Outline of thought

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to thinking:

Thought (and thinking) – the mental process in which beings form psychological associations and models of the world. Thinking is manipulating information, as when we form concepts, engage in problem solving, reason and make decisions. A thought may be an idea, an image, a sound or even an emotional feeling that arises from the brain.

Essence of thinking

Main article: Thought

Brain Cognition Consciousness

Imagination Intelligence Mind

Perception Reason Reasoning

Types of thought

Awareness Creative processes Critical Thinking Decision making

Erroneous thinking Learning and Memory

Organizational thinking (thinking by organizations) Reasoning

Properties of thought

• Accuracy
• Cogency
• Dogma
• Effectiveness
• Efficacy
• Efficiency
• Frugality
• Prudence
• Pseudoskepticism
• Right
• Skepticism
• Soundness
• Validity
• Value theory
• Wrong

Fields of study

• Philosophy
  • Logic
  • Philosophy of mind

• Neuroscience
  • Cognitive science
  • Psychology
    • Cognitive psychology
    • Social psychology
  • Psychiatry

• Mathematics
• Operations research

History of thinking

Main articles: History of thought and History of reasoning

• History of artificial intelligence
• History of cognitive science
• History of creativity
• History of ideas
• History of logic
• History of psychometrics

General thinking concepts

Brain and brain biology

Main articles: Brain and Neurology

Action potential Acetylcholine Acetylcholinesterase Aging and memory Albert Einstein's brain Brain Central nervous system (CNS)

Dendrite Dopamine Glial cells Human brain Long-term potentiation Nervous system Neurite

Neuron Neuroplasticity Neuroscience Neurotransmitter Sensory neuroscience Synapse Synaptic plasticity

Intelligence

Main article: Intelligence

Cognition Sapience Experience

Knowledge Wisdom Strategy

Structure System

Nootropics (Cognitive enhancers and smart drugs)

Main article: Nootropic

5-HTP Adrafinil (Olmifon) Aniracetam Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi) Caffeine Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) Centrophenoxine Choline Cholinergics Chromium Coenzyme q-10 Coffee Creatine DMAE Ergoloid mesylates (Hydergine) Huperzine A

Idebenone Inositol L-dopa Lecithin Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis) Lipoic acid Methylphenidate (Ritalin) Modafinil (Provigil) Oxiracetam Phenibut Phenylalanine Piracetam (Nootropil) Pramiracetam Pyritinol (Enerbol) Rhodiola Rosea Selegiline (Deprenyl)

Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) St John's Wort Sutherlandia Frutescens Tea Theanine Theophylline Tryptophan Tyrosine Vasopressin Vinpocetine Nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) Vitamin B5 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin C Yohimbe

Psychometrics (measuring intelligence and cognitive traits)

Main article: Psychometrics

Intelligence quotient Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality tests

Scholastic Aptitude Test

Artificial thinking

Artificial creativity

Artificial intelligence

Computer program

Organizational thinking

Main articles: Organizational studies and Organizational psychology

Attribution theory Communication Concept testing Evaporating Cloud Fifth discipline Groupthink Group synergy Ideas bank

Interpretation Learning organization Metaplan Operations research Organization development Organizational communication Organizational culture Organizational ethics

Organizational learning Rhetoric Smart mob Strategic planning Systems thinking Theory of Constraints Think tank Wisdom of crowds

Personal thinking

Awareness and Perception

Main articles: Awareness and Perception

Attention Cognition Cognitive dissonance Cognitive map Concept Concept map Conceptual framework Conceptual model Consciousness Domain knowledge Heuristic

Information Intelligence Intuition Knowledge Memory suppression Mental model Metaknowledge (knowledge about knowledge) Mind map Model (abstract)

Option awareness Percept Perception Self-awareness Self-concept Self-consciousness Self-knowledge Self-realization Sentience Situational awareness Understanding

Creative processes

Main article: Creativity

Brainstorming Cognitive module Creativity Creative problem solving Creative writing

Creativity techniques Design thinking Hypothesis Idea Image streaming

Imagination Lateral thinking Six Thinking Hats Speech act Stream of consciousness

Decision making

Main article: Decision making

Choice Cybernetics Decision theory

Executive system Goals and goal setting Judgement Planning

Rational choice theory Speech act Value (personal and cultural) Value judgment

Emotional intelligence (Emotionally-based thinking)

Main article: Emotional intelligence

Acting Affect logic Allophilia Attitude (psychology) Curiosity Elaboration likelihood model Emotions and feelings Emotion and memory

Emotional contagion Empathy Epiphany Mood Motivation Propositional attitude Rhetoric Self actualization

Self control Self-esteem Self-Determination Theory Self motivation Social cognition Will Volition (psychology)

Erroneous thinking

• Black and white thinking
• Catastrophization
• Cognitive bias
• Cognitive distortion
• Error
• Exaggeration
• Fallacy
• Fallacies of definition
• List of fallacies
• Logical fallacy
• Minimisation
• Mistake
• Rationalization
• Rhetoric
• Straight and Crooked Thinking (book)
• Target fixation

Learning and Memory

Main articles: Education, Learning, and Memory

• Autodidacticism
• Biofeedback
• Cognitive dissonance
• Dual-coding theory
• Eidetic memory (total recall)
• Emotion and memory
• Empiricism
• Feedback
• Feedback loop
• Free association
• Heuristics
• Hyperthymesia
• Hypnosis
• Hypothesis
• Imitation
• Inquiry
• Knowledge management
• Language acquisition
• Memory and aging
• Memory inhibition
• Memory-prediction framework
• Method of loci
• Mnemonics
• Neurofeedback
• Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP)
• Observation
• Pattern recognition
• Question
• Reading
• Recall
• Recognition
• Recollection (recall)
• Scientific method
• Self-perception theory
• Speed reading
• Study Skills
• Subvocalization
• Transfer of learning
• Transfer of training
• Visual learning

Reason and reasoning

Main articles: Reason and Reasoning

Abductive reasoning Abstract thinking Analogy Analysis Attitude Calculation Categorization Cognition Cognitive restructuring Cognitive space Cognitive style Common sense Concept Conjecture Concrete concepts Critical thinking Deductive reasoning Definition Estimation Evaluation Explanation Gestalt psychology Heuristics Historical thinking Hypothesis Idea Identification (information) Inductive reasoning Inference

Instinct Intelligence Intelligence amplification Intentionality Introspection Knowledge management Language Lateral thinking Linguistics Logic Logical argument Logical assertion Meaning (linguistics) Meaning (non-linguistic) Meaning (semiotics) Mental calculation Mental function Metacognition (thinking about thinking) Mind's eye Mindset Multiple intelligences Multitasking Pattern matching Personality Picture thinking Prediction Premise Problem finding Problem shaping

Problem solving Process of elimination Systems thinking Critical systems thinking Troubleshooting Proposition Rationality Reason Reasoning Self-reflection Sapience Semantic network Semantics Semiosis Semiotics Six Thinking Hats Speech act Stream of consciousness Syllogism Synectics Systems intelligence Thinkabout Thinking Thought act Thinking Maps Thinking Processes Thought experiment TRIZ Visual thinking Working memory Writing

Teaching methods and skills

Main articles: Education and Teaching

Active learning Classical conditioning Discipline

Learning theory (education) Mentoring Operant conditioning

Problem-based learning Punishment Reinforcement

Other

Genius High IQ society Mega Society Mensa

Mind Sports Organisation Nobel Prize Philomath

Polymath Pulitzer Prize World Mind Sports Games

Scholars of thinking

Aaron T. Beck Edward de Bono Tony Buzan Noam Chomsky

Albert Ellis Howard Gardner Douglas Hofstadter

Marvin Minsky Baruch Spinoza Robert Sternberg

Lists

Main article: Lists of thinking-related topics

List of cognitive scientists List of cognitive science topics Glossary of philosophical isms List of philosophical theories List of psychology topics List of cognitive biases

List of emotions List of neurobiology topics List of NLP topics List of nootropics (smart drugs)

List of psychometric topics List of scholars on thinking skills List of teaching methods List of thinking errors List of thinking tools List of thought processes

See also

Thinking portal

• Hypervigilance
• Neurobiology

• List of neurobiology topics

External links

• Corballis, Michael C.. "The Uniqueness of Human Recursive Thinking" (PDF). American Scientist (May–June 2007). http://www.americanscientist.org/template/CreateToken?type=PDF&assetid=55246. Retrieved 2007-04-23. ^{[dead link]}
• The Psychology of Emotions, Feelings and Thoughts, Free Online Book