Hollow Earth

Hollow Earth is a belief that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and, possibly, a habitable inner surface. The hypothesis of a Hollow Earth has long been contradicted by overwhelming evidence as well as by the modern understanding of planet formation, and the scientific community now dismisses the notion as pseudoscience. It has recurred as a premise for fantastic adventure fiction.

The deepest hole drilled to date is the SG-3 borehole which is convert|40320|ft|mi km|1 [Eagleson, Mary (1994). Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry. Walter de Gruyter, p799. ISBN 3110114518] deep, part of the Kola Superdeep Borehole project, and thus visual knowledge of the Earth's structure extends that far.

Hollow Earth claims

Conventional hollow Earths

Early history

In ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of "places" such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol (with details describing inner earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L'Avraham).

Edmund Halley in 1692Halley, Edmund, "An Account of the cause of the Change of the Variation of the Magnetic Needle; with an Hypothesis of the Structure of the Internal Parts of the Earth", Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London, No. 195, 1692, pp 563-578] put forth the idea of Earth consisting of a hollow shell about 500 miles (800 km) thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core, about the diameters of the planets Venus, Mars, and Mercury. Atmospheres separate these shells, and each shell has its own magnetic poles. The spheres rotate at different speeds. Halley proposed this scheme in order to explain anomalous compass readings. He envisaged the atmosphere inside as luminous (and possibly inhabited) and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis.Halley, Edmund, "An Account of the Late Surprizing Appearance of the Lights Seen in the Air, on the Sixth of March Last; With an Attempt to Explain the Principal Phaenomena thereof;", Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London, No. 347 (1716), pp 406-428]

De Camp and Ley have claimed (in their "Lands Beyond") that Leonhard Euler also proposed a hollow-Earth idea, getting rid of multiple shells and postulating an interior sun 600 miles (1000 km) across to provide light to advanced inner-Earth civilization (but they provide no references). However in his "Letters to a German princess" [ [http://books.google.com/books?vid=09-Fi9xi6pUzqBOnQzlnRS&id=hAm5VsEeu1EC&printsec=titlepage&dq=%22Leonhard+Euler%22#PRA1-PA178,M1 p. 178 at Google Books] ] Euler describes a thought experiment involving a patently solid Earth.

De Camp and Ley also claim that Sir John Leslie expanded on Euler's idea, suggesting two central suns named Pluto and Proserpine (this was unrelated to the dwarf planet Pluto, which was discovered and named some time later). Leslie did propose a hollow Earth in his 1829 "Elements of Natural Philosophy" (pp. 449-453), but does not mention interior suns.

19th century

In 1818, John Cleves Symmes, Jr. suggested that the Earth consisted of a hollow shell about 800 miles (1,300 km) thick, with openings about 1400 miles (2,300 km) across at both poles with 4 inner shells each open at the poles. Symmes became the most famous of the early Hollow Earth proponents. He proposed making an expedition to the North Pole hole, thanks to efforts of one of his followers, James McBride, but the new President of the United States, Andrew Jackson, halted the attempt.

Jeremiah Reynolds also delivered lectures on the "Hollow Earth" and argued for an expedition. Reynolds went on an expedition to Antarctica himself but missed joining the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838 - 1842, even though that venture was a result of his agitation.

Though Symmes himself never wrote a book about his ideas, several authors published works discussing his ideas. McBride wrote "Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres" in 1826. It appears that Reynolds has an article that appeared as a separate booklet in 1827: "Remarks of Symmes' Theory Which Appeared in the American Quarterly Review". In 1868, a professor W.F. Lyons published "The Hollow Globe" which put forth a Symmes-like Hollow Earth hypothesis, but didn't mention Symmes. Symmes's son Americus then published "The Symmes' Theory of Concentric Spheres" to set the record straight.

Recent history

In 2005, Steven Currey Expeditions planned an expedition to the North Pole region to explore for a possible opening into the inner Earth. Brooks A. Agnew took over as leader on Currey's death in 2006, with the plan of taking 100 scientists and film makers to the supposed Arctic "opening" in 2009.

An early twentieth-century proponent of hollow Earth, William Reed, wrote "Phantom of the Poles" in 1906. He propounded the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or inner sun.

Marshall Gardner wrote "A Journey to the Earth's Interior" in 1913 and an expanded edition in 1920. He placed an interior sun in the hollow Earth. He even built a working model of the hollow Earth and patented it ( [http://www.google.com/patents?id=iSlrAAAAEBAJ&dq=1096102 #1096102] ). Gardner made no mention of Reed, but did take Symmes to task for his ideas. In the same time Vladimir Obruchev wrote a fiction novel "Plutonia", where the hollow Earth's interior possessed one inner (central) sun and was inhabited by prehistoric species. The interior was connected with the surface by a hole in the Arctic.

Other writers have proposed that "ascended masters" of esoteric wisdom inhabit subterranean caverns or a hollow Earth. Antarctica, the North Pole, Tibet, Peru, and Mount Shasta in California, USA, have all had their advocates as the locations of entrances to a subterranean realm referred to as Agarttha, with some even advancing the hypothesis that UFOs have their homeland in these places.

A book allegedly by a "Dr.Raymond Bernard" which appeared in 1969, "The Hollow Earth", exemplifies this idea. The book rehashes Reed and Gardner's ideas and ignores Symmes. Bernard also adds his own ideas: UFOs come from the interior, the Ring Nebula proves the existence of hollow worlds, etc. An article by Martin Gardner revealed that Dr.Walter Siegmeister used the pseudonym `Bernard', but not until the publishing of Walter Kafton-Minkel's "Subterranean Worlds: 100,000 years of dragons, dwarfs, the dead, lost races & UFOs from inside the Earth", in 1989, did the full story of Bernard/Siegmeister become well known.

The pages of the science fiction pulp magazine "Amazing Stories" promoted one such idea from 1945 to 1949 as "the Shaver Mystery". The magazine's editor, Ray Palmer, ran a series of stories by Richard Sharpe Shaver supposedly claimed as factual, though presented in the context of fiction. Shaver claimed that a superior pre-historic race had built a honeycomb of caves in the Earth, and that their degenerate descendants, known as "Dero", live there still, using the fantastic machines abandoned by the ancient races to torment those of us living on the surface. As one characteristic of this torment, Shaver described "voices" that purportedly came from no explainable source. Thousands of readers wrote to affirm that they, too, had heard the fiendish voices from inside the Earth.

Fantastic stories (supposedly believed as factual within fringe circles) have also circulated that Adolf Hitler and some of his followers escaped to hollow lands within the Earth after World War II via an entrance in Antarctica. (See also Hitler's supposed adherence to concave hollow-Earth ideas, below.)

Some writers have proposed building megastructures that have some similarities to a hollow Earth -- see Dyson sphere, Globus Cassus.

Concave hollow Earths

Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet, sometimes called a "convex" hollow-Earth hypothesis, some have claimed that our universe itself lies in the interior of a hollow world, calling this a "concave" hollow-Earth hypothesis. The surface of the Earth, according to such a view, might resemble the interior shell of a Dyson sphere. Generally, scientists have taken neither type of speculation seriously.

Cyrus Teed, an eccentric doctor from upstate New York, proposed such a concave hollow Earth in 1869, calling his scheme "Cellular Cosmogony". Teed founded a cult called the Koreshan Unity based on this notion, which he called Koreshanity. The main colony survives as a preserved Florida state historic site, at Estero, but all of Teed's followers have now died. Teed's followers claimed to have experimentally verified the concavity of the Earth's curvature, through surveys of the Florida coastline making use of "rectilineator" equipment.

Several twentieth-century German writers, including Peter Bender, Johannes Lang, Karl Neupert, and Fritz Braun, published works advocating the hollow Earth hypothesis, or "Hohlweltlehre". Stories have even been circulated, although apparently without historical documentation, that Hitler was influenced by concave hollow-Earth ideas and sent an expedition in an unsuccessful attempt to spy on the British fleet by aiming cameras up into the sky (Wagner, 1999). [William Yenne, “Adolf Hitler and the Concave Earth Cult,” "Secret Weapons of World War II: The Techno-Military Breakthroughs That Changed History" (New York: Berkley Books, 2003), 271-272.]

The Egyptian mathematician Mostafa Abdelkader authored several scholarly papers working out a detailed mapping of the concave Earth model. See M. Abdelkader, "A Geocosmos: Mapping Outer Space Into a Hollow Earth," 6 "Speculations in Science & Technology" 81-89 (1983). Abstracts of two of Abdelkader's papers also appeared in "Notices of the American Mathematical Society," (Oct. 1981 and Feb. 1982).

