Silver Star

Infobox Military Award
name=Silver Star


caption=
awarded_by=United States Military
type=Medal
eligibility=
for="Gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States"
status=Currently awarded
first_award=1932
last_award=Currently awarded
total=
posthumous=
recipients=
individual=
higher=Distinguished Service Cross, Navy Cross, Air Force Cross
Distinguished Service Medals: Defense, Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard
same=
lower=Defense Superior Service Medal


caption2=Silver Star ribbon

The Silver Star is the third highest military decoration that can be awarded to a member of any branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is also the third highest award given for (in the face of the enemy).

General information

The Silver Star is awarded for gallantry in action against an enemy of the United States not justifying a higher award. It may be awarded to any person who, while serving in any capacity with the U.S Armed Forces, distinguishes himself or herself by extraordinary heroism involving one of the following actions:
* In action against an enemy of the United States
* While engaged in military operations involving conflict with an opposing foreign force
* While serving with friendly foreign forces engaged in an armed conflict against an opposing armed force in which the United States is not a belligerent party

The Silver Star differs from the Distinguished Service Cross, Navy Cross or Air Force Cross, in that it requires a lesser degree of gallantry and need not be earned while in a position of great responsibility. Soldiers who received a citation for gallantry in action during World War I were eligible to apply to have the citation converted to the Silver Star Medal.

The Bronze Star is another United States decoration which may be awarded for heroism, but unlike the Silver Star may also be awarded for meritorious service while engaged in combat operations. When awarded for valor, the Bronze Star Medal comes with the Valor device. The Bronze Star Medal is often issued to individuals who performed notable accomplishments, but not to the level required of the Silver Star Medal.

The Valorous Unit Award is considered the unit level equivalent of a Silver Star Medal.

History

The Silver Star is the successor decoration to the Citation Star which was established by an act of the U.S. Congress on July 9, 1918. On July 19, 1932, the Secretary of War approved the Silver Star Medal to replace the Citation Star. The original Citation Star is incorporated into the center of the Silver Star Medal, and the ribbon for the Silver Star Medal is based closely on the Certificate of Merit Medal.

Authorization for the Silver Star was placed into law by an Act of Congress for the U.S. Navy on August 7, 1942 and an Act of Congress for the U.S. Army on December 15, 1942. The primary reason for congressional authorization was the desire to award the medal to civilians as well as the Army. The current statutory authorization for the Silver Star Medal is Title 10 of the United States Code (UnitedStatesCode|10|3746).

Appearance

The Silver Star is a gold star, 1½ inches (38 mm) in circumscribing diameter with a laurel wreath encircling rays from the center and a 3/16 inch (5 mm) diameter silver star superimposed in the center. The pendant is suspended from a rectangular shaped metal loop with rounded corners. The reverse has the inscription "FOR GALLANTRY IN ACTION." The ribbon is 1³⁄₈ inches (35 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes: ⁷⁄₃₂ (6 mm) inch Old Glory red 67156 (center stripe); proceeding outward in pairs ⁷⁄₃₂ inch (6 mm) white; ⁷⁄₃₂ inch (6 mm) ultramarine blue; ³⁄₆₄ inch (1 mm) white; and ³⁄₃₂ inch (2 mm) ultramarine blue.

Additional decorations of the Silver Star are denoted in the U.S. Army and Air Force by oak leaf clusters, while the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps issue award stars.

Notable recipients

In 1944, four nurses serving in World War II became the first female recipients of the Silver Star. 1st Lt. Mary Roberts, 2nd Lt. Elaine Roe, 2nd Lt. Rita Virginia Rourke, and 2nd Lt. Ellen Ainsworth (posthumous) were cited for their bravery in successfully evacuating the 33rd Field Hospital at Anzio, Italy on February 10. They remained the sole female recipients until Leigh Ann Hester was awarded the Silver Star in 2005 for gallantry during an insurgent ambush on a convoy in Iraq. Three nurses serving in World War I were posthumously awarded the Silver Star in 2007. Army Spc. Monica Lin Brown, the first woman serving in Afghanistan to be chosen for this honor, was awarded the Silver Star in March 2008 [cite news
last = Abrashi
first = Fisnik
coauthors =
title = Medic Stationed in Afghanistan Becomes 2nd Woman to Be Awarded Silver Star
work =
pages =
language =
publisher = Associated Press
date =
url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,336259,00.html
accessdate = ] .

