List of epidemics

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This article is a list of major epidemics.

Death toll	Region	Years	Name	Species	Citation
	Egypt	-8349 1650BC–-8449 1550BC		bubonic plague or influenza	[1][2]
	Greece	-9569 430BC–-9572 427BC	Plague of Athens	plague	[3]
5,000,000	Roman Empire	00165 165–00180 180	Antonine Plague	smallpox	[4]
	Roman Empire	00251 251–00270 270	Plague of Cyprian	smallpox	[3]
25,000,000	Byzantine Empire	00541 541–00542 542	Plague of Justinian	bubonic plague	[5]
25,000	Palestine	00639 639	Plague of Emmaus	bubonic plague	[6]
100,000,000	Europe, Asia	1338–1351	Black Death	bubonic plague	[7]
	France	1466	Paris	plague	[8]
	England	1485		sweating sickness
	Spain	1489	Granada	typhus
	Hispaniola	1493		influenza
	Iceland	1494–1495		plague
	England	1498		plague	[9]
	Italy	1505–1530		typhus	[10]
1,500,000 (est)	North and South America	1500-1900		smallpox, measles, typhoid, etc.	[11]
	Hispaniola	1507		smallpox	[12]
	England	1509–1510		plague
	Puerto Rico	1515		smallpox
	Hispaniola	1518		smallpox
	Mexico	1520		smallpox	[13]
	Germany	1527		plague
	Peru	1527–1530		smallpox
	England	1528		sweating sickness
	Mexico, Peru	1530–1531		measles
	Mexico, Peru	1546		typhus
	Brazil	1555		smallpox
	Spain	1557	Valencia	plague
	Mexico, Peru	1558–1559		influenza
	Ottoman Empire	1560	Istanbul	plague
	Chile	1561		smallpox
	England	1563–1564		plague
	Russia	1570	Moscow	plague
	Scotland	1574	Edinburgh	plague
	Mexico	1576		viral hemorrhagic fever	[14]
	Seneca nation	1592–1596		measles	[15]
	Spain	1596–1602		plague	[16]
	South America	1600–1650		malaria
	England	1603	London	plague
	Egypt	1609		plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1617–1619	Massachusetts Bay area	smallpox	[17]
	Italy	1629–1631	Italian plague of 1629–1631	plague
	Wyandot people	1630	in Ontario	smallpox
	Thirteen Colonies	1633	Plymouth Colony	smallpox
	Thirteen Colonies	1634	Connecticut River area	smallpox
	England	1636	Newcastle	plague
	China	1641–1644	helped end the Ming Dynasty	plague	[18]
	Spain	1647–1652	Great Plague of Seville	plague
	South America	1648		yellow fever
	Italy	1656	Naples	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1657	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Netherlands	1663–1664	Amsterdam	plague
100,000[19]	England	1665–1666	Great Plague of London	plague
40,000	France	1668		plague
	Spain	1676–1685		plague
	Austria	1679	Great Plague of Vienna	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1687	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Thirteen Colonies	1690	New York City	yellow fever
	Canada, New France	1702–1703		smallpox	[20]
	Sweden	1710–1711	Stockholm	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1713	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Thirteen Colonies	1713–1715	New England and the Great Lakes	measles
	Canada, New France	1714–1715		measles	[21]
	France	1720–1722	Great Plague of Marseille	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1721–1722	Boston, Massachusetts	smallpox	[22]
	Thirteen Colonies	1729	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Spain	1730	Cadiz	yellow fever
	Thirteen Colonies	1732–1733		influenza	[23]
	Canada, New France	1733		smallpox	[24]
	Balkans	1738	Great Plague of 1738	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1738	South Carolina	smallpox
	Thirteen Colonies	1739–1740	Boston, Massachusetts	measles
	Italy	1743	Messina	plague
	Thirteen Colonies	1747	CT, NY, PA, SC	measles
	North America	1755–1756		smallpox
	North America	1759		measles
	North America, West Indies	1761		influenza
	Russia	1770–1772	Russian plague of 1770–1772	plague
	Pacific Northwest natives	1770s		smallpox	[25]
