Demographics of Hungary

Demographics of Hungary
1715-2008 Historic estimates and censuses for the total population in the territory of present-day Hungary.
Population:	9,986,000 (2011)
Growth rate:	-4‰ (2010)
Birth rate:	9.0 births/1,000 population (2010)
Death rate:	13.0 deaths/1,000 population (2010)
Life expectancy:	74.79 years (2011)
–male:	71.04 years (2011)
–female:	78.76 years (2011)
Fertility rate:	1.26 children born/woman (2010)
Infant mortality rate:	5.3 / 1000 births (2010)
Age structure:
0-14 years:	15%
15-64 years:	69.3%
65-over:	15.8%
Sex ratio:
At birth:	1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Under 15:	1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years:	0.97 male(s)/female
65-over:	0.57 male(s)/female
Nationality:
Nationality:	noun: Hungarian(s) adjective: Hungarian
Major ethnic:	Hungarians
Language:
Spoken:	Hungarian

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Hungary, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Historical

The population composition at the foundation of Hungary (895) depends on the size of the arriving Hungarian population and the size of the Slavic (and remains of Avar-Slavic) population at the time. One source mentions 200 000 Slavs and 400 000 Hungarians,^[1] while other sources often don't give estimates for both, making comparison more difficult. The size of the Hungarian population around 895 is often estimated between 120 000 and 600 000,^[2] with a number of estimates in the 400-600 000 range.^[1][3][4] Other sources only mention a fighting force of 25 000 Magyar warriors used in the attack,^[5][6] while declining to estimate the total population including women and children and warriors not participating in the invasion. In the historical demographics the largest earlier shock was the Mongol Invasion of Hungary, several plagues also took a toll on the country's population. According to the demographers, about 80 percent of the population was made up of Hungarians before the Battle of Mohács, however the Hungarian ethnic group became a minority in its own country after the Rákóczi's War for Independence. Major territorial changes made Hungary ethnically homogeneous after World War I. Nowadays, more than nine-tenths of the population is ethnically Hungarian and speaks Hungarian as the mother tongue.^[7]

900–1910

Time	Population	Percentage rate of Hungarians (without Kingdom of Croatia)	Notes
c. 900 AD	c. 600,000[1]	66%[1][4]
1000	1,000,000-1,500,000[8]
1222	2,000,000[9]	70–80%[7][10]	The time of the Golden Bull. The last estimate before the Tatar invasion.
1242	1,200,000[10]		Population decreased after the Mongol invasion of Hungary(estimations about population loss are between 20% and 50%).[11]
1300	2,000,000[12]
1348	5,000,000[13] 3,000,000[14][15]		Before the plague (at the time of the Angevin kings.)
1370	c. 2,000,000	60–70%[10]
1400	3,000,000-3,500,000[16] 3,000,000[13]
1490	5,000,000[17][18] 4,500,000-5,000,000[19][14] 4,000,000-4,500,000[16] 4,000,000[12][20][21][22] 3,500,000-4,000,000[8] 3,400,000[23]	90%[24] 80-85%[25] 80%[10][26][27][28][29] 77%[20] 75-80%[30][31][32][33][34][35] 60-70%[36]	Before the Ottoman conquest (about 3.2 million Hungarians).
1600	4,000,000-4,500,000[37] 3,500,000[38]		Populations of Royal Hungary, Transylvania and Ottoman Hungary together.
1699	4,000,000[38][37][39] 3,500,000-4,000,000[34] 3,500,000[40]	50–55%[10][36] 50[34][39]	At the time of Treaty of Karlowitz (not more than 2 million Hungarians).
1711	4,000,000[41] 2,500,000[18]	53%[10] 45°%[25]	At the end of Kuruc War, starting date of the organized resettlement.
1720	4,000,000-4,500,000[42] 4,000,000[43][22] 3,500,000[35][21] 2,600,000-4,000,000[44]	55%[35] 45%[20] 44%[45] 40%[24] 35%[7]
1790	9,000,000[21][22][46] 8,500,000[18] 8,100,000-8,200,000[44]	40%[7][47][48] 37.7% 35%[49]	End of the organized resettlement, approximately 800 new German villages were established between 1711 and 1780.[50]
1828	11,495,536	40-45%[citation needed]
1837		44%[51] 37% (with Croatia)[51]
1846	12,033,399	40–45% 41,6%[52] 36,5-40% (with Croatia)[52]	Two years before Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
1880	13,749,603	46%
1900	16,838,255	51.4%[53]
1910	18,264,533	54.5%[53] 48,1% (with Croatia)[54]	5% Jews (counted according to their mother tongue).

