Resistance in Lithuania during World War II

During World War II, Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union (1940-1941), Nazi Germany (1941-1944), and the Soviet Union again in 1944. Resistance during this period took many forms. This article presents a summary of the organizations, persons and actions involved.

First Soviet occupation

*In 1940 President Antanas Smetona fled to Germany, not wanting his government to become a puppet of the Soviet occupation. Soviet attempts to capture him were unsuccessful, and he was able to settle in the United States.

*In 1940, Chiune Sugihara, the Japanese consul in Kaunas, and his wife Yukiko disobeyed orders and saved thousands of Jewish refugees from Poland by granting them visas.cite web | publisher=Jewish Virtual Library | title=Chiune and Yukiko Sugihara | url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/sugihara.html | accessdate=2006-06-29]

*In 1941, the Lithuanian Activist Front ( _lt. Lietuvos Aktyvistų Frontas) formed an underground government, and following the June uprising, the Provisional Government of Lithuania maintained sovereignty for a brief period.

Nazi occupation

*Soviet partisans began sabotage and guerrilla operations against German forces immediately after the Nazi invasion of 1941. The activities of Soviet partisans in Lithuania were partly coordinated by the Command of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement headed by Antanas Sniečkus and partly by the Central Command of the Partisan Movement of the USSR.cite web | author = Janavičienė, Audronė | publisher = Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania | title = Soviet Saboteurs in Lithuania (1941-1944) | url = http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/audrone.htm | date=2004-01-30 | accessdate = 2006-06-30]

*In 1943, the Nazis attempted to raise a Waffen-SS division from the local population as they had in many other countries, but due to widespread coordination between resistance groups, the mobilization was boycotted. The Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force ("Lietuvos vietinė rinktinė") was eventually formed in 1944 under Lithuanian command, but was liquidated by the Nazis only a few months later for refusing to subordinate to their command.Peterson, Roger D. "Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe", [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0521770009&id=Udl9U-0OY9gC&pg=PA164&lpg=PA164&dq=lithuania+%22territorial+defense+force%22&sig=mvMlw5_gqi6yioGZ_LOalMNaxMU p. 164] . Cambridge University Press, 2001-05-07. ISBN 0-521-77000-9] Lane, Thomas. "Lithuania: Stepping Westward". [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415267315&id=fecMC0LXU-sC&pg=RA1-PA57&lpg=RA1-PA57&dq=Plechavicius&sig=vnXEV4lGASP9QWRWcyBH5m7tf10 p. 57] , Routledge (UK), 2002-08-23. ISBN 0-415-26731-5] Mackevičius, Mečislovas. [http://www.lituanus.org/1986/86_4_02.htm Lithuanian resistance to German mobilization attempts 1941-1944] , "Lituanus", Vol. 32, No. 4, Winter 1986. Ed. Antanas Dundzila. ISSN 0024-5089]

*Also in 1943, several underground political groups united under the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania ("Vyriausias Lietuvos išlaisvinimo komitetas", or "VLIK"). The committee issued a declaration of independence that went largely unnoticed. It became mostly active outside of Lithuania among emigrants and deportees, and was able to establish contacts in Western countries and get support for resistance operations inside Lithuania (see Operation Jungle). It would persist abroad for many years as one of the groups representing Lithuania in exile.Kaszeta, Daniel J. [http://www.lituanus.org/1988/88_3_01.htm Lithuanian Resistance to Foreign Occupation 1940-1952] , "Lituanus", Volume 34, No. 3, Fall 1988. Ed. Antanas Dundzila. ISSN 0024-5089] cite web | author = Banionis, Juozas | publisher = Genocide and Resistance Research Centre of Lithuania | title = The Liberation of Lithuania in the West under détente, 1970–1974 | url = http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/15/banionis.htm | date=2004-03-10 | accessdate = 2006-06-29]

*Jewish partisans also fought against the Nazi occupation. In September 1943, the United Partisan Organization, led by Abba Kovner, attempted to start an uprising in the Vilna Ghetto, and later engaged in sabotage and guerrilla operations against the Nazi occupation.cite web | author = Rosenberg, Jennifer | publisher = About.com | title = Abba Kovner and Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto | url = http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/a/kovner.htm | accessdate = 2006-06-29]

*In July 1944, as part of its Operation Tempest, the Polish Home Army launched the Operation Ostra Brama in an attempt to recapture that city. "See also Polish-Lithuanian relations during World War II".

*As of January 2006, 630 Lithuanians are recognized as Righteous Among the Nations for their efforts in saving Lithuania's Jews from the Holocaust.cite web | title = Righteous Among the Nations - Statistics and Stories | publisher = Yad Vashem | url = http://www1.yadvashem.org/righteous/righteous_table.html | accessdate = 2006-07-04] The total number of people who helped the Jews may be much higher.Procuta, Genius. [http://www.holycross.edu/departments/history/vlapomar/hiatt/oral.htm How Many Rescuers of Jews Were There?] , "Tėviškės Žiburiai", Missisauga, Ontario, Canada, 1999-03-16.]

econd Soviet occupation

*Lithuanian partisans, known as the Forest Brothers, began guerrilla warfare against Soviet forces as soon as the front passed over in 1944, and continued armed struggle until 1953. The core of this movement was made up of soldiers from the Territorial Defense Force who'd disbanded with their weapons and uniforms. The underground had extensive clandestine radio and press.Lane, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0415267315&id=fecMC0LXU-sC&pg=RA1-PA58&lpg=RA1-PA58&dq=lithuania+underground+press+radio+resistance&sig=3XNIAvhVWmPNLFnpBPpF1kHuTBQ p. 58] ] Thousands of people engaged in active and passive resistance against the Soviet authorities. The various resistance organizations eventually united under the Movement of the Struggle for the Freedom of Lithuania ("Lietuvos Laisvės Kovų Sąjūdis", or "LLKS"), issuing a declaration of independence in 1949 that would ultimately be signed into law by the independent Republic of Lithuania in 1999.] Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. [http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=90678 "Law on the February 16, 1949 Declaration by the Council of the Movement of the Struggle for Freedom of Lithuania"] , Law No. VIII-1021, 1999-01-12, Vilnius.]
** The most famous of these partisans is probably Juozas Lukša, author of several books during the resistance and subject of a recent film.

* While armed resistance ended in the 1950s, nonviolent resistance continued in various forms (e.g. through Lithuanians living abroad, Catholic press, safeguarding local traditions and Lithuanian language, Sąjūdis movement, etc.) until 1991 when Russia recognized the independence declared by Lithuania on March 11, 1990.

ignificance of February 16

February 16, the date that Lithuania first declared its independence in 1918, played an important symbolic role during this period. The call for volunteers for the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, the VLIK declaration of independence, and the LLKS declaration of independence were all made on February 16. February 16 is a national holiday in Lithuania.

Notes and references

Further reading

*Remeikis, Thomas. [http://www.lituanus.org/1975/75_4_02.htm The Decision of the Lithuanian Government to Accept the Soviet Ultimatum of June 14, 1940] , "Lituanus", Vol. 21, No. 4, Winter 1975. ISSN 0024-5089

ee also

*Occupation of Baltic Republics
*Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany
*Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941-1944
*Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
*Occupation of Latvia 1940-1945
*Latvian resistance movement
*Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany
*Belarusian resistance movement
*History of Poland (1939–1945)
*Polish resistance movement in World War II
*Collaboration during World War II
*Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact