United States Merchant Marine Academy

United States Merchant Marine Academy
Motto	Latin: Acta Non Verba (Deeds Not Words)
Established	1942
Type	Federal Service Academy
Superintendent	[none at present]
Dean	Dr. Shashi Kumar
Admin. staff	250
Undergraduates	910
Location	Kings Point, New York, USA
Campus	Suburban, 81 acres
Colors	Blue      and Gray
Mascot	Mariner
Affiliations	Landmark Conference; MAISA; AAU
Website	www.usmma.edu

Aerial view of United States Merchant Marine Academy

Coordinates: 40°48′43.89″N 73°45′48.42″W / 40.8121917°N 73.76345°W / 40.8121917; -73.76345 The United States Merchant Marine Academy (also known as USMMA or Kings Point) is one of the five United States Service academies. It is charged with training officers for the United States Merchant Marine, branches of the military, or the transportation industry.

Midshipmen (as students at the Academy are called) are trained in marine engineering, navigation, ship's administration, maritime law, personnel management, international law, customs, and many other subjects important to the task of running a large ship.

History

Between 1874 and 1936, diverse federal legislation supported maritime training through schoolships, internships at sea and other methods. A disastrous fire in 1934 aboard the passenger ship SS Morro Castle, in which 134 lives were lost, convinced the U.S. Congress that direct federal involvement in efficient and standardized training was needed.

Originally in co-operation with the State of New York (which donated the land) the US government was going to establish on a large scale a Merchant Marine Academy at Fort Schuyler New York, but nothing came of these plans. ^[1]

Congress passed the landmark Merchant Marine Act in 1936, and two years later, the U.S. Merchant Marine Cadet Corps was established. The first training was given at temporary facilities until the Academy's permanent site in Kings Point, New York was acquired in early 1942. The Kings Point campus was originally Walter Chrysler's twelve-acre waterfront estate, named "Forker House" (now known as the USMMA's Wiley Hall).^[2] Construction of the Academy began immediately, and 15 months later the task was virtually completed. The Academy was dedicated on September 30, 1943, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who noted that "the Academy serves the Merchant Marine as West Point serves the Army and Annapolis the Navy."

World War II required the Academy to forego its normal operation and to devote all of its resources toward meeting the emergency need for Merchant Marine officers. Its enrollment rose to 2,700 men, and the planned course of instruction was reduced in length from four years to 18 months. To meet the wartime needs for qualified merchant marine officers two additional merchant marine cadet training school sites were established, one located in Pass Christian, MS and the other in San Mateo, CA. The San Mateo location was closed in September 1947 and the students transferred to Kings Point. The location in Pass Christian, MS was similarly closed in 1950. In spite of the war, shipboard training continued to be an integral part of the Academy curriculum, and midshipmen served at sea in combat zones the world over. One hundred and forty-two midshipmen gave their lives in service to their country, and many others survived torpedo and aerial attacks. From 1942-1945, the Academy graduated 6,895 officers. As the war drew to a close, plans were made to convert the Academy's wartime curriculum to a four-year, college-level program to meet the peacetime requirements of the merchant marine. In 1948, such a course was instituted.

Authorization for awarding the degree of bachelor of science to graduates was granted by Congress in 1949. The Academy became fully accredited as a degree-granting institution in the same year. It was made a permanent institution by an Act of Congress in 1956. The Academy accelerated graduating classes during the Korean War and the Vietnam War. It was involved in such programs as training US officers for the nuclear-powered merchant ship, the NS Savannah.

Admission requirements were amended in 1974, and this Academy became the first federal service academy to enroll female students, two years before the Military, Naval, Air Force, and Coast Guard Academies.

During the Persian Gulf war in early 1991, and for many months prior to the war, both Academy graduates and midshipmen played important roles in the large sealift of military supplies to the Middle East. Midshipmen training at sea also participated in the humanitarian sealift to Somalia during Operation Restore Hope.

In 1990, the Academy acquired its largest campus based training vessel, the T/V Kings Pointer. The ship still serves the academy to this day.

During the 1990s, the Academy's future seemed to be in doubt, since its elimination was recommended by the National Performance Review efforts of the Clinton presidential Administration, whose chairman was Vice President Albert Gore, Jr.

Most recently, Merchant Marine Academy midshipmen and graduates have been involved in many facets of the war in Iraq. Many graduates were involved in the transportation of supplies during the buildup to the war in 2003. Many graduates in the Naval Reserve have been called to serve supporting naval roles in ports in Iraq and Kuwait. Graduates who have entered other branches of the service have had more direct roles in Iraq. Aaron Seesan, a 2003 graduate and Army Lieutenant, was the first graduate to give his life for his country during a war since the Vietnam War.

George W. Bush delivering the commencement address at the Academy.

Due to the service of Midshipmen in every major conflict the country has been involved in since World War II, the regiment is privileged to carry a regimental battle standard. The Merchant Marine Academy is the only Federal Service Academy granted the right to do so, and the standard is carried with the colors at all times. Campaign ribbons from all the conflicts Midshipmen have taken part in help to dress the battle standard, and bring honor to the academy and her midshipmen.^[3]

The American Merchant Marine Museum is located at the campus in Kings Point, New York.

On 19 June 2006, President George W. Bush gave the commencement address at the Academy, becoming the first sitting president to visit the academy.^[4]

Admissions

In addition to requiring strong GPA and SAT/ACT scores, the Academy, along with all of the other federal service academies, with the exception of the United States Coast Guard Academy, requires that the candidate be nominated by a U.S. Representative or U.S. Senator.

Applicants are required to write an essay, obtain letters of recommendation from three sources (including one from their guidance counselor), take the DoDMERB (Department of Defense Medical Examination Review Board) physical, and take the Candidate Fitness Assessment (CFA) to asses physical fitness.

Organization

The Academy is funded by the US Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration and is administered by the United States Maritime Service.

The entire student body is referred to as the Regiment of Midshipmen. The Regiment is subdivided into two battalions and six companies: First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Band, with First and Second Companies making up First Battalion and Third, Fourth, and Fifth Companies making up Second Battalion. Company assignment is random, although candidates who admit to having experience playing a musical instrument when they report to the Academy are steered towards joining Band Company.

Curriculum

Cadets paying a traditional visit to Amphitrite at Kings Point

Freshmen, known as plebes, start in early July where they begin a two and a half week indoctrination period, also known as "indoc." Indoc is functionally run by upperclassmen but is overseen by officers of the United States Maritime Service who are part of the Commandant of Midshipman's staff. This high stress period involves physical training, marching, and an intensive introduction to regimental life at the academy. After the indoctrination period is completed, the academic year begins. In September, first year students officially become Midshipmen upon taking the oath of office into the U.S. Navy Reserve on Acceptance Day. Until "recognized" later in the academic year, plebes continue to be required to adhere to stringent rules affecting most aspects of their daily life.

Academy students, known as midshipmen, focus on one of two different ship transport areas of education: marine transportation or marine engineering. Transportation students learn about ship navigation, cargo handling, navigation rules and maritime law. Engineering students learn about the function of the ship's engines and its supporting systems. There are currently six different academic majors available to midshipmen. Three of them are referred to as "Deck Majors" because in addition to a Bachelor of Science degree in the major field of study: Marine Transportation, Logistics and Intermodal Transportation, and Maritime Operations and Technology; they sit for and upon successful completion of the examination are issued a Third Mate (Deck Officer) License of Steam or Motor Vessels, Unlimited Tonnage, Upon Oceans. The other three available curricula are referred to as "Engine Majors"; they are: Marine Engineering, Marine Engineering Systems, and Marine Engineering and Shipyard Management. "Engine Majors" sit for and upon successful completion of the examination are issued Third Assistant Engineer (3 A/E - Engineering Officer) Licenses Steam and Motor Vessels, Any Horsepower. Maritime Operations and Technology majors, also referred to as "Shoppers", are eligible to seek and obtain certification as "Qualified Members of Engine Department" (QMED) - the highest unlicensed rating in the engine department. Marine Engineering Systems and Marine Engineering Systems & Shipyard Management graduates are also qualified to sit for the Engineer In Training (EIT) examination administered by the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES).