	North America	1772		measles
	North America	1775	particularly in the northeast	unknown cause	[citation needed]
	England	1775–1776		influenza	[26]
	Spain	1778	Cadiz	dengue fever
	Plains Indians	1780–1782	North American smallpox epidemic	smallpox	[27]
	Pueblo Indians	1788		smallpox
	United States	1788	Philadelphia and New York	measles
	New South Wales	1789–1790	amongst the Aborigines	smallpox	[28]
	United States	1793	Vermont	influenza and epidemic typhus
	United States	1793	Virginia	influenza
	United States	1793–1798	Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793, resurgences	yellow fever	[29]
	Spain	1800–1803		yellow fever	[30]
	Ottoman Empire, Egypt	1801		bubonic plague	[31]
	United States	1803	New York	yellow fever
	Egypt	1812		plague
	Ottoman Empire	1812	Istanbul	plague
	Malta	1813		plague
	Romania	1813	Bucharest	plague
	Ireland	1816–1819		typhus
>>100,000	Asia, Europe	1816–1826	first cholera pandemic	cholera	[32]
	United States	1820–1823	arising near Schuylkill River	fever[ambiguous]
	Spain	1821	Barcelona	yellow fever	[33]
	New South Wales	1828	amongst the Aborigines	smallpox	[34]
	Netherlands	1829	Groningen epidemic	malaria
	South Australia	1829		smallpox	[35]
	Iran	1829–1835		bubonic plague	[36]
>>100,000	Asia, Europe, North America	1829–1851	second cholera pandemic	cholera	[32]
	Egypt	1831		cholera	[37][38]
	Plains Indians	1831–1834		smallpox
	England, France	1832	London, Paris	cholera
	North America	1832	New York City, Montreal other cities	cholera
	United States	1833	Columbus, Ohio	cholera
	United States	1834	New York City	cholera
	Egypt	1834–1836		bubonic plague	[37][38]
	United States	1837	Philadelphia	typhus
	Great Plains	1837–1838	1837-38 smallpox epidemic	smallpox
	Dalmatia	1840		plague
	South Africa	1840	Cape Town	smallpox
	United States	1841	especially severe in the South	yellow fever
	United States	1847	New Orleans	yellow fever
	worldwide	1847–1848		influenza	[39]
	Egypt	1848		cholera	[37][38]
	North America	1848–1849		cholera
	United States	1850		yellow fever
	North America	1850–1851		influenza
	United States	1851	Illinois, the Great Plains, and Missouri	cholera
	United States	1852	New Orleans	yellow fever
1,000,000	Russia	1852–1860	third cholera pandemic	cholera	[32]
	Ottoman Empire	1853	what is now Yemen	plague	[40]
616	England	1854	Broad Street cholera outbreak	cholera	[41]
	United States	1855		yellow fever
	worldwide	1855–1950	Third Pandemic	bubonic plague	[42]
	Portugal	1857	Lisbon	yellow fever
	Victoria, Australia	1857		smallpox	[43]
	Europe, North America, South America	1857–1859		influenza	[44]
	Middle East	1863–1879	fourth cholera pandemic	cholera	[32]
	Egypt	1865		cholera	[37][38]
	Russia, Germany	1866–1867		cholera
	Australia	1867	Sydney	measles
	Iraq	1867		plague	[45]
	Argentina	1852–1871	Buenos Aires	yellow fever	[46]
	Germany	1870–1871		smallpox
	Russian Empire	1877	Baku, now part of Azerbaijan	plague	[47]
	Egypt	1881		cholera	[37][38]
>>9,000	India, Germany	1881–1896	fifth cholera pandemic	cholera	[32]
3,164	Montreal	1885		smallpox	timeline
1,000,000	worldwide	1889–1890	Russian flu	influenza	[48]
	Congo Basin	1896–1906		trypanosomiasis	[49]
>>800,000	Europe, Asia, Africa	1899–1923	sixth cholera pandemic	cholera	[32]
	West Africa	1900		yellow fever
	Uganda	1900–1920		trypanosomiasis	[50]
	Egypt	1902		cholera	[37][38]
	India	1903		plague	[51]
	China	1910–1912	Manchuria	bubonic plague	[52]
75,000,000	worldwide	1918–1920	1918 flu pandemic	influenza	[53]
	Russia	1918–1922		typhus
	Egypt	1942–1944		malaria	[37][38]
	China	1946	Manchuria	bubonic plague
	Egypt	1946		relapsing fever	[37][38]
	Egypt	1947		cholera	[37][38]
2,000,000	worldwide	1957–1958	Asian flu	influenza	[54]