Note: The data refer to the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, not of present-day Hungary.

Ethnic structure of the territory of contemporary Hungary (1495-1910)

^[55]

Ethnic group	1495	1715	1785	1880	1900	1910
Hungarians	990,000 95,6 %	1,176,000 79,1 %	2,103,000 79 %	4,402,364 82.4 %	5,890,999 85.9 %	6,730,299 88.4 %
Germans	17,000 1.6 %	136,600 9.2 %	291,900 11 %	606,363 11.3 %	604,751 8.8 %	553,179 7.3 %
Slovaks	n.d n.d.	37,700 2.5 %	130,400 4.9 %	199,788 3.7 %	192,227 2.8 %	165,317 2.2 %
Croats	1,200 0.1 %	58,900 4 %	71,700 2.7 %	59,251 1.1 %	68,161 1 %	62,018 0.8 %
Others	23,800 2.4 %	70,800 4.8 %	66,214 2.4 %	75,598 1.5 %	98,277 1.5 %	101,301 1.3 %
Total	1,032,000	1,480,000	2,663,214	5,343,364	6,854,415	7,612,114

Treaty of Trianon

Hungary lost 64% of its total population in consequence of the Treaty of Trianon, which was decreased from 20.9 million to 7.6 million,^[56] and 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic Hungarians,^[53] Hungary lost five of its ten most populous cities.

The Red Map.^[57][58] Ethnic map of the Hungary proper publicized by the Hungarian delegation. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km^2[59] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit.

  Hungarians

  Germans

  Slovaks

  Rusyns

  Romanians

  Serbs

  Croats

  Spaces with a smaller density than 20 persons/sq km

Difference between the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary and independent Hungary after the Treaty of Trianon. Based on the 1910 census. Administrative Hungary in green, autonomous Croatia-Slavonia grey.

According to the census of 1910, the largest ethnic group in the Kingdom of Hungary were Hungarians, who were 54,5% of the population of Kingdom of Hungary, excluding Croatia-Slavonia. Although the territories of the former Kingdom of Hungary that were assigned by the treaty to neighbouring states in total had a majority of non-Hungarian population, they also included areas of Hungarian majority and significant Hungarian minorities, numbering 3,318,000 in total.

The number of Hungarians in the different areas based on census data of 1910. The present day location of each area is given in parenthesis.

• In Upper Hungary (Slovakia): 885,000 - 30%
• In Transylvania (Romania): 1,662,948 - 31.6%
• In Vojvodina (Serbia): 290,20 - 14.28%
• In Transcarpathia (Ukraine): 183,000 - 30%
• In Croatia: 121,000 - 3.5%
• In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 14,065 - 15%
• In Burgenland (Austria): 26,200 - 9%

Non-Hungarian population in the Kingdom of Hungary, based on 1910 census data

Slovaks, Romanians, Ruthenians, Serbs, Croats and Germans, who represented the majority of the populations of the above-mentioned territories:

• In Upper Hungary (Slovakia, Czechoslovakia): 1,687,977 Slovaks and 1,233,454 others (mostly Hungarians - 886,044, Germans, Ruthenians and Roma) [according to the 1921 census, however, there were 1,941,942 Slovaks and 1,058,928 others]
• In Carpathian Ruthenia (Czechoslovakia): 330,010 Ruthenians and 275,932 others (mostly Hungarians, Germans, Romanians, and Slovaks)
• In Transylvania (Romania): 2,831,222 Romanians (53.8%) and 2,431,273 others (mostly Hungarians - 1,662,948 (31.6%) and Germans - 563,087 (10.7%). The 1919 and 1920 Transylvanian censuses indicate a greater percentage of Romanians (57.1%/57.3%) and a smaller Hungarian minority (26.5%/25.5%)^[60]
• In Vojvodina and Croatia-Slavonia (Yugoslavia): 2,756,000 Croats and Serbs and 1,366,000 others (mostly Hungarians and Germans)
• In Prekmurje (Slovenia): 74,199 Slovenes (80%), 14,065 Hungarians (15,2%), 2,540 Germans (2,7%)
• In Burgenland (Austria): 217,072 Germans and 69,858 others (mainly Croatian and Hungarian)