For part of sophomore and junior year, known at the Academy as third class and second class year, students work as cadets on regular American merchant ships. Midshipmen are typically paired two to a ship, one engineering cadet and one deck cadet. Midshipmen work and function as part of the crew and gain an opportunity for generous amounts of hands-on experience as well as the opportunity to travel abroad to many different foreign ports. The average midshipman travels to 18 countries during this period, which totals a minimum of 300 days. Due to this absence from the Academy, the remaining three academic years span from late July, through mid-June.

Toward the end of 1st class (senior) year, midshipmen prepare for exams to be licensed as either Third Assistant Engineers (steam and motor unlimited HP) or Third Mates (any gross tons, oceans). All American merchant marine officers must be licensed by the U.S. Coast Guard.

Athletics

The USMMA Mariners compete in Division III of the NCAA, as a charter member of the Landmark Conference in all sports except in football, where they are an associate member of the Liberty League, and collegiate wrestling, where they are a member of the Centennial Conference.

In Rugby, the USMMA competes in the MetNy Rugby Football Union where the team was first division champion from 2005-2006.

The USMMA Varsity Intercollegiate Sailing Team competes at the Division I level and is a member of the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association (MAISA) and has fifteen Intercollegiate Sailing Association (ICSA) national championships to its credit, as well as nearly two dozen district titles. The Mariners won their first ICSA National (now "North American") Championship in 1979. The Mariners have four dinghy championships in 1979, 1983, 1984, and 1987. Six sailors have received College Sailor of the Year recognition, Jonathan Wright 1971, Alex Smigelski 1979, Morgan Reeser, 1983 & 1984, Jay Renehan 1985, William Hardesty III, 1998. The school has had 32 All American Skippers, 11 Honorable mention skippers, and 10 All American crews.

Mariners' Memorial Chapel

See footnote^[5]

Distinguished Midshipmen

The Merchant Marine Distinguished Service Medal is the highest award which can be bestowed upon members of the United States Merchant Marine and is the service’s equivalent of the Medal of Honor. Since mariners serving in the U.S. Merchant Marine are not employed by the Department of Defense they are not eligible for the Medal of Honor.

Since USMMA opened in 1943 eight cadet/midshipmen have been awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

• Midshipman Francis A. Dales^[6]
• Midshipman Elmer C. Donnelly^[7]
• Midshipman Edwin Joseph O'Hara^[8] - Awarded posthumously
• Midshipman Walter G. Sittmann^[9]
• Midshipman William M. Thomas, Jr.^[10]
• Midshipman Phil Cox Vannais^[11]
• Midshipman Frederick R. Zito^[12]
• Midshipman Carl M. Medved^[13] - Awarded posthumously

Life after graduation

Midshipmen at Kings Point have a wide variety of options upon graduation. Unlike the nation's other military academies, graduates of USMMA are required to fulfill their service obligation on their own by providing annual proof of employment in a wide variety of occupations as approved by MARAD for a specified period of time.

Graduates may elect to fulfill their service obligation by working as licensed officers on U.S. flagged merchant vessels, as civilians in the maritime industry, or as active duty officers in any branch of the armed forces of the United States. Regardless, graduates are required to maintain their US Coast Guard issued merchant marine officer's license for a period of at least 6 years.

Those graduates electing to enter the civilian work force in the Maritime Industry, and those sailing in the Merchant Marine, are also required to maintain their Naval Reserve commission (or another reserve component commission) for a period of at least 8 years and are required to serve in the maritime industry for at least 5 years following graduation.

• On average about 1/3 of each graduating class goes to sea working in the United States Merchant Marine as officers serving on ships in overseas trade, inland & near-coastal transportation, research vessels, and other types of vessels.
• Another 1/3 generally go to work in the maritime industry ashore working in commercial shipping, ship broking, intermodal logistics, marine engineering, maritime law, maritime insurance or defense contracting.
• And, about 1/3 enter the military as active duty Commissioned Officers. Of those going on active duty most enter the US Navy as Naval Aviators, Naval Flight Officers, Surface Warfare Officers, Submarine Officers or occasionally even as SEALs. Some midshipmen enter the Marine Corps and Coast Guard, while a small number enter the US Army, US Air Force and their Reserve or National Guard components. Midshipmen may also apply for commissions in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with the NOAA Commissioned Corps.

A graduate from USMMA will receive upon graduation:

• 1: A Bachelor of Science Degree
• 2: An Unlimited USCG License as a Merchant Marine Officer, either 3rd Mate or 3rd Assistant Engineer, and
• 3: A Commission as an Ensign in the U.S. Navy Reserve, or if accepted, as an Ensign in the US Navy, US Coast Guard or National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or 2nd Lieutenant in the US Marine Corps, US Army or US Air Force. Graduates who choose military service, must serve at least five years in the active duty force of their respective service.

American Merchant Marine Museum

See also: International Maritime Hall of Fame

The USMMA in Kings Point, New York is also the home of the American Merchant Marine Museum.^[14] The museum houses the Academy's collection of maritime art and artifacts. The museum contains a learning center which is open to the regiment and the public, as well as a number of exhibits including the only known back-acting engine still in existence, that of the former gunboat USS Ranger.

The museum also houses the National Maritime Hall of Fame.^[15] The only permanent exhibit of its kind in the nation, the Hall of Fame honors people and ships important to American oceanic, coastal, inland waterway and Great Lakes shipping. Inductees into the Hall of Fame must have been deceased, or sunk or scrapped, for at least five years. Only one person and one ship are inducted into the Hall of Fame each year. The hall inducted its first set of members in or about 1982.

Among the museum's many items are the world's largest collection of navigation and nautical instruments, and the only extensive selection of ship's china, on display anywhere in the world. In addition, one of the five surrender swords presented by the Japanese to Douglas MacArthur at the conclusion of World War II is housed there.

Images from the Museum and from the Academy can be seen at this website - Photographic Catalog of the US Merchant Marine Academy

Superintendents

1. Captain James Harvey Tomb, USN 1942-?
2. Rear Admiral Giles C. Stedman, USNR
3. Rear Admiral Richard R. McNulty, USNR
4. Vice Admiral Gordon McLintock, USMS
5. Rear Admiral Arthur B. Engel, USCG
6. Rear Admiral Thomas A. King, USMS
7. Rear Admiral Paul L. Krinsky, USMS
8. Rear Admiral Thomas T. Matteson, USMS
9. Vice Admiral Joseph D. Stewart, USMS 1998-2008
10. Rear Admiral Allen B. Worley, USMS 2008-2010^[16]
11. Rear Admiral Phillip H. Greene, Jr., USMS 2010–October 2011^[17]