	worldwide	1961–present	seventh cholera pandemic	cholera	[32]
1,000,000	worldwide	1968–1969	Hong Kong flu	influenza	[54]
	Yugoslavia	1972	1972 outbreak of smallpox in Yugoslavia	smallpox
15,000	India	1974	1974 smallpox epidemic of India	smallpox
25,000,000	worldwide	1981–present	HIV/AIDS pandemic	HIV/AIDS	[55]
	South America	1990s		cholera
52	India	1994	1994 plague epidemic in Surat	plague
	West Africa	1996		meningitis
	Central America	2000		dengue fever	[56]
	Nigeria	2001		cholera	[57]
	South Africa	2001		cholera	[58]
775	Asia	2002–2003	SARS	SARS coronavirus
	Algeria	2003		plague	[59]
	Afghanistan	2004		leishmaniasis	[60]
	Bangladesh	2004		cholera	[61]
	Indonesia	2004		dengue fever
	Senegal	2004		cholera	[62]
	Sudan	2004		ebola
	Mali	2005		yellow fever	[63]
19	Singapore	2005	2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore	dengue fever
	Angola	2006	Luanda	cholera	[64]
	Congo	2006	Ituri Province	plague
	India	2006		malaria	[65]
50+	India	2006	2006 dengue outbreak in India	dengue fever	[66]
	India	2006	Chikungunya outbreaks	Chikungunya virus	[67]
50+	Pakistan	2006	2006 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	dengue fever
	Philippines	2006		dengue fever
	Congo	2007	Mweka	ebola	[68]
	Ethiopia	2007		cholera	[69]
49	India	2007		cholera	[70]
10	Iraq	2007	2007 Iraq cholera outbreak	cholera	[71]
	Nigeria	2007		polio	[72]
	Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Mexico	2007		dengue fever	[73]
	Somalia	2007		cholera	[74]
	Uganda	2007		ebola
	Vietnam	2007		cholera	[75]
	Brazil	2008		dengue fever
	Cambodia	2008		dengue fever	[76]
	Chad	2008		cholera	[77]
	China	2008		hand, foot and mouth disease
	Madagascar	2008		bubonic plague	[78]
	Philippines	2008		dengue fever	[79]
	Vietnam	2008		cholera	[80]
4,293	Zimbabwe	2008–2009	2008–2009 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak	cholera
18	Bolivia	2009	2009 Bolivian dengue fever epidemic	dengue fever
	India	2009	2009 Gujarat hepatitis outbreak	hepatitis B
	Queensland, Australia	2009		dengue fever	[81]
	worldwide	2009	Mumps outbreaks in the 2000s	mumps
931	West Africa	2009–2010	2009-2010 West African meningitis outbreak	meningitis	[82]
14,286	worldwide	2009–2010	2009 flu pandemic	influenza	[83]
4,749	Hispaniola	2010–present	2010–2011 Haiti cholera outbreak	cholera	[84]
	Congo	2011–present		measles	[85]
81	Vietnam	2011–present		hand, foot and mouth disease	[86]
350+	Pakistan	2011–present	2011 dengue outbreak in Pakistan	dengue fever
Death toll	Region	Years	Name	Species	Citation

See also

• List of natural disasters by death toll
• Native American disease and epidemics
• Pandemic

References

1. ^ Arielle Kozloff, in "Bubonic Plague in the Reign of Amenhotep III?" (KMT, 17, 3 (Fall 2006), pp. 36–46)
2. ^ Ancient Egypt Online Akhenaten Accessed 21 Feb 2007
3. ^ ^{a b} George C. Kohn (2008). Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9780816069354. http://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
4. ^ Dionysios Ch Stathakopoulos (March 2004). Famine and pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine empire: a systematic survey of subsistence crises and epidemics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. ISBN 9780754630210. http://books.google.com/books?id=6ivCsJoWtDUC. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
5. ^ William Rosen (8 May 2007). Justinian's flea: plague, empire, and the birth of Europe. Penguin. ISBN 9780670038558. http://books.google.com/books?id=2oA2Lbiv4xAC. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
6. ^ Dols, Michael W. "Plague in Early Islamic History". Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 94, No. 3 (Jul-Sep, 1974), pp. 371-383.
