Demographics of Croatia

Demographics of Croatia
Demographics of Croatia
Croatian censuses 1857-2011.gif
Population of Croatia (in thousands) from 1857–2011
Population: decrease 4 290 612 (31 March 2011)
Growth rate: decrease −6.3 per 1,000 pop. (2001)
Birth rate: increase 10.1 per 1,000 pop. (2009)
Death rate: steady 11.8 per 1,000 pop. (2009)
Life expectancy:
–male: increase 71.1 years (2001)
–female: increase 78.1 years (2001)
Fertility rate: decrease 1.50 children born/woman (2009)
Infant mortality rate: negative increase 5.3 deaths/1,000 infants (2009)
Net migration rate: decrease -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 pop. (2009)
Age structure:
0-14 years: steady 15.3% (2009)
15-64 years: decrease 67.5% (2009)
65-over: increase 17.3% (2009)
Sex ratio:
At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
Under 15: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65-over: 0.64 male(s)/female
Nationality:
Nationality: noun: Croatian(s) adjective: Croatian
Major ethnic: Croats increase (89.6%) (2001)
Minor ethnic: Serbs decrease (4.5%) (2001) and
others <1% individually (2001)
Language:
Official: Croatian at national level;
Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Ruthenian, Serbian and Slovakian are in official use in some local government areas
Spoken: Croatian, languages of the minorities

The demographic features of the population of Croatia include statistical data collected through censuses, normally conducted in ten-year intervals, that have been analysed by various statistical bureaus since the 1850s. Since the 1990s, this has been done by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics. The latest census in Croatia was performed in April 2011. The permanent population of Croatia at the 2011 census had reached 4.29 million. Population density equals 75.8 inhabitants per square kilometre, and the overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth is 75.7 years. The total fertility rate of 1.50 children per mother in the nation is one of the lowest in the world. Since 1991, Croatia's death rate continuously exceeds its birth rate. The population rose steadily from 2.1 million in 1857 until 1991, when it peaked at 4.7 million, with the exception of censuses taken in 1921 and 1948, following the two world wars. The natural growth rate of the population is currently negative, with the demographic transition completed in the 1970s. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated by the 15–64 year old segment. The median age of the population is 41.4, and the gender ratio of the total population is 0.93 males per 1 female.

Croatia is inhabited mostly by Croats (89.6%), while minorities include Serbs (4.5%), and 21 other ethnicities, none of which comprises more than 1% of the total population individually. The demographic history of Croatia is marked by significant migrations, beginning with the arrival of the Croats in the area between the 6th and the 9th centuries. After the personal union of Croatia and Hungary, and the subsequent joining of the Habsburg Empire, the Hungarian and German speaking populations of Croatia gradually grew. This trend continued to the 20th century. Ottoman conquests set off a westward migration of parts of the population and the Habsburg rulers invited the Orthodox populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide Croatian Military Frontier service. The Serb migration peaked in 1690 and 1737–39. Following the 17th and the 18th century conquests, Venetian rule in Istria and in Dalmatia sparked the growth of Italian speaking population in the regions.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Hungarian population declined. The period between 1890 and the World War II was marked by significant economic migration to the United States, Canada and South America, during which more than half a million people left the country. During and immediately after World War II, the German speaking population was forced or compelled to leave—reducing their number dramatically. A similar fate was suffered by the Italian population. The 1940s and the 1950s in Yugoslavia were marked by colonisation of settlements where the Germans once lived, by people from mountainous parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, as well as migrations to cities, spurred on by industrialisation. In the 1960s and 1970s, another wave of economic migrants left for Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Western Europe. The most recent significant migrations came as a result of the Croatian War of Independence when hundreds of thousands were displaced, many of whom never returned. The population also sustained major losses in the 20th century, especially in the two world wars.

The Croatian language is the official language of Croatia, but minority languages are officially used in local government units where more than a third of the population consists of national minorities, or where they are decreed by local legislation. Croatian is declared as the native language by 96% of the population. A 2009 survey revealed that 78% of Croatians claim knowledge of at least one foreign language—most often English.