Notable alumni

Notable graduates

Name Class year Notability References Kirkland, LaneLane Kirkland 1942 Head of AFL-CIO [18] Bonner, AlexAlex Bonner 1943 Emmy Award winning radio and television producer and broadcast executive DeGhetto, KennethKenneth DeGhetto 1943 Chairman of the Board, Foster Wheeler [19][20] Seiberlich, Carl J.Carl J. Seiberlich 1943 Rear Admiral; first Kings Pointer to achieve Flag Rank, Commanded USS Ticonderoga (CV-14), USS Mayo (DD-422), USS Salamonie (AO-26), and USS Hornet (CV-12) for the recovery of both the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 crews after their return from the moon [21] Kraszeski, LeoLeo Kraszeski 1944 CEO Sailors Snug Harbor [22] Leback, Warren G.Warren G. Leback 1944 Head of the U.S. Maritime Administration under President George H.W. Bush [23] Scarborough, Robert H.Robert H. Scarborough 1944 First graduate to become a Vice Admiral in the United States Coast Guard; Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard [24] Taylor, Theodore "Ted"Theodore "Ted" Taylor 1944 author of over 50 fiction and non-fiction books; best known for his 1969 novel The Cay [25] Williams, Joseph B.Joseph B. Williams 1944 First African-American graduate; New York Supreme Court justice [26] Cummings, Russell B.Russell B. Cummings 1945 Texas State Representative from Harris County (1963–1967) [27] See, ElliotElliot See 1949 Project Gemini astronaut; killed in training [28] Espaldon, Romulo M.Romulo M. Espaldon 1950 Admiral; Philippine Navy; Commander of the Philippine Southern Command and Ambassador to Saudi Arabia & Yemen [24] Herberger, Albert J.Albert J. Herberger 1955 First graduate to become a Vice Admiral in the United States Navy; Head of the U.S. Maritime Administration under President Bill Clinton [29] Oster, GeorgeGeorge Oster 1961 Professor Mathematical Biology, University of California; MacArthur Fellow; Member National Academy of Science [30] Kiyosaki, RobertRobert Kiyosaki 1969 Author of the Rich Dad, Poor Dad books; Marine Corps helicopter gunship pilot during the Vietnam War [31] Blust, StevenSteven Blust 1971 Federal Maritime Commission Chairman under President George W Bush [32] Cossgriff, KevinKevin Cossgriff 1971 Vice Admiral US Navy; Commander U.S. Naval Forces Central Command, U.S. Fifth Fleet, Combined Maritime Forces Persian Gulf, USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) Battle Group during Operation Enduring Freedom, USS Robert G. Bradley (FFG-49), and DESRON-32 [33][34] Prosser, SkipSkip Prosser 1972 Men's basketball coach at Loyola (Md.), Xavier University and Wake Forest University [35][36] Schubert, William G.William G. Schubert 1974 Captain; head of the U.S. Maritime Administration under President George W. Bush Greene Jr., PhilipPhilip Greene Jr. 1978 Rear Admiral United States Navy; director Strategy and Policy, Resources and Transformation, U.S. Naval Forces Europe; commanding officer DESRON-31, USS Fletcher (DD-992), and USS Taurus (PHM-3); Commander, Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa [37] Buzby, Mark H.Mark H. Buzby 1979 Rear Admiral United States Navy; Commander, Military Sealift Command; Former Deputy Director Expeditionary Warfare; Commander, Joint Task Force, Guantanamo; Commanding Officer USS Carney (DDG-64) and DESRON-31 [38] Connaughton, SeanSean Connaughton 1983 Head of US Maritime Administration (2006–2009) Virginia Secretary of Transportation (2010–) [39] Kelly, Mark E.Mark E. Kelly 1986 Captain, US Navy; Space Shuttle pilot, STS-108 Space Shuttle Endeavour, STS-121 Space Shuttle Discovery, STS-124 Space Shuttle Discovery [40] Toner, Francis "Frankie"Francis "Frankie" Toner 2006 Lieutenant, Junior Grade, US Navy; Seabee, Killed in Action in Afghanistan on March 27, 2009, Awarded Silver Star on September 23rd, 2011 [41]

• Gordon Hahn (1919–2001)—California politician

Notable non-graduates

Name Class year Notability References Card, AndrewAndrew Card NA Former White House Chief-of Staff [42] Kendall, Henry WayHenry Way Kendall NA Nobel Laureate in Physics (1990) [43] O'Connor, CarrollCarroll O'Connor NA Actor - portrayed Archie Bunker on All in the family [44] Perl, Martin LewisMartin Lewis Perl NA Nobel Laureate in physics (1995) [45]

Notable faculty

Name Class year Notability References Healy, Nicholas J.Nicholas J. Healy NA J.D.; President of Ave Maria University Reynolds, Clark G.Clark G. Reynolds NA Historian; professor of history and head of the Department of Humanities (1976-1978) [46]

See also

	Military of the United States portal
	Nautical portal

• Vice Admiral Emory S. Land, USN. Instrumental in overseeing founding of Academy
• United States Merchant Marine 
• United States Maritime Service
• U.S. Department of Transportation
• U.S. Department of Defense
• U.S. Maritime Administration
• List of maritime museums in the United States