Minorities in post-Trianon Hungary

According to the 1920 census 10.4% of the population spoke one of the minority languages as mother language:

• 551,212 German (6.9%)
• 141,882 Slovak (1.8%)
• 23,760 Romanian (0.3%)
• 36,858 Croatian (0.5%)
• 23,228 Bunjevac and Šokac (0.3%)
• 17,131 Serb (0.2%)
• 7,000 Slovenes (0,08%)

The number of bilingual people was much higher, for example 1,398,729 people spoke German (17%), 399,176 people spoke Slovak (5%), 179,928 people spoke Croatian (2.2%) and 88,828 people spoke Romanian (1.1%). Hungarian was spoken by 96% of the total population and was the mother language of 89%. The percentage and the absolute number of all non-Hungarian nationalities decreased in the next decades, although the total population of the country increased. After Word War II, about 200,000 Germans were deported to Germany according to the decree of the Potsdam Conference. Under the forced exchange of population between Czechoslovakia and Hungary, approximately 73,000 Slovaks left Hungary. After these population movements Hungary became an ethnically almost homogeneous country except the rapidly growing number of Roma people in the second half of the 20th century.

From 1938 to 1945

Hungary expanded its borders into Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia at the outset of the war. These annexations were affirmed under the Munich Agreement (1938), two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940), and aggression against Yugoslavia and Carpathian Ruthenia (1941). The population of Northern Transylvania, according to the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians.^[61] The territory of Bacska had 789,705 inhabitants, and 45,4% or 47,2% declared themselves to be Hungarian native speakers or ethnic Hungarians.^[61] The percentage of Hungarian speakers was 84% in southern Czechoslovakia and 15% in the Sub-Carpathian Rus.

Communist/Socialist era (1949-1990)

According to some authors there was an enforced Magyarization in Communist Hungary.^[62]

Numbers about ethnic groups between 1920 and 1980

Ethnic group	1920	1930	1941[Note 1]	1949	1960	1970	1980
Hungarians	7 155 973 89.6 %	8 000 335 92.1 %	11 881 455 80.9 %	9 076 041 98.6 %	9 786 038 98.2 %	10 166 237 98.5 %	10 638 974 99.3 %
Germans	550 062 6.9 %	477 153 5.5, %	533 045 3.6 %	22 455 0.2 %	50 765 0.5 %	35 594 0.4 %	11 310 0.1 %
Slovaks	141 877 1.8 %	104 786 1.2 %	175 550 1.2 %	25 988 0.3 %	30 630 0.3 %	21 176 0.2 %	9 101 0.1 %
Romanians	23 695 0.3 %	16 221 0.2 %	1 051 026 7.2 %	14 713 0.2 %	15 787 0.2 %	12 624 0.1 %	8 874 0.1 %
Ruthenians	-	-	547 770 3.7 %	-	-	-	-
Croats	58 931 0.7 %	47 337 0.5 %	12 346 0.1 %	20 423 0.2 %	33 014 0.3 %	17 609 0.2 %	13 895 0.1 %
Serbs	17 132 0.2 %	7 031 0.1 %	213 585 1.5 %	5 158 0.1 %	4 583 0.1 %	12 235 0.1 %	2 805 0.0%
Slovenes	6 087 0.1 %	5 464 0.1 %	94 000 0.1 %	4 473 0.1 %	-	4 205 0.0 %	1 731 0.0 %
Roma	6 989 0.1 %	7 841 0.1 %	76 209 0.5 %	21 387 0.2 %	25 633 0.3 %	34 957 0.3 %	6 404 0.1 %
Others	26 123 0.3 %	18 946 0.2 %	29 210 0.2 %	14 161 0.1 %	14 534 0.1 %	17 462 0.2 %	16 369 0.2 %
Jewish[Note 2]	-	-	139 041 0.9 %	-	-	-	-
Total	7 986 875	8 685 109	14 679 573	9 204 799	9 961 044	10 322 099	10 709 463

Vital statistics

Population of Hungary (1910–2009, with comments)

Unless otherwise indicated, vital statistics are from the Hungarian Statistical Office.^[63]

Births and deaths ^[64][65]

