Demographics of Lithuania

Population of Lithuania (in millions) from 1950-2010.

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Lithuania, including population density, ethnicity, level of education, health, economic status, and religious affiliations.

Prehistory

The earliest evidence of inhabitants in present-day Lithuania dates back to 10,000 BC. Between 3000–2000 BC, the cord-ware culture people spread over a vast region of eastern Europe, between the Baltic Sea and the Vistula River in the West and the Moscow-Kursk line in the East. Merging with the indigenous peoples, they gave rise to the Balts, a distinct Indo-European ethnic group whose descendants are the present-day Lithuanian and Latvian nations and the former Old Prussians.

Historical demographics

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

See also: Demographics and Languages of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Demographics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Area of the Lithuanian language in the 16th century

Map showing changes in the territory of Lithuania from the 13th century to the present day

The name of Lithuania – Lithuanians – was first mentioned in 1009. Among its etymologies there are a derivation from the word Lietava, for a small river, a possible derivation from a word leičiai, but most probable is the name for union of Lithuanian ethnic tribes ('susilieti, lietis' means to unite and the word 'lietuva' means something which has been united).

The primary Lithuanian state, the Duchy of Lithuania, emerged in the territory of Lietuva, the ethnic homeland of Lithuanians. At the birth of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), ethnic Lithuanians made up about 70% of the population.^[1] With the acquisition of new Ruthenian territories, this proportion decreased to 50% and later to 30%. By the time of the largest expansion towards Kievan Rus' lands, at the end of the 13th and during the 14th century, the territory of the GDL was about 800,000 km², of which 10% was ethnically Lithuanian.^[2] The ethnic Lithuanian population is estimated to have been 420,000 out of 1.4 million in 1375 (the territory was about 700,000 km²), and 550,000 out of 3.8 million in 1490 (territory: 850,000 km²)^[3] Ruthenians were only nowadays Ukrainians and the whole Belarus including Smolensk and Mozhaisk Galindians were of Lithuanian ethnicity (belonging to the same family as Prussians or Latvians). In addition to the Ruthenians and Lithuanians, other significant ethnic groups throughout GDL were Jews and Tatars. The combined population of Poland and GDL in 1493 is estimated as 7.5 million, of whom 3.25 million were Poles, 3.75 million Ruthenians and 0.5 million Lithuanians.^[4] With the Union of Lublin Lithuanian Grand Duchy lost large part of lands to the Polish Crown (see demographics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth). An ethnic Lithuanian proportion being about 1/4 in GDL after the Union of Lublin was held till the partitions. There was much devastation and population loss throughout the GDL in the mid and late 17th century,^[5] including the ethnic Lithuanian population in Vilnius voivodeship. Besides devastation^{[clarification needed]}, the Ruthenian population declined proportionally^{[clarification needed]} after the territorial losses to the Russian Empire. In 1770 there were about 4.84 million inhabitants in GDL, of which the largest ethnic group were Ruthenians, about 1.39 million – Lithuanians^{[clarification needed]}.^[1] The voivodeships with a majority ethnic Lithuanian population were Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and these three voivodeships comprised the political center of the state. In the southern angle of Trakai voivodeship and south-eastern part of Vilnius voivodeship there were also many Belarusians; in some of the south-eastern areas they were the major linguistic group.

The Ruthenian population formed a majority in GDL from the time of the GDL's expansion in the mid 14th century; and the adjective "Lithuanian", besides denoting ethnic Lithuanians, from early times denoted any inhabitant of GDL, including Slavs and Jews.

The Ruthenian language, corresponding to today's Belarusian and Ukrainian, was then called Russian, and was used as one of the chancellery^{[clarification needed]} languages by Lithuanian monarchs. However there are fewer extant documents written in this language than those written in Latin and German from the time of Vytautas. Later, Ruthenian became the main language of documentation and writing. In the years that followed,, it was the main language of government until the introduction of Polish as the chancellery language of the Lithuanian-Polish Commonwealth in 1697; however there are also examples of documents written in Ruthenian from the second half of the 18th century.^[6] The Lithuanian language was used orally in Vilnius, Trakai and Samogitian voivodeships, and by small numbers of people elsewhere. At the court of Zygmunt August, the last king of the Duchy, both Polish and Lithuanian were spoken.^[7]

Russian empire

After partition of Lithuania in the late 18th century, it become a part of Russian empire. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the use of the Polish language noticeably increased in eastern Lithuania and western Belarus.^[2] Many Lithuanians, living further east, were unable to receive the Lithuanian printed books smuggled into Lithuania by knygnešiai during the time of the ban on printing books in the Latin alphabet, and they switched to Polish. Although this also used the Latin alphabet, it was much less affected by the ban, because Polish was still used by the politically important class of the nobility, and also used predominantly in the biggest towns of Lithuania, and supported by the church.