7. ^ Justus Friedrich Carl Hecker (1835). The epidemics of the middle ages. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. http://books.google.com/books?id=lDynaxN2Q-cC. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
8. ^ Plague – LoveToKnow 1911
9. ^ Plague in Tudor and Stuart England
10. ^ August Hirsch (1883). "XI Typhus". Handbook of geographical and historical pathology v. 1 1883. New Sydenham Society. http://books.google.com/books?id=vUkJAAAAIAAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
11. ^ [1]
12. ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Smallpox
13. ^ Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox
14. ^ American plague, New Scientist
15. ^ American Indian Epidemics
16. ^ A History of Spain and Portugal
17. ^ The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge
18. ^ Timothy Brook (1 September 1999). The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China. University of California Press. p. 163. ISBN 9780520221543. http://books.google.com/books?id=YuMcHWWbXqMC&pg=PA163. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 
19. ^ Ross, David. "UK travel and heritage - Britain Express UK travel guide". The London Plague of 1665. http://www.britainexpress.com/History/plague.htm. Retrieved 14 July 2011. 
20. ^ B. Desjardins "Demographic Aspects of the 1702–1703 Smallpox Epidemic in the St. Lawrence Valley". Canadian Studies in Population, vol. 23, No 1 (1996), pp. 49-67.
21. ^ "The Measles Epidemic of 1714- 1715 in New France" Canadian Studies in Population, vol. 36 (2009), pp. 295-323.
22. ^ Zabdiel Boylston and innoculation
23. ^ Ambrosevideo.com
24. ^ "Does exposure to infectious diseases in infancy affect old-age mortality? Evidence from a pre-industrial population" Social Science & Medicine, vol.68 (2009), pp.1609–1616.
25. ^ Greg Lange,"Smallpox epidemic ravages Native Americans on the northwest coast of North America in the 1770s", 23 Jan 2003, HistoryLink.org, Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History, accessed 2 Jun 2008
26. ^ The Lancet, Volume 143, Issue 3673, Pages 175–176, 20 January 1894
27. ^ "The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words", National Institutes of Health
28. ^ BC [Before Cook] and Colonisation
29. ^ Epidemics
30. ^ Tiger mosquitoes and the history of yellow fever and dengue in Spain
31. ^ Andrew Davidson (1893). Hygiene & diseases of warm climates. Pentland. p. 337. http://books.google.com/books?id=FfpTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA337. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 
32. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} J. N. Hays (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851096589. http://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
33. ^ Yellow Fever - LoveToKnow 1911
34. ^ Aboriginal Health History
35. ^ South Australian History Timeline (19th Century)
36. ^ A History of the Human Plague in Iran, Mohammad Azizi, Farzaneh Azizi
37. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Kuhnke, Laverne. Lives at Risk: Public Health in Nineteenth-Century Egypt. ark.cdlib.org, Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990.
38. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Gallagher, Nancy. Egypt's Other Wars: Epidemics and the Politics of Public Health. Syracuse University Press, c1990. Published by the American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 977-424-295-5
39. ^ American Journal of the Medical Sciences: July 1849, Volume 18, Issue 35, pp. 148–154
40. ^ Practitioner. 1877. http://books.google.com/books?id=cWUCAAAAYAAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
41. ^ John Snow (1855). On the mode of communication of cholera. John Churchill. http://books.google.com/books?id=-N0_AAAAcAAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
42. ^ Pryor, E.G. (1975). "The Great Plague of Hong Kong". Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hong Kong: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Hong Kong Branch (Hong Kong Branch)) 1975: 69. http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401304.pdf. 