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)
1918		128 000	207 000	-79 000	15.3	25.7	-10.4
1919	7 860	217 000	157 000	60 000	27.6	20.0	7.6
1920	7 940	249 000	170 000	79 000	31.4	21.4	10.0
1921	8 020	255 000	170 000	85 000	31.8	21.2	10.6
1922	8 080	249 000	173 000	76 000	30.8	21.4	9.4
1923	8 170	239 000	159 000	80 000	29.2	19.5	9.7
1924	8 220	221 000	168 000	53 000	26.9	20.4	6.5
1925	8 300	235 000	142 000	93 000	28.3	17.1	11.2
1926	8 370	229 000	140 000	89 000	27.4	16.7	10.7
1927	8 490	219 000	151 000	68 000	25.8	17.8	8.0
1928	8 510	225 000	146 000	79 000	26.4	17.2	9.2
1929	8 580	215 000	153 000	62 000	25.1	17.8	7.3
1930	8 660	220 000	134 000	86 000	25.4	15.5	9.9
1931	8 730	207 000	145 000	62 000	23.7	16.6	7.1
1932	8 783	206 000	157 000	49 000	23.4	17.9	5.5
1933	8 845	194 000	130 000	64 000	21.9	14.7	7.2
1934	8 915	194 279	129 049	65 230	21.8	14.5	7.3
1935	8 980	189 479	136 923	52 556	21.1	15.2	5.9
1936	9 040	183 369	128 333	55 036	20.3	14.2	6.1
1937	9 100	182 449	128 049	54 400	20.0	14.1	6.0
1938	9 159	182 206	130 628	51 578	19.9	14.3	5.6
1939	9 217	178 633	124 591	54 042	19.4	13.5	5.9
1940	9 280	185 562	132 735	52 827	20.0	14.3	5.7
1941	9 340	177 047	123 349	53 698	19.0	13.2	5.7
1942	9 392	187 187	136 844	50 343	19.9	14.6	5.4
1943	9 440	173 295	127 158	46 137	18.4	13.5	4.9
1944	9 250	190 000	144 048	45 952	20.5	15.6	5.0
1945	9 055	169 091	211 323	-42 232	18.7	23.3	-4.7
1946	9 042	169 120	135 486	33 634	18.7	15.0	3.7
1947	9 093	187 316	117 537	69 779	20.6	12.9	7.7
1948	9 158	191 907	105 780	86 127	21.0	11.6	9.4
1949	9 249	190 398	105 718	84 680	20.6	11.4	9.2
1950	9 338	195 567	106 902	88 665	20.9	11.4	9.5
1951	9 423	190 645	109 998	80 647	20.2	11.7	8.6
1952	9 504	185 820	107 443	78 377	19.6	11.3	8.2
1953	9 595	206 926	112 039	94 887	21.6	11.7	9.9
1954	9 706	223 347	106 670	116 677	23.0	11.0	12.0
1955	9 825	210 430	97 848	112 582	21.4	10.0	11.5
1956	9 911	192 810	104 236	88 574	19.5	10.5	8.9
1957	9 840	167 202	103 645	63 557	17.0	10.5	6.5
1958	9 882	158 428	97 866	60 562	16.0	9.9	6.1
1959	9 937	151 194	103 880	47 314	15.2	10.5	4.8
1960	9 984	146 461	101 525	44 936	14.7	10.2	4.5
1961	10 029	140 365	96 410	43 955	14.0	9.6	4.4
1962	10 072	130 053	108 273	21 780	12.9	10.7	2.2
1963	10 104	132 335	99 871	32 464	13.1	9.9	3.2
1964	10 135	132 141	100 830	31 311	13.0	9.9	3.1