National revival

The Lithuanian National Revival had begun to intensify by the end of the 19th century, and the number of Lithuanian speakers and people identifying themselves as ethnic Lithuanians started to increase; but at the same time many Polish speaking Lithuanians, especially former szlachta, cut themselves adrift from the Lithuanian nation. There were population losses due to several border changes, Soviet deportations, a massacre of the Lithuanian Jewish population, and German and Polish repatriations during and after World War II. After World War II, the ethnic Lithuanian population remained stable: 79.3% in 1959 to 83.5% in 2002. Lithuania's citizenship law and the Constitution meet international and OSCE standards, guaranteeing universal human and civil rights.

Ethnic composition

For more details on this topic, see Ethnic minorities in Lithuania.

Lithuanians are neither Slavic nor Germanic, although the union with Poland, German and Russian colonization and settlement left cultural and religious influences.

Before WW II

Population of Lithuania according to ethnic group 1923/1925 ¹

Ethnic group	census 1923 of Lithuania		census 1925 of the Klaipėda Region
	Number	%	Number	%
Lithuanians	1,701,863	89.3	37,626	26.6
Memels			34,227	24.2
Jews	153,743	7.6	578	0.4
Germans	29,231	1.4	59,337	41.9
Poles	65,599	3.2	29	0.0
Russians	50,460	2.5	267	0.2
Latvians	14,883	0.7	47	0.0
Belarusians	4,421	0.2	-	-
Tatars	973	0.0
Romani	284	0.0
Karaites	141	0.0
Estonians	46	0.0
Ukrainians	43	0.0
Others	7,284	0.2	9,424	6.7
Total	2,028,971		141,645
1 Source: [2]. The Klaipėda Region was annexed from Germany in 1923, but was not included in the 1923 census. A separate census in the Klaipėda region was held in 1925.

After WW II

Among the Baltic states, Lithuania has the most homogeneous population. According to the census conducted in 2001, 83.4% of the population identified themselves as Lithuanians, 6.7% as Poles, 6.3% as Russians, 1.2% as Belarusians, and 2.3% as members of other ethnic groups.

Number of Poles in Lithuania

Poles are concentrated in the Vilnius Region, the area controlled by Poland in the interwar period. There are especially large Polish communities in Vilnius district municipality (61.3% of the population) and Šalčininkai district municipality (79.5%). Such concentrations would allow Election Action of Lithuania's Poles, an ethnic minority-based political party, to exert political influence, but the 5% rule prevents it from entering the parliament of Lithuania. The party is more active in local politics and controls several municipal councils.

Population of Lithuania according to ethnic group 1959-2011

Ethnic group	census 19591		census 19702		census 19793		census 19894		census 20015		2011 estimate5
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Lithuanians	2,150,7671	79.3	2,506,751	80.1	2,712,233	80.0	2,924,251	79.6	2,907,293	83.4	2,721,500	83.9
Poles	230,107	8.5	240,203	7.7	247,022	7.3	257,994	7.0	234,989	6.7	212,800	6.6
Russians	231,014	8.5	267,989	8.6	303,493	8.9	344,455	9.4	219,789	6.3	174,900	5.4
Belarusians	30,256	1.1	45,412	1.5	57,584	1.7	63,169	1.7	42,866	1.2	41,100	1.3
Ukrainians	17,692	0.7	25,099	0.8	31,982	0.9	44,789	1.2	22,488	0.6	21,100	0.6
Jews	24,667	0.9	23,538	0.8	14,691	0.4	12,390	0.3	4,007	0.1	3,400	0.1
Germans	11,166	0.4	1,904	0.1	2,616	0.1	2,058	0.1	3,243	0.1	3,000	0.1
Tatars	3,020	0.1	3,454	0.1	3,984	0.1	5,135	0.1	3,235	0.1	3,100	0.1
Latvians	6,318	0.2	5,063	0.2	4,354	0.1	4,229	0.1	2,955	0.1	2,400	0.1
Romani	1,238	0.1	1,880	0.1	2,306	0.1	2,718	0.1	2,571	0.1	2,900	0.1
Estonians	352	0.0	551	0.0	546	0.0	598	0.0	400	0.0
Karaites	423	0.0	388	0.0	352	0.0	289	0.0
Others or unspecified	4,425	0.2	6,004	0.2	10,327	0.3	12,727	0.3	40,136	1.2	58,400	1.7
Total	2,711,445		3,128,236		3,391,490		3,674,802		3,483,972		3,244,600
1 Source: [3]. 2 Source: [4]. 3 Source: [5]. 4 Source: [6]. 5 Source: [7].

Russians, even though they are almost as numerous as Poles, are much more evenly scattered and lack a strong political party. The most prominent community lives in Visaginas (52%). Most of them are scientists who moved with their families from the Russian SFSR to work at the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant. Lithuania is noted for its success in limiting Russian immigration during the Soviet period (1945–1990), in comparison to Latvia and Estonia. A number of ethnic Russians (mostly military) left Lithuania after the declaration of independence in 1990.

Another major change in the ethnic composition of Lithuania was the extermination of the Jewish population during the Holocaust. Before World War II about 7.5% of the population was Jewish; they were concentrated in cities and towns and had a significant influence on crafts and business. They were called Litvaks and had a strong culture. The population of Vilnius, sometimes nicknamed Northern Jerusalem, was about 30% Jewish. Almost all of these Jews were killed during the Nazi German occupation, or later emigrated to the United States and Israel. Now there are only about 4,000 Jews living in Lithuania.

Citizenship

Lithuania's membership of the European Union has made Lithuanian citizenship all the more appealing. Lithuanian citizenship is theoretically easier (see court ruling notes below) to obtain than that of many other European countries - only one great-grandparent is necessary to become a Lithuanian citizen. Persons who held citizenship in the Republic of Lithuania prior to June 15, 1940, and their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren (provided that these persons did not repatriate) are eligible for Lithuanian citizenship [8].

Lithuanian citizens are allowed to travel throughout the European Union without a visa. As far as work is concerned, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Finland, and Greece place no restrictions on Lithuanians working in their respective countries. The other older member nations of the European Union still place restrictions on work, but these are merely transitional arrangements.

Dual citizenship ruled unconstitutional

The Lithuanian Constitutional Court ruled in November 2006 that a number of provisions of the Law of the Republic of Lithuania on citizenship are in conflict with the Lithuanian Constitution. In particular, the court ruled that a number of current provisions of the Citizenship Law implicitly or explicitly allowing dual citizenship are in conflict with the Constitution; such provisions amounted to the unconstitutional practice of making dual citizenship a common phenomenon rather than a rare exception. The provisions of the Citizenship Law announced unconstitutional are no longer valid and applicable to the extent stated by the Constitutional Court.

The Lithuanian Parliament amended the Citizenship Law substantially as a result of this court ruling, allowing dual Citizenship for children of at least one Lithuanian parent that are born abroad, but preventing Lithuanians from keeping their Lithuanian citizenship after obtaining citizenship of another country.

There are some special cases still permitting dual citizenship. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_nationality_law.

Languages

Knowledge of foreign languages in Lithuania in 2005, according to Eurostat[1].

Languages by mother tongue (census 2001):^[8]:

• Lithuanian - 82%
• Russian - 8%
• Polish - 5.6%
• Belorussian - 0.46%
• Ukrainian - 0.235%
• Other - 0.28%
• Did not specify - 3.5%

The Lithuanian language, which uses a modified Latin alphabet, is the country's official language. It is the first language of 82% of population and is also spoken by 356,000 out of 577,000 non-Lithuanians.^[9] The Soviet era had imposed the official use of Russian, so most adult Lithuanians speak Russian as a second language, while the original Polish population generally speaks Polish and Russians who immigrated after World War II speak Russian as their first language. The younger generation usually speaks English as their second language. According to census of 2001, 17% of population can speak English fluently (21% in urban areas, 9% in rural areas).^[9]

About 30,600 pupils started their 2003 school year in schools where the entire curriculum is conducted in Russian (down from 76,000 in 1991), and about 20,500 enrolled in Polish schools (up from 11,400 in 1991). There are also schools in the Belarusian language (these enrolled about 160 students in 2003), as well as in German.

There are perhaps 50 speakers of Karaim, a Turkic language spoken by Karaite Jews, in Lithuania.^[10]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Lithuania

Population by Religious Confession (2001 census):^[11]

St. Anne's Church, Vilnius

• Roman Catholics - 79% (2,752,447 people)
• Orthodox Believers - 4.05% (141,821)
• Old Believers - 0.77% (27,073)
• Evangelical Lutherans - 0.56% (19,637)
• Evangelical Reformists - 0.2% (7,082)
• Jehovah's Witnesses - 0.1% (3,512)
• Sunni Muslims - 0.08% (2,860)
• All Gospel Churches - 0.06% (2,207)
• Pentecostal Church - 0.04% (1,307)
• Judaists - 0.04% (1,272)
• Balts Believers - 0.04% (1,270)
• Baptists (and other independent churches) - 0.04% (1,249)
• Other believers - 0.135% (4,701)
• Not any - 9.5% (331,087)
• Not indicated - 5.35% (186,447)

According to the 2005 Eurobarometer Poll,^[12] 12% said that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force", 36% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 49% of Lithuanian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God".

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Age structure:
0–14 years: 14.2% (male 258,423/female 245,115)
15–64 years: 69.6% (male 1,214,743/female 1,261,413)
65 years and over: 16.2% (male 198,714/female 376,771) (2009 est.)

Population growth rate: −0.28% (2009 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Map of population density in Lithuania

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.53 male(s)/female
total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Infant mortality rate: Total: 6.47 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 7.73 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.13 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 74.9 years
male: 69.98 years
female: 80.1 years (2009 est.)

Total fertility rate: 1.55 children born/woman (2009) [9]

Suicide rate: 31.5 suicides per every 100,000 people (2009)^[13]

Divorce rate: With 2.8 divorces per every 1000 people (2009), Lithuania in 2004 had one of the highest divorce rate in the European Union [10].

Table of birth and death rates

Before WW II

Source: Statistical yearbooks of Lithuania

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)
1915	2 137	38 722	43 596	-4 874	18.1	20.4	-2.3
1916	2 137	35 565	31 512	4 053	16.6	14.7	1.9
1917	2 134	32 266	43 047	-10 781	15.1	20.2	-5.1
1918	2 121	33 176	47 522	-14 346	15.6	22.4	-6.8
1919	2 108	41 095	51 930	-10 835	19.5	24.6	-5.1
1920	2 104	47 642	44 487	3 155	22.6	21.1	1.5
1921	2 116	51 864	31 915	19 949	24.5	15.1	9.4
1922	2 136	58 064	37 598	20 466	27.2	17.6	9.6
1923	2 161	60 869	32 432	28 437	28.2	15.0	13.2
1924	2 189	63 864	35 493	28 371	29.2	16.2	13.0
1925	2 217	63 743	37 179	26 564	28.8	16.8	12.0
1926	2 245	63 655	34 380	29 275	28.4	15.3	13.0
1927	2 273	66 114	38 897	27 217	29.1	17.1	12.0
1928	2 301	65 945	35 698	27 116	28.7	15.5	11.8
1929	2 328	63 083	39 669	23 414	27.1	17.0	10.1
1930	2 354	64 164	37 151	27 013	27.3	15.8	11.5
1931	2 380	63 419	37 478	25 941	26.6	15.7	10.9
1932	2 407	65 371	36 577	28 794	27.2	15.2	12.0
1933	2 436	62 145	32 749	29 396	25.5	13.4	12.1
1934	2 464	60 770	35 789	24 981	24.7	14.5	10.1
1935	2 488	57 970	34 595	23 375	23.3	13.9	9.4
1936	2 513	60 446	33 440	25 939	24.1	13.3	10.3
1937	2 538	56 393	33 260	22 433	22.2	13.1	8.8
1938	2 563	57 951	32 256	24 562	22.6	12.6	9.6
19391	2 432	54 184	32 983	21 201	22.3	13.6	8.7