43. ^ Australian Medical Pioneers Index (AMPI) – Colonial Medical Life
44. ^ Beveridge, W.I.B. Influenza, the Last Great Plague (Heinemann, London, 1977)
45. ^ 1902Encyclopedia.com
46. ^ Cited in: Howlin, Diego (2004). "Vómito Negro, Historia de la fiebre amarilla, en Buenos Aires de 1871", Revista Persona.
47. ^ Plague - LoveToKnow 1911
48. ^ Great Britain. Local Government Board (1893). Further report and papers on epidemic influenza, 1889-92: with an introduction by the medical officer of the Local Government Board. Eyre. http://books.google.com/books?id=OAUTAQAAMAAJ. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
49. ^ African trypanosomiasis, WHO
50. ^ Reanalyzing the 1900-1920 sleeping sickness epidemic in Uganda
51. ^ Texas Department of State Health Services, History of Plague
52. ^ In Memory of the 1910 Harbin Plague
53. ^ Patterson, KD; Pyle GF (Spring 1991). "The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic". Bull Hist Med. 65 (1): 4–21. PMID 2021692. 
54. ^ ^{a b} William E. Paul (1 May 2008). Fundamental immunology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781765190. http://books.google.com/books?id=oPSG1PGmZUkC. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
55. ^ UNAIDS (2010) report on the global AIDS epidemic'
56. ^ Dengue in the Americas: The Epidemics of 2000
57. ^ Nigeria cholera outbreak kills 400
58. ^ Cholera Spreads Through South Africa Townships
59. ^ Plague reappearance in Algeria after 50 years, 2003.
60. ^ World Health Organization action in Afghanistan aims to control debilitating leishmaniasis
61. ^ Self-limiting nature of seasonal cholera epidemics: Role of host-mediated amplification of phage
62. ^ Cholera epidemic takes hold in Senegal
63. ^ Mali: Yellow fever epidemic in Kayes
64. ^ Worst cholera outbreak in Angola, BBC
65. ^ Malaria Epidemic Sweeps Northeast India
66. ^ Dengue epidemic threatens India's capital
67. ^ WHO | Chikungunya in India
68. ^ "Mourners die as fever grips Congo." Sydney Morning Herald, August 30, 2007
69. ^ Fatal outbreak not a cholera epidemic, insists Ethiopia
70. ^ Cholera death toll in India rises, BBC News
71. ^ Cholera outbreak in Iraq growing, Associated Press
72. ^ Vaccine-linked polio hits Nigeria, BBC News
73. ^ Dengue fever epidemic hits Caribbean, Latin America, Reuters
74. ^ Somalia cholera death fears grow
75. ^ Cholera epidemic losing its sting
76. ^ Cambodia suffers worst dengue epidemic, 407 dead, Reuters
77. ^ Cholera epidemic in western Chad kills 123
78. ^ Madagascar: eighteen dead from Bubonic Plague, five in hospital since 1 January 2008
79. ^ Dengue cases in Philippines rise by 43 percent: government
80. ^ Vietnam PM urges action against diarrhea outbreak, Thanh Nien Daily
81. ^ "Dengue fever epidemic hits northern Australia". bmj.com. March 9, 2009.
82. ^ "West Africa has worst meningitis epidemic for 10 years". bmj.com. April 21, 2009.
83. ^ "ECDC Daily Update – Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 – 18 January 2010". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2010-01-18 09:00 UTC +2. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/Documents/100118_Influenza_AH1N1_Situation_Report_0900hrs.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 
84. ^ Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population official cholera report
85. ^ Doctorswithoutborders.org
86. ^ [2]

External links

• George C. Kohn. Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence: from ancient times to the present. pp. 475–89. http://books.google.com/books?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&pg=PA475.  A very comprehensive list of epidemics.