The main religions of Croatia are Roman Catholicism (87.8%), Orthodox Christianity (4.4%) and Islam (1.3%). Literacy in Croatia stands at 98.1%. The proportion of the population aged 15 and over attaining academic degrees grew rapidly since 2001, doubling and reaching 16.7% by 2008. An estimated 4.5% of the GDP is spent for education. Primary and secondary education are available in Croatian and in languages of recognised minorities. Croatia has a universal health care system, whose roots can be traced back to 1891, when legislation provided a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen. In 2010, Croatia spent 6.9% of its GDP on healthcare.

Contents

Population

2011 Croatian population density by county in persons per km²:
  <30   30-49   50-69   70-89   90-119   120-200   >200
2009 Croatian population pyramid

With a population of 4.29 million in 2011, Croatia ranks 125th in the world by population.[1] Its population density is 75.8 inhabitants per square kilometre. The overall life expectancy in Croatia at birth is 75.7 years. The total fertility rate of 1.50 children per mother is one of the lowest in the world. Since 1991, Croatia's death rate has continuously exceeded its birth rate.[2]. The Croatian Bureau of Statistics forecast that the population may even shrink to 3.1 million by 2051, depending on the actual birth rate and the level of net migration.[3] The population of Croatia rose steadily from 2.1 million in 1857 until 1991, when it peaked at 4.7 million, with the exception of censuses taken in 1921 and 1948, i.e. following two world wars.[2] The natural growth rate of the population is currently negative, with the demographic transition completed in the 1970s.[4][5]

One explanation for the recent population decrease is the Croatian War of Independence. During the war, large sections of the population were displaced and emigration increased. In 1991, in predominantly Serb areas, more than 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs were either removed from their homes by the Croatian Serb forces or fled the violence.[6] In 1995, during the final days of the war, more than 120,000 and perhaps as many as 200,000 Serbs fled the country before the arrival of Croatian forces during Operation Storm.[7][8] Within a decade following the end of the war, only 117,000 Serb refugees returned out of the 300,000 displaced during the entire war.[9] Most of Croatia's remaining Serbs never lived in areas occupied in the Croatian War of Independence. Serbs have been only partially re-settled in the regions they previously inhabited, while some of the settlements previously inhabited by Serbs were settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly from Republika Srpska.[10][11]

In 2009, there were 44,577 live births in Croatia, comprising 22,877 male and 21,700 female children. Virtually all of those were performed in medical facilities; only 34 births occurred elsewhere. Out of the total number, 38,809 children were born in wedlock or within 300 days after the end of the marriage, and the average age of mothers at the birth of their first child was 27 years and 5 months. General fertility rate, i.e. number of births per 1,000 women aged 15–49 is 42.9, with the age specific rate peaking at 101.0 per million for women aged 25–29. In 2009, 52,414 persons died in Croatia, 48.5% of whom died in medical facilities and 90.0% of whom were receiving medical treatment at the time. Circulatory system diseases and neoplasms were the primary causes of death in the country, with 26,235 and 13,280 deaths respectively. In the same year, there were 2,986 violent deaths, including 2,121 due to accidents. The latter figure includes 616 deaths in traffic accidents. In 2009, the birth rate was 10.1 per mille, exceeded the by mortality rate of 11.8 per mille. The infant mortality rate was 5.3 per mille in 2009.[2] In terms of age structure, the population of Croatia is dominated by the 15–64 year older segment (68.1%), while the size of the population younger than 15 and older than 64 is relatively small (15.1% and 16.9% respectively). The median age of the population is 41.4. The sex ratio of the population is 1.06 males per 1 female at birth and up to 14 years of age, and 0.99 males per 1 female between the ages of 15 and 64. But at ages over 64 the ratio is 0.64 males per 1 female. The ratio for the total population is 0.93 males per 1 female.[5]

In contrast to the shrinking native population, since the late 1990s there has been a positive net migration into Croatia, reaching a level of more than 7,000 net immigrants in 2006.[12] In recent years, the Croatian government has been pressured each year to add 40% to work permit quotas for foreign workers.[13] In accordance with its immigration policy, Croatia is also trying to entice emigrants to return.[14]

There were 8,468 immigrants in Croatia in 2009, more than half of them (57.5%) coming from Bosnia and Herzegovina, a sharp decline from the previous year's 14,541. In the same year, there were 9,940 emigrants from the country, 44.8% of them leaving to Serbia. The number of emigrants represents a substantial increase compared to the figure of 7,488 recorded in 2008. In 2009, the net migration to and from abroad peaked in the Sisak-Moslavina County (-1,093 persons) and the city of Zagreb (+830 persons).

In 2009, a total of 22,382 marriages were performed in Croatia as well as 5,076 divorces. The 2001 census recorded 1.47 million households in the country.[2]

Census data

An official briefcase used by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics census takers for the purposes of the 2011 census

The first modern population census in the country was conducted in 1857, and 15 more have been performed since then. Since 1961 the censuses are conducted in regular ten-year intervals, with the latest one in 2011.[2][15] The first institution set up in the country specifically for the purposes of maintaining population statistics was the State Statistical Office, founded in 1875. Since its founding, the office changed its name and structure several times and was alternately subordinated to other institutions and independent, until the most recent changes in 1992, when the institution became the Croatian Bureau of Statistics.[16] The 2011 census was performed on 1–28 April 2011, recording situation as of 31 March 2011.[17] The first census results, containing the number of the population by settlement, was published on 29 June 2011.[18] A comprehensive set of data is expected to be published in 2012.[19] The 2011 census and processing of the data gathered by the census is expected to cost 171.9 million kuna (23.3 million euro).[17] The 2011 census was performed using new methodology: the permanent population was determined as the enumerated population who lived in the census area for at least 12 months prior to the census, or plans to live in the same area for at least 12 months after the census. This method was also retroactively applied to the 2001 census data.[2][15]

Year Enumerated population Permanent population Average annual growth rate Population density per km2
1857 2,181,499 N/A - 38.6
1869 2,398,292 N/A 0.87% 42.4
1880 2,506,228 N/A 0.37% 44.3
1890 2,854,558 N/A 1.31% 50.5
1900 3,161,456 N/A 1.03% 55.9
1910 3,460,584 N/A 0.91% 61.2
1921 3,443,375 N/A -0.05% 60.9
1931 3,785,455 N/A 0.95% 67.0
1948 3,779,958 N/A -0.01% 66.9
1953 3,936,022 N/A 0.81% 69.6
1961 4,159,696 N/A 0.69% 73.6
1971 4,426,221 N/A 0.62% 78.3
1981 4,601,469 N/A 0.39% 81.4
1991 4,784,265 N/A 0.39% 84.6
2001 4,492,049 4,437,460 -0.63% 79.4
2011 4,456,096 4,290,612 N/A 75.8
Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics[2][15]
Note:2011 population density is calculated using the permanent population figure.

Births and deaths before WW I

Births and deaths after WW II

Ethnic groups

This ethnic map shows the absolute majority population per municipality.

Croatia is inhabited mostly by Croats (89.6%), while minority groups include Serbs (4.5%), Bosniaks, Hungarians, Italians, Slovenes, Germans, Czechs, Romani people and others (5.9%).[5] The Constitution of the Republic of Croatia specifies 22 minorities explicitly. Those are Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Austrians, Ukrainians, Ruthenians, Bosniaks, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Russians, Bulgarians, Poles, Romani, Rumanians, Turks, Vlachs and Albanians.[22]

Population of Croatia according to ethnic group 1948-20011
Ethnic
group		 census 1948 census 1953 census 1961 census 1971 census 1981 census 1991 census 2001
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Croats 2,975,399 79.2 3,117,513 79.6 3,339,841 80.3 3,513,647 79.4 3,454,661 75.1 3,736,356 78.1 3,977,171 89.6
Serbs 543,795 14.5 588,411 15.0 624,985 15.0 626,789 14.2 531,502 11.6 581,663 12.2 201,631 4.5
Yugoslavs 15,559 0.4 84,118 1.9 379,057 8.2 106,041 2.2 176 0.0
Muslims 1,077 0.0 16,185 0.4 3,113 0.1 18,457 0.4 23,740 0.5 - 19,677 0.4
Bosniaks 20,755 0.5
Italians 76,093 2.0 33,316 0.9 21,103 0.5 17,433 0.4 11,661 0.3 21,303 0.4 19,636 0.4
Hungarians 51,399 1.4 47,711 1.2 42,347 1.0 35,488 0.8 25,439 0.6 22,355 0.5 16,595 0.4
Albanians 635 0.0 1,001 0.0 2,126 0.1 4,175 0.1 6,006 0.1 12,032 0.3 15,082 0.3
Slovenes 38,734 1.0 43,010 1.1 39,101 0.9 32,497 0.7 25,136 0.5 22,376 0.5 13,173 0.3
Czechs 28,991 0.8 25,954 0.7 23,391 0.6 19,001 0.4 15,061 0.3 13,086 0.3 10,510 0.2
Roma 405 0.0 1,261 0.0 313 0.0 1,257 0.0 3,858 0.1 6,695 0.1 9,463 0.2
Montenegrins 2,871 0.1 5,128 0.1 7,465 0.2 9,706 0.2 9,818 0.2 9,724 0.2 4,926 0.1
Macedonians 1,387 0.0 2,385 0.1 4,381 0.1 5,625 0.1 5,362 0.1 6,280 0.1 4,270 0.1
Others/undeclared 36,021 1.0 36,942 0.9 35,971 0.9 58,028 1.3 110,168 2.4 246,354 5.1 124,3952 2.8
Total 3,756,807 3,918,817 4,159,696 4,426,221 4,601,469 4,784,265 4,437,460
1 Source: Croatian Bureau of Statistics[23]

2 including Austrians 247 0.01%, Bulgarians 331 0.01%, Germans 2,902 0.07%, Jews 576 0.01%, Poles 567 0.01%, Romanians 475 0.01%, Russians 906 0.02%, Ruthenians 2,337 0.05, Slovaks 4,712 0.11% Turks 300 0.01%, Ukrainians 1,977 0.04%, Vlachs 12 0.00%

Significant migrations

A 1930s ad for shipping lines to the South America

The demographic history of Croatia is characterised by significant migrations, starting with the arrival of the Croats in the area. According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, the Croats arrived in the area of modern-day Croatia in the early 7th century. However, that claim is disputed, and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries.[24] Following the establishment of a personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102,[25] and the joining of the Habsburg Empire in 1527,[26] the Hungarian and German speaking population of Croatia began gradually increasing in number. The processes of Magyarization and Germanization varied in intensity but persisted to the 20th century.[27][28] The Ottoman conquests initiated a westward migration of parts of the Croatian population;[29] the Burgenland Croats are direct descendants of some of those settlers.[30] To replace the fleeing Croats the Habsburgs called on the Orthodox populations of Bosnia and Serbia to provide military service in the Croatian Military Frontier. Serb migration into this region peaked during the Great Serb Migrations of 1690 and 1737–39.[31] Similarly, Venetian Republic rule in Istria and in Dalmatia, following the Fifth and the Seventh Ottoman–Venetian Wars ushered gradual growth of Italian speaking population in those areas.[32] Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, the Hungarian population declined, especially in the areas north of the Drava river, where they represented the majority before World War I.[33]

The period between 1890 and World War I was marked by large economic emigration from Croatia to the United States, and particularly to the areas of Pittsburgh, Cleveland and Chicago. Besides the United States, the main destination of the migrants was South America, especially Argentina, Chile, Bolivia and Peru. It is estimated that 500,000 people left Croatia during this period. After World War I, the main focus of emigration shifted to Canada, where about 15,000 people settled before the onset of World War II.[34][35] During World War II and in the period immediately following the war, there were further significant demographic changes as the German speaking population, the Volksdeutsche, were either forced or otherwise compelled to leave—reducing their number from the prewar German population of Yugoslavia of 500,000, living in parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia, to the figure of 62,000 recorded in the 1953 census.[36] A similar fate was suffered by the Italian population in Yugoslavia populating parts of present-day Croatia and Slovenia, as 350,000 left for Italy.[37] The 1940s and the 1950s in Yugoslavia were marked by colonisation of settlements where the displaced Germans used to live, by people from the mountainous parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, and migrations to larger cities spurred on by the development of industry.[38] In the 1960s and 1970s, another wave of economic migrants left Croatia. They largely moved to Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Western Europe. During this period, 65,000 people left for Canada,[35] and by the mid-1970s there were 150,000 Croats who moved to Australia.[39] Particularly large European emigrant communities of Croats exist in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, which largely stem from the 1960s and 1970s migrations.[40]

The most recent significant migrations came as a result of the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence. In 1991, more than 400,000 Croats and other non-Serbs were displaced by the Croatian Serb forces or fled the violence in areas with significant Serb populations.[6] During the final days of the war, in 1995, between 120,000[7] and 200,000 Serbs[8] fled the country before the arrival of the Croatian forces during Operation Storm. Ten years after the war, only 117,000 Serb refugees returned out of the 300,000 displaced during the entire war.[9] Most of the Serbs in Croatia who remained never lived in areas occupied during the Croatian War of Independence. Serbs have been only partially re-settled in the regions they previously inhabited, but some of the areas previously inhabited by Serbs were later settled by Croat refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, largely from the Republika Srpska.[10][11]

Demographic losses in the 20th century wars and pandemics

In addition to demographic losses through significant migrations, the population of Croatia suffered significant losses due wars and epidemics. In the 20th century alone there were several such events. The first such event was the World War I, when the loss of the population of Croatia amounted to estimated 190,000 persons, or about 5.5% of the total population recorded by 1910 census.[41] The 1918 flu pandemic started to take its toll in Croatia in July 1918, with peaks of the disease occurring in October and November. Data available is scarce but it is estimated that the pandemic caused at least 15,000–20,000 deaths.[42] During the World War II, nearly 195,000 persons died in the territory of the present-day Croatia,[43] Following the end of the World War II and surrender of armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia and civilians accompanying the troops to the British Army, their repatriation and subsequent events that became known as Bleiburg massacre, a substantial number of people were executed, however their exact number is disputed. The claims range from 12,000–15,000 to as many as 80,000 killed in May 1945.[44][45] Finally, approximately 20,000 were killed or went missing during the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence. The figure pertains only to those persons which would have been recorded by the 1991 census as living in Croatia.[46][47]

Languages

Croatian language dictionary published by Vladimir Anić in 1991

Croatian language is the official language of Croatia, and it is expected to become the 24th official language of the European Union upon its accession in 2013.[22][48] Minority languages are in official use in local government units where more than a third of population consists of national minorities or where local legislation defines so. Those languages are Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Ruthenian, Serbian and Slovakian.[49] According to the 2001 Census, 96% of citizens of Croatia declared Croatian as their native language, 1% declared Serbian as their native language, while no other language is represented in Croatia by more than 0.5% of native speakers among population of Croatia.[50] Croatian is a South Slavic language. Most Croatian vocabulary is derived from the Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. Croatian is written using the Latin alphabet. Croatian has three major dialects, with Shtokavian dialect used as the standard Croatian and Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects distinguished by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.[51]

From 1961 to 1991, the official language was Serbo-Croatian. Even during socialist rule, Croats often referred to their language as Croato-Serbian (instead of Serbo-Croatian) or as Croatian.[52] Croatian and Serbian variants of the language were not officially recognised as different at the time, but referred to as the west and east version, and had different alphabets: the Latin alphabet and Serbian Cyrillic.[51] Croatians are protective of the their Croatian language from foreign influences, as the language was under constant change and threats imposed by previous rulers (i.e. Austrian German, Hungarian, Italian and Turkish words were changed and altered to "Slavic" looking/sounding ones). Efforts made to impose policies to alter Croatian into "Serbo-Croatian" or "South Slavic" language, met resistance from Croats in form of Croatian linguistic purism. Croatian replaced Latin as the official language of the Croatian government in the 19th century.[53]