References

1. ^ "New School To Train Ships Officers" Popular Science, May 1935
2. ^ US Merchant Marine Academy
3. ^ http://archive.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2006/6/19/100700.shtml
4. ^ "President Delivers Commencement Address at the United States Merchant Marine Academy". 2006-06-19. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060619-1.html. Retrieved 2006-07-08. 
5. ^ Mariners' Memorial Chapel webpage. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy website. Retrieved 2010-07-31. See also Chapel History webpage. U.S. Merchant Marine Academy website. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
6. ^ Midshipman Francis A. Dales
7. ^ Midshipman Elmer C. Donnelly
8. ^ Midshipman Edwin Joseph O'Hara
9. ^ Midshipman Walter G. Sittmann
10. ^ Midshipman William M. Thomas, Jr.
11. ^ Midshipman Phil Cox Vannais
12. ^ Midshipman Frederick R. Zito
13. ^ Midshipman Carl M. Medved
14. ^ American Merchant Marine Museum webpage. United States Merchant Marine Academy website. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
15. ^ National Maritime Hall of Fame webpage. United States Merchant Marine Academy website. Retrieved 2010-07-30.
16. ^ http://www.marinelink.com/News/Article/Kings-Point-Superintendent-Resigns/332445.aspx
17. ^ http://www.usmmaaf.com/s/1175/index.aspx?sid=1175&gid=1&pgid=252&cid=1262&ecid=1262&crid=0&calpgid=61&calcid=1098
18. ^ "Lane Kirkland (1922 - 1999)". ALF-CIO. http://www.aflcio.org/aboutus/history/history/kirkland.cfm. Retrieved 2009-03-20. 
19. ^ "Sen. John McCain's Address at U.S. Merchant Marine Academy to Be Webcast Live". TV World Wide. http://www.tvworldwide.com/press_release/070614.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-18. 
20. ^ "Kenneth DeGhetto ’50 Awarded Honorary Degree by the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy". Rensselaer Magazine Alumni Online. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/metasite/news/magazine/fall2007/classnotes2.html. Retrieved 2009-03-20. 
21. ^ "Carl Joseph Seiberlich". Arlington National Cemetery. http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/chseiberlich.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-18. 
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27. ^ "Russell Bennett Cummings". Statesman.com. http://www.legacy.com/statesman/Obituaries.asp?Page=Notice&PersonID=107966357. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
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30. ^ "George Oster". University of California: Berkeley. http://ecnr.berkeley.edu/facPage/dispFP.php?I=626. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
31. ^ "A Marine For Life". Business Know How. http://www.businessknowhow.com/money/kiyosaki.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-20. 
32. ^ "Former chairman". http://www.fmc.gov/bureaus_offices/former_chairman_steven_r_blust.aspx. 
33. ^ "Campus News". United States Merchant Marine Academy. 2007-03-14. http://www.usmma.edu/about/news/campus.asp?StoryID=321. Retrieved 2009-03-20. ^{[dead link]}
34. ^ "Vice Admiral Kevin J. Cosgriff Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Central Command Commander, U.S. 5th Fleet Commander, Combined Maritime Forces". United States Navy. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/bios/navybio.asp?bioID=76/. Retrieved 2009-03-20. 
35. ^ Dinich, Heather A. (2007-07-26). "Skip Prosser dies at 56". Baltimore Sun. http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/college/basketball/bal-prosser0726,0,5101835.story?coll=bal-attack-storyutil. 
36. ^ White, Jeff (2007-07-26). "Coaches stunned by death". Richmond Times-Dispatch. http://www.inrich.com/cva/ric/sports.apx.-content-articles-RTD-2007-07-27-0192.html. 
37. ^ "Rear Admiral Philip H. Greene, Jr.". AFRICOM. http://www.africom.mil/hoa/greene.asp. Retrieved 2009-03-21. 
38. ^ "Rear Admiral Mark H. Buzby". United States Navy. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/bios/navybio.asp?bioID=63. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
39. ^ "Bush Nominates Law School Alumnus to Maritime Post". The Mason Gazette. 2006-07-13. http://gazette.gmu.edu/articles/8672/. Retrieved 2009-03-21. 
40. ^ "Mark E. Kelly (CAPTAIN, USN)". NASA. http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/kellyme.html. Retrieved 2009-03-21. 
41. ^ [1]
42. ^ "White House Chief of Staff". PBS. 2000-12-15. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/inauguration/transition/card.html. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
43. ^ "Henry W. Kendall The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/kendall-autobio.html. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
44. ^ Shattuck, Kathryn. "Carroll O'Connor". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/person/53347/Carroll-O-Connor. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 
45. ^ "Martin L. Perl". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/perl-autobio.html. Retrieved 2009-03-20. 
46. ^ "Clark G. Reynolds". Aviation Banter. http://www.aviationbanter.com/archive/index.php/t-34074.html. Retrieved 2009-03-19. 

External links

• Official website