa Zuhur, Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics (PDF File) December 2008
Islamism Ideology Islamic fundamentalism · Pan-Islamism · Wahabbism · Salafism · Deobandi · Qutbism · Al-Qaedaism/Jihadi international · TalibanizationOrganisations Muslim Brotherhood · Iranian Revolutionary Guards · Jamaat-e-Islami · Hizb ut-Tahrir · al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya · Egyptian Islamic Jihad · Palestinian Islamic Jihad · National Islamic Front · Islamic Salvation Front · Taliban · Abu Sayyaf · al-Qaeda (In the Arabian Peninsula · In Iraq) · Lashkar-e-Taiba · Armed Islamic Group · Islamic Courts Union · Mahdi Army · Fatah al-Islam · Hamas · Hezbollah · Millî Görüş · National Congress (Sudan)Leaders Ibn Taymiyyah · Jamal al-Din al-Afghani · Abul Ala Maududi · Taqiuddin al-Nabhani · Hasan al-Banna · Sayyid Qutb · Omar Abdel-Rahman · Abdullah Yusuf Azzam · Ayman al-Zawahiri · Yusuf al-Qaradawi · Hassan al-Turabi · Safwat al-Shwadify · Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri · Anwar al-Awlaki · Ahmad Yassin · Ruhollah Khomeini · Necmettin Erbakan · Hassan NasrallahEvents and
controversiesZia-ul-Haq's Islamization · Iranian Revolution · Grand Mosque Seizure · Islamization of the Gaza Strip · Islamic terrorism · Islamofascism · Fatwa on Terrorism · Criticism of IslamismIslamic concepts Sex segregation · Jihad · Shari'a · Caliphate · Islamic republic · Jahiliyya · Hadith · Mujahedeen · Ummah · Kafir · Takfiri · Mahdi · Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists · Political aspects of Islam · Fiqh · Islamic studies · Taqiyya · KetmanTexts Milestones (Qutb) · Israeli-Palestinian conflictParticipants Individuals Violence Diplomacy Main:
- Palestine Liberation Organisation
- Palestinian National Authority
- Fatah
- Hamas
Other:
- Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
- DFLP
- Palestine Liberation Front
- Palestinian Islamic Jihad
- Palestinian Popular Struggle Front
- PFLP
- PFLP-GC
- Popular Resistance Committees
Influence:
Israelis:
Moshe Arens
Ami Ayalon
Ehud Barak
Menachem Begin
Meir Dagan
Moshe Dayan
Avi Dichter
Yuval Diskin
David Ben-Gurion
Ephraim Halevy
Dan Halutz
Tzipi Livni
Golda Meir
Shaul Mofaz
Yitzhak Mordechai
Benjamin Netanyahu
Ehud Olmert
Shimon Peres
Yaakov Peri
Yitzhak Rabin
Amnon Lipkin-Shahak
Yitzhak Shamir
Ariel Sharon
Shabtai Shavit
Moshe Ya'alon
Danny Yatom
Zvi Zamir
Palestinians:
Abu Abbas
Mahmoud Abbas
Moussa Arafat
Yasser Arafat
Yahya Ayyash
Marwan Barghouti
Mohammed Dahlan
Mohammed Deif
George Habash
Wadie Haddad
Ismail Haniya
Nayef Hawatmeh
Amin al-Husayni
Ghazi Jabali
Ahmed Jibril
Abu Jihad
Salah Khalaf
Leila Khaled
Sheikh Khalil
Khaled Mashal
Zuheir Mohsen
Abu Ali Mustafa
Abu Nidal
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam
Jibril Rajoub
Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi
Ali Hassan Salameh
Salah Shahade
Ramadan Shallah
Fathi Shaqaqi
Ahmed Yassin1920 Palestine riots
1921 Jaffa riots
1929 Palestine riots
1929 Hebron massacre
1936–1939 Arab revolt
1930s Irgun attacks
1947 Jerusalem riots
1948 Arab-Israeli War
· 1948 war massacres
· 1948 Deir Yassin massacre
· 1948 Exodus from Lydda and Ramla
· 1948 Hadassah medical convoy massacre
· 1948 Palestinian exodus
1948-1967 Jewish exodus from Arab lands
1948-1967 Terrorist attacks against Israel
The retribution operations
· 1953-1955 Unit 101
1966 Samu Incident
1967 Six-Day War
1968 Battle of Karameh
1969-1970 War of Attrition
1970 Avivim school bus massacre
1970 Black September in Jordan
1972 Operation Isotope
1972 Munich massacre
· 1972 Operation Wrath of God
· 1972 Israeli aerial raid on Lebanon
· 1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon
1973 Yom Kippur War
1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre
1974 Ma'alot massacre
1975 Savoy Hotel attack
1975 Zion Square bombing
1976 Operation Entebbe
1978 Coastal Road massacre
1978 South Lebanon conflict
1980 Misgav Am attack
1982 Lebanon War
· 1982 Siege of Beirut
· 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre
1984 Bus 300 hijacking
1985 Achille Lauro hijacking
1985 Operation Wooden Leg
1987 Night of the Gliders
1987–1990 Intifada
· 1988 Tunis Raid
· 1989 Bus 405 attack
1993–1999 Palestinian suicide attacks
1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre
1994 Wachsman rescue attempt
2000–2005 Al-Aqsa Intifada
· Palestinian rocket attacks (list)
· Palestinian suicide attacks
· Massacres during Al-Aqsa Intifada