A 2009 survey revealed that 78% of Croatians claim knowledge of at least one foreign language.[54] According to a survey ordered by the European commission in 2005, 49% of Croatians speak English as the second language, 34% speak German, and 14% speak Italian. French and Russian are spoken by 4% each, and 2% of Croatians speak Spanish. A substantial proportion of Slovenes (59%) have a certain level of knowledge of Croatian language.[55]

Religions

Main article: Religion in Croatia
Religion in Croatia[56]
religion percent
Roman Catholicism
  
 87.8%
Orthodoxy
  
 4.4%
Islam
  
 1.3%
Protestantism
  
 0.3%
Atheism or Agnosticism
  
 5.2%
Others and unspecified
  
 0.9%

The main religions of Croatia are Roman Catholicism 87.8%, Orthodox Christianity 4.4%, other Christianity 0.4%, Islam 1.3%, other unspecified 0.9%, and none 5.2%.[56] In the Eurostat Eurobarometer Poll of 2005, 67% of the population of Croatia responded that "they believe there is a God" and 7% said they do not believe "there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force", while 25% expressed a belief in "some sort of spirit or life force".[57] In a 2009 Gallup poll, 70% answered affirmatively when asked "Is religion an important part of your daily life?"[58] Significantly a 2008 Gallup survey of the Balkans indicated church and religious organisations as the most trusted institutions in the country. The survey revealed that 62% of the respondents assigned "a lot" or "some" trust to those institutions, ranking them ahead all types of governmental, international or non-governmental institutions.[59]

Public schools allow religious education in cooperation with religious communities having agreements with the government, but attendance is not mandatory. The classes are organized widely in public elementary and secondary schools. In 2009, 92% of elementary school pupils and 87% of secondary school students attended the religious education classes.[60] The public holidays in Croatia also include the religious festivals of Epiphany, Easter Monday, Corpus Christi Day, Assumption Day, All Saints' Day, Christmas, and St. Stephen's or Boxing Day. The religious festival public holidays are based on the Catholic liturgical year, but citizens of the Republic of Croatia who celebrate different religious holidays have the right not to work on those dates. This includes Christians who celebrate Christmas on January 7 per the Julian calendar, Muslims on the days of Ramadan Bayram and Kurban Bayram, and Jews on the days of Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur.[61] Marriages performed by the religious communities having agreements with the state are officially recognized, eliminating the need to register the marriages in a registrar office.[62]

Legal position of religious communities is defined by special legislation, specifically regarding government funding, tax benefits, and religious education in schools. Other matters are left to each religious community to negotiate separately with the government. Registration of the communities is not mandatory, but registered communities become legal persons and enjoy tax and other benefits. The law stipulates that to be eligible for registration, a religious group must have at least 500 believers and be registered as a civil association for 5 years. Religious groups based abroad must submit written permission for registration from their country of origin.[63]

Education

Main article: Education in Croatia
Education completed by population of Croatia (over age of 14) according to 2001 census. The segment achieving academic degrees more than doubled by 2008.

Literacy in Croatia stands at 98.1 percent.[5] The 2001 census reported 15.7% of the population over age of 14 with incomplete elementary education and 21.9% with the elementary school education only. 42.8% of the population of 14 completed vocational education and 4.9% completed gymnasium education. An undergraduate degree was attained by 4.2% of the same population, while 7.5% attained an academic degree, and a postgraduate or a doctoral degree was attained by 0.5% of the population group.[64] Croatia recorded a substantial growth of the population attaining the academic degrees and by 2008, the population segment was estimated to encompass 16.7% of population of 15 and over.[65] A worldwide study about the quality of living in different countries published by Newsweek in August 2010 ranked the Croatian education system at 22nd, to share the position with Austria.[66] In 2004, it was estimated that 4.5% of the GDP is spent for education, while schooling expectancy was estimated to 14 years on average.[5] Primary education in Croatia starts at the age of six or seven and consists of eight grades. In 2007 a law was passed to increase free, noncompulsory education until 18 years of age. Compulsory education consists of eight grades of elementary school. Secondary education is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools. As of 2010, there are 2,131 elementary schools and 713 schools providing various forms of secondary education. Primary and secondary education are also available in languages of recognised minorities in Croatia, where classes are held in Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Serbian and German languages.[2]

The University of Zagreb

There are 84 elementary level and 47 secondary level music and art schools, as well as 92 schools for disabled children and youth and 74 schools for adults.[2] Nationwide leaving exams (Croatian: državna matura) were introduced for secondary education students in the school year 2009–2010. It comprises three compulsory subjects (Croatian language, mathematics, and a foreign language) and optional subjects and is a prerequisite for university education.[67]

Croatia has eight universities, the University of Zagreb, University of Split, University of Rijeka, University of Osijek, University of Zadar, University of Dubrovnik, University of Pula and Dubrovnik International University. The University of Zadar, the first university in Croatia, was founded in 1396 and remained active until 1807, when other institutions of higher education took over until the foundation of the renewed University of Zadar in 2002.[68] The University of Zagreb, founded in 1669, is the oldest continuously operating university in Southeast Europe.[69] There are also 11 polytechnics and 23 higher education institutions, of which 19 are private. In total, there are 132 institutions of higher education in Croatia, attended by more than 145 thousand students.[2]

There are 205 companies, government or education system institutions and non-profit organizations in Croatia pursuing scientific research and development of technology. Combined, they spent more than 3 billion kuna (400 million euro) and employed 10,191 full-time research staff in 2008.[2] Among the scientific institutes operating in Croatia, the largest is the Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb.[70] The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb is a learned society promoting language, culture, arts and science from its inception in 1866.[71] Notable scientists from Croatia include inventors and Nobel Prize winners.[72]

Health

Main article: Healthcare in Croatia
Clinical Hospital Dubrava in Zagreb

Croatia has a universal health care system, whose roots can be traced back to the Hungarian-Croatian Parliament Act of 1891, providing a form of mandatory insurance of all factory workers and craftsmen.[73] The population is covered by a basic health insurance plan provided by statute and optional insurance. In 2009, annual healthcare related expenditures reached 20.6 billion kuna (2.75 billion euro).[2] Healthcare expenditures comprise only 0.6% of private health insurance and public spending.[74] In 2010, Croatia spent 6.9% of its GDP on healthcare,[75] representing a decline from approximately 8% estimated in 2008, when 84% of healthcare spending came from public sources.[76] According to the World Health Organization, Croatia ranks around the 50th in the world in terms of life expectancy.[77]

There are hundreds of healthcare institutions Croatia, including 79 hospitals and clinics with 23,967 beds. The hospitals and clinics care for more than 700 thousand patients per year and employ 5,205 medical doctors, including 3,929 specialists. There are 6,379 private practice offices, and a total of 41,271 health workers in the country. There are 63 emergency medical service units, responding to more than a million calls. The principal cause of death in 2008 was cardiovascular disease at 43.5% for men and 57.2% for women, followed by tumours, at 29.4% for men and 21.4% for women. Other significant causes of death are injuries, poisonings and other external causes (7.7% men/3.9% women), digestive system diseases (5.7% men/3.6% women), respiratory system diseases (5.1% men/3.5% women) and endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (2.1% men/3.0% women). There is no other cause of disease affecting more than 3% of the population. In 2009 only 13 Croatians had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 6 had died from the disease.[2] In 2008 it was estimated by the WHO that 27.4% of Croatians over age of 15 are smokers.[78] According to 2003 WHO data, 22% of the Croatian adult population is obese.[79]

See also

Portal icon Croatia portal

References

  1. ^ "Census 2011 First Results". Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 29 June 2011. http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/htm/e11_RH.html. Retrieved 5 August 2011. 
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