1965	10 160	133 009	108 119	24 890	13.1	10.6	2.4
1966	10 197	138 489	101 943	36 546	13.6	10.0	3.6
1967	10 223	148 886	109 530	39 356	14.6	10.7	3.8
1968	10 275	154 419	115 354	39 065	15.0	11.2	3.8
1969	10 316	154 318	116 659	37 659	15.0	11.3	3.7
1970	10 338	151 819	120 197	31 622	14.7	11.6	3.1
1971	10 368	150 640	123 009	27 631	14.5	11.9	2.7
1972	10 398	153 625	118 991	34 634	14.8	11.4	3.3
1973	10 432	156 224	123 366	32 858	15.0	11.8	3.1
1974	10 479	186 288	125 816	60 472	17.8	12.0	5.8
1975	10 532	194 240	131 102	63 138	18.4	12.4	6.0
1976	10 589	185 405	132 240	53 165	17.5	12.5	5.0
1977	10 637	177 574	132 031	45 543	16.7	12.4	4.3
1978	10 673	168 160	140 121	28 039	15.8	13.1	2.6
1979	10 698	160 364	136 829	23 535	15.0	12.8	2.2
1980	10 707	148 673	145 355	3 318	13.9	13.6	0.3
1981	10 700	142 890	144 757	-1 867	13.3	13.5	-0.2
1982	10 683	133 559	144 318	-10 759	12.5	13.5	-1.0
1983	10 656	127 258	148 643	-21 385	11.9	13.9	-2.0
1984	10 619	125 359	146 709	-21 350	11.8	13.8	-2.0
1985	10 579	130 200	147 614	-17 414	12.3	14.0	-1.6
1986	10 534	128 204	147 089	-18 885	12.2	14.0	-1.8
1987	10 486	125 840	142 601	-16 761	12.0	13.6	-1.6
1988	10 443	124 296	140 042	-15 746	11.9	13.4	-1.5
1989	10 398	123 304	144 695	-21 391	11.9	13.9	-2.1
1990	10 374	125 679	145 660	-19 981	12.1	14.0	-1.9
1991	10 373	127 207	144 813	-17 606	12.3	14.0	-1.7
1992	10 369	121 724	148 781	-27 057	11.7	14.3	-2.6
1993	10 357	117 033	150 244	-33 211	11.3	14.5	-3.2
1994	10 343	115 598	146 889	-31 291	11.2	14.2	-3.0
1995	10 329	112 054	145 431	-33 377	10.8	14.1	-3.2
1996	10 311	105 272	143 130	-37 858	10.2	13.9	-3.7
1997	10 290	100 350	139 434	-39 084	9.8	13.6	-3.8
1998	10 267	97 301	140 870	-43 569	9.5	13.7	-4.2
1999	10 238	94 645	143 210	-48 565	9.2	14.0	-4.7
2000	10 211	97 597	135 601	-38 004	9.6	13.3	-3.7
2001	10 198	97 047	132 183	-35 136	9.5	13.0	-3.4
2002	10 165	96 804	132 833	-36 029	9.5	13.1	-3.5
2003	10 129	94 647	135 823	-41 176	9.3	13.4	-4.1
2004	10 108	95 137	132 492	-37 355	9.4	13.1	-3.7
2005	10 088	97 496	135 732	-38 236	9.7	13.5	-3.8
2006	10 072	99 871	131 603	-31 732	9.9	13.1	-3.2
2007	10 056	97 613	132 938	-35 325	9.7	13.2	-3.5
2008	10 038	99 149	130 027	-30 878	9.9	13.0	-3.1
2009	10 022	96 450	130 350	-33 900	9.6	13.0	-3.4
2010	10 000	90 350	130 450	-40 100	9.0	13.0	-4.0