· Assassinations during Al-Aqsa Intifada
2000 October 2000 events
2001 Santorini
2002 Operation Noah's Ark
2002 Operation Defensive Shield
· Battle of Jenin
· Siege of Bethlehem
· Battle of Nablus
2002 Operation Determined Path
2003 Abu Hasan
2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike
2004 Israel-Gaza conflict
· Operation Rainbow
· Operation Days of Penitence
2005 Shevet Ahim
2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods
2006 Israel-Gaza conflict
· Gaza beach explosion
· Operation Autumn Clouds
· Beit Hanoun shelling
2006-2007 Fatah-Hamas conflict
2007–2008 Israel-Gaza conflict
· Operation Hot Winter
2007 (ongoing) Gaza Strip blockade
2008 Mercaz HaRav shooting
2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack
2008–2009 Gaza War (Operation Cast Lead)
2010 Gaza flotilla raid (ships, participants, reactions, legal)
2010 Palestinian militancy campaignHussein-McMahon Correspondence
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Balfour Declaration
White Paper of 1939
Israeli Declaration of Independence
Palestinian Declaration of Independence
1991 Madrid Conference
1993 Oslo Accords
United States security assistance to the Palestinian Authority
1997 Hebron Agreement
1998 Wye River Memorandum
1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Memorandum
2000 Camp David Summit
2001 Taba Summit
2002 Road map for peace
Quartet on the Middle East
2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan
2007 Annapolis Conference
2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy
Valley of Peace initiative
Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians in 2010
Palestine Papers- United Nations involvement
Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations
UN Partition Plan Resolution 181
UN Resolution 194
UN Resolution 242
Alleged United Nations bias in Israel-Palestine issuesCategories:- Hamas
- Anti-Zionism
- Islam and antisemitism
- Islamic fundamentalism
- Islamic terrorism
- Islamist groups
- Jihadist organizations
- Muslim Brotherhood
- National liberation movements
- Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States government
- Organizations established in 1987
- Palestinian militant groups
- Palestinian nationalism
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- 1987 establishments in the Palestinian territories
- Government of Canada designated terrorist organizations
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HAMAS — Emblème du Hamas Le Hamas, en arabe : حماس, acronyme partiel de harakat al muqâwama al islâmiya (حركة المقاومة الإسلامية), « mouvement de résistance islamique »), est un parti politique islamiste qui œuvre pour l instauration d un… … Wikipédia en Français
Hamas — Logo officiel Données clés Nom arabe حماس … Wikipédia en Français
Hamás — Hamas حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Bandera con la Shahada, utilizada por los seguidores Hamás Operacional 1987 presente Liderado por Khaled Mashaal, Ismail Haniyah, Mahmoud Zahar … Wikipedia Español
Hamas — Hamás (en árabe حماس, entusiasmo), acrónimo de Harakat al Muqáwama al Islamiya (حركة المقاومة الاسلامية, Movimiento de Resistencia Islámica) es una organización terrorista islamista palestina que utiliza el terrorismo en su lucha contra el estado … Enciclopedia Universal
Hamas — Hàmas (Hamȁs) m DEFINICIJA pol. ekstremistička islamska organizacija na Zapadnoj obali i u Gazi, osnovana 1987. kao ogranak panarapske organizacije Muslimanska braća; cilj joj je stvoriti islamsku državu u Palestini, protivi se bilo kakvom… … Hrvatski jezični portal
HAMAS — (Arab. zeal ; abbreviation of harakat muqawama alislamiyya – Islamic Resistance Movement), Palestinian Islamic movement engaged in community activity and armed struggle against Israel; from 2006 the majority party in the Palestinian parliament… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Hamas — mouvement politico religieux palestinien créé en 1987. Il rejette les accords de paix conclus en 1993 entre l O.L.P. et Israël … Encyclopédie Universelle
Hamas — Nom de personne arabe qui signifie enthousiasme, ardeur . Dérivé : Hamsi … Noms de famille
Hamas — [hä mäs′, hä′mäs΄] n. [Ar] a militant Palestinian Islamic organization operating in opposition to Israel … English World dictionary
Hamas — Die Flagge der Hamas, eine Kalligrafie der Schahāda vor grünem Hintergrund. Das Hamas Emblem zeigt zwei gekreuzte Schwerter … Deutsch Wikipedia
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