Other notable recipients include:
*Joseph H. Albers
*William Brantley Aycock
*Antonio Rodriguez Balinas
*Cesar Basa
*Harry F. Bauer
*Charles Alvin Beckwith
*Rafael Celestino Benitez
*Albert Blithe
*Richard Bong
*Bruce Godfrey Brackett
*Maurice L. Britt
*Arleigh Burke
*Agustin Ramos Calero
*Johnny Checketts
*David Christian
*Nestor Chylak
*Wesley Clark
*Max Cleland
*Lynn Compton
*Louis Cukela
*Roy M. Davenport
*Juan Cesar Cordero Davila
*Benjamin O. Davis Jr.
*Ray Davis
*Hugh A. Drum
*Charles Durning
*Graves B. Erskine
*Joseph A. Farinholt
*Wayne Fisk
*Ronald Fogleman
*Guy Gabaldon
*Hobart R. Gay
*John J. Gilligan
*David L. Grange
*John Campbell Greenway
*William Guarnere
*Ed Guthman
*David H. Hackworth
*Alexander Haig
*Edward Hardin
*Tom Harmon
*Raymond Harvey
*Carlos N. Hathcock II
*Sterling Hayden
*Diego E. Hernandez
*Clifford B. Hicks
*Daniel J. Hill
*Lucius Roy Holbrook
*Gordon Pai'ea Chung-Hoon
*Joe R. Hooper
*Charlie Huggins
*Clifton James
*Lyndon Baines Johnson
*James L. Jones
*John Forbes Kerry
*Charles C. Krulak
*Ben Lear
*John C. H. Lee
*Homer Litzenberg
*Douglas MacArthur
*Louis de Maigret
*Peyton C. March
*Richard Marcinko
*George Marshall
*Richard Marshall
*John McCain
*Sid McMath
*Merrill A. McPeak
*Daniel J. Miller
*Michael A. Monsoor
*Cliff Montgomery
*Audie Murphy
*Bismarck Myrick
*Oliver North
*Mike O'Callaghan
*Eric T. Olson
*George S. Patton
*George Patton IV
*Basil L. Plumley
*Harvey Possinger
*Charles E. Potter
*Tommy Prince
*Chesty Puller
*Stephen C. Reich
*Karl W. Richter
*Pedro Rodriguez
*Robert Rosenthal
*Barney Ross
*Dick Rutan
*Rodger W. Simpson
*H. Norman Schwarzkopf
*Oliver Prince Smith
*John Stebbins
*James Stockdale
*George L. Street III
*Samuel D. Sturgis Jr.
*Richard K. Sutherland
*Pat Tillman
*Michel Thomas
*William F. Train II
*Paul K. Van Riper
*Humbert Roque Versace
*Donald Walters
*John T. Walton
*Billy Waugh
*Jim Webb
*Jerauld Wright
*Chuck Yeager
*Elton Younger
*Douglas A. Zembiec

Legal

In the case of the Silver Star, any false written or verbal claim to a decoration or medal or any wear, purchase, attempt to purchase, solicitation for purchase, mailing, shipping, import, export, manufacture, sale, attempt to sell, advertising for sale, trade, or barter of a decoration or medal authorized for wear by authorized military members or veterans is a federal offense punishable by a fine and/or up to one year in jail. [18 U.S.C. 704 ] [ [http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=s109-1998 "Stolen Valor Act of 2005"] ]

Notes

References

*cite web|accessdate=2007-12-15
url=http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Awards/SILVER%20STAR1.html
title=Silver Star
publisher=The Institute of Heraldry, United States Army
*cite web|accessdate=2007-12-15
url=http://www.afpc.randolph.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=7729
title=Facts Sheets: Silver Star
publisher=Air Force Personnel Center

External links

*cite web|accessdate=2007-12-15
url=http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Awards/Ribbons/OrderofPrecedence.htm
title=United States Armed Forces Awards, Decorations, Campaign & Service Medals
publisher=The Institute of Heraldry, United States Army

*cite web|accessdate=2007-12-15
url=http://www.afpc.randolph.af.mil/library/awards/index.asp
title=Awards and Decorations
publisher=Air Force Personnel Center