Infant mortality rate

The infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased considerably after WW II. In 1949, the IMR was 91.0. The rate decreased to 47.6 in 1960, 35.9 in 1970, 23.2 in 1980, 14.8 in 1990, 9.2 in 2000 and reached an all time low in 2009: 5.1 per 1000 live born children.[34]

Total fertility rates

^[66][67][68]

Year Total Fertility Rate 1900–1901 5.28 1910–1911 4.67 1920–1921 3.84 1930–1931 2.84 1940–1941 2.48 1948–1949 2.56 1950–1955 2.73 1955–1960 2.21 1960–1965 1.82 1965–1970 1.98

Year Total Fertility Rate 1970–1975 2.09 1974–1977 2.28 1975–1980 2.12 1980–1985 1.81 1985–1990 1.82 1990–1995 1.73 1995–2000 1.38 2001–2005 1.30 2006–2008 1.34 2009 1.33

Life expectancy at birth

male: 1990: 65.1 years 2001: 68.2 years 2009: 70.1 years
female: 1990: 73.7 years 2001: 76.5 years 2009: 77.9 years

Present

The Hungarian census of year 2001

Historical populations
Year	Pop.	±%
1870	5,011,310	—
1880	5,329,191	+6.3%
1890	6,009,351	+12.8%
1900	6,854,415	+14.1%
1910	7,612,114	+11.1%
1920	7,986,875	+4.9%
1930	8,685,109	+8.7%
1941	9,316,074	+7.3%
1949	9,204,799	−1.2%
1960	9,961,044	+8.2%
1970	10,300,996	+3.4%
1980	10,709,463	+4.0%
1990	10,374,823	−3.1%
2001	10,198,315	−1.7%
2011	9,979,000	−2.2%

The census of 2001 recognized Hungarians along with sixteen other ethnic groups. The ethnic composition according to the 2001 census was as follows: (based on self-determination)^[69]

Ethnic composition of Hungary (census 2001)
Hungarians			93.2%
Roma			1.9%
Germans			0.6%
Other			4.2%

• Hungarians: 9,416,045 or 93.2%
• Roma: 190,046 or 1.9%
• Germans: 62,233 or 0.6%
• Slovaks: 17,693 or 0.17%
• Croats: 15,620 or 0.15%
• Romanians: 7,995 or 0.08%
• Other nationalities in Hungary: 20 473 (0,2%)
• Foreign nationality: 16 081 (0,16%)
• No answer, unknown: 570 537 (5,6%)

According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6%).^[70] There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%),Baptist (0.2%), ortodox(0.015%) and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in God.^[71]

For historical reasons, significant Hungarian minority populations can be found in the surrounding countries, notably in Ukraine (in Transcarpathia), Slovakia, Romania (in Transylvania), and Serbia (in Vojvodina). Austria (in Burgenland), Croatia, and Slovenia (Prekmurje) are also host to a number of ethnic Hungarians.

CIA World Factbook demographic statistics

94.4% of the country's inhabitants are Hungarians. The graph shows the share of specific national and ethnic minorities of Hungary in the remainder 5.6%

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA Factbook as of September 2009, unless otherwise indicated.

Population: 9,905,596 (Only Hungarian citizens, 2009 est.)

Age structure:
0–14 years: 15% (male 763,553/female 720,112)
15–64 years: 69.3% (male 3,384,961/female 3,475,135)
65 years and over: 15.8% (male 566,067/female 995,768) (2009 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.57 male(s)/female
total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2009 est.)

Ethnic groups: Hungarian 93.2%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5,8%.

Religion: According to census data, the largest religion in Hungary is Catholicism (54.5% — Roman Catholicism 51.9%; Greek Catholicism 2.6%). There is a significant Calvinist minority (16% of the population) and smaller Lutheran (3%), and Jewish (0.1%) minorities. However, these census figures are representative of religious affiliation rather than practice; fewer than 12% of Hungarians attend religious services at least once a week and fewer than 50% at least once a year, while 30% of Hungarians do not believe in a God.

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.5%
female: 99.3% (2003 est.)

See also : Hungary

Religion

Main article: History of Christianity in Hungary

Religious affiliation in Hungary (2001)^[72]

Denominations	Population	% of total
Catholicism	5,558,901	54.5
Roman Catholics	5,289,521	51.9
Greek Catholics	268,935	2.6
Protestantism	1,985,576	19.5
Calvinists	1,622,796	15.9
Lutherans	304,705	3.0
Baptists	17,705	0.2
Unitarians	6,541	0.1
Other Protestants	33,829	0.3
Orthodox Christianity	15,298	0.1
Other Christians	24,340	0.2
Judaism	12,871	0.1
Other religions	13,567	0.1
Total religions	7,610,553	74.6
No religion	1,483,369	14.5
Did not wish to answer	1,034,767	10.1
Unknown	69,566	0.7
total	10,198,315	100.00

The majority of Hungarians became Christian in the 11th century. Hungary remained predominantly Catholic until the 16th century, when the Reformation took place and, as a result, first Lutheranism, then soon afterwards Calvinism, became the religion of almost the entire population. In the second half of the 16th century, however, Jesuits led a successful campaign of counterreformation among the Hungarians. Orthodox Christianity in Hungary has been the religion mainly of some national minorities in the country, notably, Romanians, Rusyns, Ukrainians, and Serbs.

Faith Church, one of Europe's largest Pentecostal churches, is also located in Hungary. Hungary has historically been home to a significant Jewish community.