¹ the figures of 1939 exclude the Klaipėda Region

after WW II

Source: Statistics Lithuania

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)
1945	2 520	60 392	35 201	25 191	24.0	14.0	10.0
1946	2 530	58 399	37 688	20 711	23.1	14.9	8.2
1947	2 540	59 680	39 716	19 964	23.5	15.6	7.9
1948	2 550	58 780	35 137	23 643	23.1	13.8	9.3
1949	2 560	63 034	32 049	30 985	24.6	12.5	12.1
1950	2 567	60 719	30 870	29 849	23.7	12.0	11.6
1951	2 569	58 504	29 693	28 811	22.8	11.6	11.2
1952	2 576	56 944	28 166	28 778	22.1	10.9	11.2
1953	2 590	52 610	27 118	25 492	20.3	10.5	9.8
1954	2 607	54 229	25 559	28 670	20.8	9.8	11.0
1955	2 629	55 525	24 138	31 387	21.1	9.2	11.9
1956	2 653	53 741	21 869	31 872	20.3	8.2	12.0
1957	2 681	56 223	23 361	32 862	21.0	8.7	12.3
1958	2 711	61 190	22 103	39 087	22.6	8.2	14.4
1959	2 744	62 241	24 688	37 553	22.7	9.0	13.7
1960	2 782	62 485	21 611	40 874	22.5	7.8	14.7
1961	2 828	62 775	23 365	39 410	22.2	8.3	13.9
1962	2 865	59 728	24 925	34 803	20.8	8.7	12.1
1963	2 893	57 024	23 112	33 912	19.7	8.0	11.7
1964	2 928	55 856	21 830	34 026	19.1	7.5	11.6
1965	2 967	53 818	23 467	30 351	18.1	7.9	10.2
1966	3 006	54 275	23 799	30 476	18.1	7.9	10.1
1967	3 045	53 806	24 571	29 235	17.7	8.1	9.6
1968	3 083	54 258	25 725	28 533	17.6	8.3	9.3
1969	3 115	54 263	27 156	27 107	17.4	8.7	8.7
1970	3 144	55 519	28 048	27 471	17.7	8.9	8.7
1971	3 179	56 044	26 972	29 072	17.6	8.5	9.1
1972	3 214	54 616	29 252	25 364	17.0	9.1	7.9
1973	3 244	51 944	29 160	22 784	16.0	9.0	7.0
1974	3 274	51 941	29 612	22 329	15.9	9.0	6.8
1975	3 302	51 766	31 265	20 501	15.7	9.5	6.2
1976	3 329	52 296	31 972	20 324	15.7	9.6	6.1
1977	3 355	52 166	32 932	19 234	15.5	9.8	5.7
1978	3 379	51 821	34 008	17 813	15.3	10.1	5.3
1979	3 398	51 937	34 897	17 040	15.3	10.3	5.0
1980	3 413	51 765	35 871	15 894	15.2	10.5	4.7
1981	3 433	52 249	35 579	16 670	15.2	10.4	4.9
1982	3 457	53 141	35 040	18 101	15.4	10.1	5.2
1983	3 485	57 589	36 451	21 138	16.5	10.5	6.1
1984	3 514	57 576	38 666	18 910	16.4	11.0	5.4
1985	3 545	58 454	39 169	19 285	16.5	11.0	5.4
1986	3 579	59 705	35 788	23 917	16.7	10.0	6.7
1987	3 616	59 360	36 917	22 443	16.4	10.2	6.2
1988	3 655	56 727	37 649	19 078	15.5	10.3	5.2
1989	3 684	55 782	38 150	17 632	15.1	10.3	4.8
1990	3 698	56 868	39 760	17 108	15.3	10.7	4.6
1991	3 704	56 219	41 013	15 206	15.2	11.1	4.1
1992	3 700	53 617	41 455	12 162	14.5	11.2	3.3
1993	3 683	47 464	46 107	1 357	12.9	12.5	0.4
1994	3 657	42 376	46 486	-4 110	11.6	12.7	-1.1
1995	3 629	41 195	45 306	-4 111	11.4	12.5	-1.1
1996	3 602	39 066	42 896	-3 830	10.8	11.9	-1.1
1997	3 575	37 812	41 143	-3 331	10.6	11.5	-0.9
1998	3 549	37 508	40 793	-3 285	10.6	11.5	-0.9
1999	3 524	36 415	40 003	-3 588	10.3	11.4	-1.0
2000	3 500	34 149	38 919	-4 770	9.8	11.1	-1.4
2001	3 481	31 546	40 399	-8 853	9.1	11.6	-2.5
2002	3 469	30 014	41 072	-11 058	8.7	11.8	-3.2
2003	3 455	30 598	40 990	-10 392	8.9	11.9	-3.0
2004	3 436	30 419	41 340	-10 921	8.9	12.0	-3.2
2005	3 414	30 541	43 799	-13 258	8.9	12.8	-3.9
2006	3 394	31 265	44 813	-13 548	9.2	13.2	-4.0
2007	3 376	32 154	45 589	-13 435	9.5	13.5	-4.0
2008	3 358	35 272	43 820	-8 548	10.5	13.0	-2.5
2009	3 339	36 682	42 032	-5 350	11.0	12.6	-1.6
2010	3 287	35 948	42 114	-6 166	10.9	12.8	-1.9

Literacy

Lithuania is one of the most literate countries in the world. The proportion of people aged 15 and over who can read and write is 99.6% according to the 2001 census. The proportion is the same for males and females. Primary, secondary, and high school education is free to all residents. Ten years of schooling is required. Tertiary education is almost free. Depending on grades, a student might receive a stipend or make a payment of 520 litas per semester. There are also small social stipends available for students with economic difficulties. In 2003 43,900 students were admitted to the 21 universities in Lithuania (11,100 of them to master programs). About 70% of high school graduates continue to study in universities or professional schools.^[14]

See also

• Lithuania
• Lithuanians in Brazil
• Ethnic history of the Vilnius region
• Russians in Lithuania
• Aging of Europe

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} (Lithuanian) Letukienė, Nijolė; Gineika, Petras (2003). Istorija. Politologija: kurso santrauka istorijos egzaminui. Vilnius: Alma littera. p. 182..  Statistical numbers, probably accepted in historiography (the sources, their treatment, the procedure of counting is not discussed in this book) are given, according which in 1260 there were about 0.27 million Lithuanians of 0.4 million of a whole population; in percentage: 67,5 %.
2. ^ ^{a b} Bjorn Wiemer, Dialect and language contacts on the territory of the Grand Duchy from the 15th century until 1939, Kurt Braunmüller, Gisella Ferraresi, Aspects of multilingualism in European language history, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003, ISBN 90-272-1922-2, Google Print, p.109; 125
3. ^ Letukienė, N., Istorija. Politologija: kurso santrauka istorijos egzaminui, 2003, p. 182. There can be found also different numbers, for example: Kevin O'Connor, The history of the Baltic States, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-313-32355-0, Google Print, p.17. Here author estimates that there were 9 millions of inhabitants in GDL, and 1 million of them were ethnic Lithuanians by 1387.
4. ^ Based on 1493 population map (p.92) from Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, Poland a Historical Atlas, Hippocrene Books, 1987, ISBN 0-88029-394-2
5. ^ Jarmo Kotilaine, Russia's foreign trade and economic expansion in the seventeenth century: windows on the world, BRILL, 2005, ISBN 90-04-13896-X, Google Print, p.45
6. ^ (Lithuanian) Lietuvos Didžiosios kunigaikštystės kanceliarinės slavų kalbos termino nusakymo problema Z. Zinkevičius
7. ^ Daniel. Z Stone, A History of East Central Europe, p.4
8. ^ Statistics Lithuania census 2001: (Lithuanian) Population by nationality and mothertongue
9. ^ ^{a b} (Lithuanian)Census 2001: Mokame vis daugiau kalbų
10. ^ UNESCO, Audio-visual resources. Retrieved 2011-09-12.
11. ^ Census 2001: Population by Religious Confession
12. ^ "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005" (PDF). p. 11. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-05. 
13. ^ "Death Due To Suicide". Eurostat. European Commission. 2009. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=0&pcode=tps00122&language=en. Retrieved 2010-01-10. 
14. ^ Statistical Yearbook of Lithuania 2004, p. 233

External links

• statistics about education in Lithuania (PDF)
• Key results of Lithuanian census
• Suicide statistics as of 2005 (Lith.)