In one chapter of his book "On the Wild Side" (1992), Martin Gardner discusses the hollow Earth model articulated by Abdelkader. According to Gardner, this hypothesis posits that light rays travel in circular paths, and slow as they approach the center of the spherical star-filled cavern. No energy can reach the center of the cavern, which corresponds to no point a finite distance away from Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. A drill, Gardner says, would lengthen as it traveled away from the cavern and eventually pass through the "point at infinity" corresponding to the center of the Earth in the widely accepted scientific cosmology. Supposedly no experiment can distinguish between the two cosmologies. Martin Gardner notes that "most mathematicians believe that an inside-out universe, with properly adjusted physical laws, is empirically irrefutable". Gardner rejects the concave hollow Earth hypothesis on the basis of Occam's Razor.

In a trivial sense, one can always define a coordinate transformation such that the interior of the Earth becomes "exterior" and the exterior becomes "interior". (For example, in spherical coordinates, let radius "r" go to "R"²/"r" where "R" is the Earth's radius.) Such transformations would require corresponding changes to the forms of physical laws; the consensus suggests that such theories tend towards sophistryOn the Wild Side, 1992, Martin Gardner] .

Newtonian gravity and a hollow Earth

Someone on the inside of a hollow Earth would not experience an outward pull and could not stand on the inner surface; rather, the theory of gravity implies that a person on the inside would be nearly weightless. This was first shown by Newton, whose shell theorem mathematically predicts a gravitational force of zero everywhere inside a spherically symmetric hollow shell of matter, regardless of the shell's thickness. A tiny gravitational force would arise from the fact that the Earth does not have a perfectly symmetrical spherical shape. The centrifugal force from the Earth's rotation would pull a person (on the inner surface) outwards, but even at the equator this is only 1/300 of ordinary Earth gravity.

The mass of the planet also indicates that the hollow Earth hypothesis is unfeasible. Should the Earth be largely hollow, its mass would be much lower and thus its gravity on the outer surface would be much lower than it currently is.

Hollow Earths in fiction

Literature

* In Ludvig Holberg's 1741 novel "Nicolai Klimii iter subterraneum" (Niels Klim's Underground Travels), Nicolai Klim falls through a cave while spelunking and spends several years living on both a smaller globe within and the inside of the outer shell.
* Jacques Casanova's 1788 "Icosaméron" is a 5-volume, 1,800-page story of a brother and sister who fall into the Earth and discover the subterranean utopia of the Mégamicres, a race of multi-colored, hermaphroditic dwarves.
* An early science-fiction work called "Symzonia: A Voyage of Discovery" by a "Captain Adam Seaborn" appeared in print in 1823. It obviously reflected the ideas of John Cleves Symmes, Jr. and some have claimed Symmes as the real author. Some researchers say it deliberately satirized Symmes's ideas, and think they have identified the author as an early American author named Nathaniel Ames (see Lang, Hans-Joachim and Benjamin Lease. "The Authorship of "Symzonia": The Case for Nathanial Ames" "New England Quarterly", June 1975, page 241-252).
* Faddei Bulgarin's short satirical tale "Improbable Tall-Tale, or Journey to the Center of the Earth" (1825) describes three underworld countries: Ignorantia (populated by spiders), Beastland (populated by apes), and Lightonia (populated by humans, with a capital called Utopia).
* Edgar Allan Poe used the idea in his 1838 novel "The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket". He also touches on it in his short stories "MS. Found in a Bottle" and "The Unparalleled Adventure of One Hans Pfaall."
* Jules Verne used the idea of a partially hollow Earth in his 1864 novel, "A Journey to the Center of the Earth".
* James De Mille's novel "A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder" (1888) is a Victorian satire of the inverted society within the hollow Earth.
* William R. Bradshaw's science fiction novel "The Goddess of Atvatabar" (1892) is a utopian fantasy set within the hollow Earth.
* Etidorhpa (1895) by John Uri Lloyd.
* Willis George Emerson's science-fiction novel "The Smoky God" (1908) recounts the adventures of one Olaf Jansen who traveled into the interior and found an advanced civilization.
* Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote adventure stories set in the inner world of Pellucidar including, at one point, a visit from his character Tarzan. Burroughs's Pellucidar has oceans on the outer surface corresponding to continents on the inner surface and vice-versa.
* The Russian geologist Vladimir Obruchev uses the concept of the hollow Earth in his scientific novel "Plutonia" to take the reader through various geological epochs.
*"The Third Eye" (1956) by Tuesday Lobsang Rampa mentions contact with advanced beings living in the center of the earth.
*"Neznaika on the Moon (Незнайка на Луне)" (1966) by Nikolai Nosov describes a hollow Moon with the inner surface inhabited by people.
* A hollow Earth featured in the children's "Choose Your Own Adventure" novel "The Underground Kingdom" (1983).
* Rudy Rucker's novel "The Hollow Earth" appeared in 1990, and features Edgar Allan Poe and his ideas. Amusingly, Rucker claims in an afterword to have transcribed the novel from a manuscript in the University of Virginia library; the call number given is that of a copy of Symzonia!
* The novel "Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth" by Max McCoy (1997) expands on the legend of an advanced civilization in the Earth's interior.
* Eoin Colfer's "Artemis Fowl" series of novels has a population of fairies living inside the Earth.
* The short story "Black as the Pit, From Pole to Pole" by Howard Waldrop and Steven Utley continues the journey of Frankenstein's creature through a hollow earth.
* In Geraldine McCaughrean's 'The White Darkness', the characters undertake a journey to find a hole into the hollow Earth.
*"Underland" (2002) by Mick Farren has the vampire hero Victor Renquist, travelling to a hollow earth populated by nazi scientists, subjugated proto-scientific lizard people, and a fungus addicted race of sub-vampires.
*"Against the Day" (2006) by Thomas Pynchon makes extensive mention of the earth's interior as a place to be explored, positing inner-earth seas.
*"Matter" (2008) by Iain M Banks describes a "shell world" constructed to accommodate a number of life forms in concentrically-nested layers.
*"Ghosts of Onyx", a Halo novel, ends with a kind of "Hollow earth", or Dyson Sphere.
*"BPRD Trade Paperback #1 contains a short story Hollow Earth.
*A Scrooge McDuck comic book story by Carl Barks called "Land Beneath the Ground!" describes an underground world populated by humanoid creatures who create earthquakes.

Other cultural references

*The idea of a hollow Earth, often as the home of another race or species, is a common theme in comics, cartoons and computer/video games.
*Japanese psychedelic rock band Far East Family Band named their 1975 debut album Chikyu Kudo Setsu, whose English translation is Hollow Earth Theory, although the official English title was The Cave Down to Earth. The album's sleevenotes refer to familiar stories of entrances at the north and south poles, and of an ancient civilisation dwelling inside the earth with connections to UFOs [Reported in Julian Cope's Japrocksampler, pp. 246-7.] .
* The band Bal-Sagoth has, on their album "The Chthonic Chronicles" (2006), a song about the hollow Earth called "Invocations Beyond the Outer-World Night".
* The 1956 movie "The Mole People" has an introduction by a professor explaining the history of hollow Earth theories.
* The 2004 Japanese horror movie "Marebito", directed by Takashi Shimizu, references the hollow Earth hypothesis.
* The 2008 movie "Journey to the Center of the Earth"
* A pulp roleplaying game set there: "Hollow Earth Expedition"
* An independent sci-fi movie called [http://www.thenextrace.com The Chronicles of Hollow Earth: The Next Race] .

See also

* Agartha
*Etidorhpa
* Brinsley Le Poer Trench, 8th Earl of Clancarty
* Cyrus Teed
* Dyson sphere
* Earth
* Expanding Earth theory
* Flat Earth
* John Cleves Symmes, Jr.
* Subterranean fiction
* Travel to the Earth's center
* Vril
* Hollow moon

Bibliography

*Seaborn, Captain Adam. "Symzonia; Voyage of Discovery". J. Seymour, 1820.
*Kafton-Minkel, Walter. "Subterranean Worlds". Loompanics Unlimited, 1989.
*Standish, David. "Hollow Earth". Da Capo Press, 2006.

References

External links

* [http://www.unmuseum.org/hollow.htm The Hollow Earth] - from The UnMuseum
* " [http://www.literature.org/authors/burroughs-edgar-rice/at-the-earths-core/ At the Earth's Core] ", by Edgar Rice Burroughs