Largest cities

Name	Population (1949)	Top population	Population (2010)	Agglomeration	Status
Budapest	1,590,316	2,059,226 (1980)	1,721,556	2,503,105 (2009)	Capital city
Debrecen	115,399	212,235 (1990)	207,270	237,888 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Szeged	104,867	169,930 (1990)	169,731	201,307 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Miskolc	109,841	208,103 (1980)	169,226	216,470 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Pécs	89,470	170,039 (1990)	157,680	179,215 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Győr	69,583	130,478 (2010)	130,478	182,776 (2005)	Regional centre, county seat, urban county
Nyíregyháza	56,334	118,795 (2001)	117,832	-	County seat, urban county
Kecskemét	61,730	112,233 (2010)	112,233	-	County seat, urban county
Székesfehérvár	42,260	108,958(1990)	101,973	-	Regional centre, county seat, urban county

Language

Present-day regions in Europe where the Hungarian language is spoken.

For 93.6% of the population, the mother language is Hungarian. The main minority group are the Roma. Other groups include: Germans, Slovaks, Croats and Bunjevcis (0.2%), Romanians (0.1%), Ukrainians (0.1%), and Serbs (0.1%).^[73]

Ethnic groups during history of Hungary

When the Hungarians invaded the Carpathian Basin, it were inhabited by Slavic and Avar peoples. Written sources in the 9th century also suggest that some groups of the Onogurs, and the Bulgars occupied the valley of the river Mureş at the time of the Magyars’ invasion. There is a question whether Romanian population existed in Transylvania during this time. (See Origin of the Romanians)

Kabars

Three Kabar tribes joined to the Hungarians and participated in the Hungarian conquest of Hungary.^[46] They settled mostly in Bihar county.

Böszörménys

The Muslim Böszörménys migrated to the Carpathian Basin in the course of the 10th-12th centuries and they were composed of various ethnic groups. Most of them must have arrived from Volga Bulgaria.

Pechenegs

Communities of Pechenegs (Besenyő in Hungarian) lived in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11-12th centuries. They were most numerous in the county of Tolna.

Oghuz Turks

Smaller groups of Oghuz Turk settlers ('Úzok' or 'Fekete Kunok/Black Cumans' in Hungarian) came to the Carphatian Basin from the middle of the 11th century.^[74] They were settled mostly in Barcaság. The city of Ózd got its name after them.

Jassics

The Jassic (Jász in Hungarian) people were a nomadic tribe which settled -with the Cumans- in the Kingdom of Hungary during the 13th century. Their name is almost certainly related to that of the Iazyges. Béla IV, king of Hungary granted them asylum and they became a privileged community with the right of self-government. During the centuries they were fully assimilated to the Hungarian population, their language disappeared, but they preserved their Jassic identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. Over a dozen settlements in Central Hungary (e.g. Jászberény, Jászárokszállás, Jászfényszaru) still bear their name.^[75]

Cumans

During the Russian campaign, the Mongols drove some 200,000 Cumans, a nomadic tribe who had opposed them, west of the Carpathian Mountains. There, the Cumans appealed to King Béla IV of Hungary for protection.^[76] In the Kingdom of Hungary, Cumans created two regions named Cumania (Kunság in Hungarian): Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), both located the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to Pálóczi's estimation originally 70-80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary.^[9]

Romanians

The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest, the first written sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar county from 1283.^[77][78] The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222,1280)^{[78][79][80][81]} showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285.^[78] The first appearance of a supposed Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258).^[78] They were significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Maramaros and Partium. Jean W.Sedlar estimates that Vlachs (Romanians) constituted about two-thirds of Transylvania's population in 1241 on the eve of the Mongol invasion,^[82] however according to other researches Hungarian ethnic group was in majority in Transylvania before Battle of Mohács.^[83]

Slovaks

The Slovak people lived mainly in Upper Hungary, northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary. Regions of Vojvodina and Banat, Békés county had bigger Slovak groups from the 18th century. After WWII a major population exchange with Czechoslovakia was carried out: about 73,000 Slovaks were transferred to Slovakia, replaced by a comparable number of Hungarians.^[84]

Serbs

From the 14th century, escaping from the Ottoman threat, a large number of Serbs migrated to the Hungarian Kingdom. After the Battle of Mohács, most of the territory of Hungary got into Ottoman rule. In that time, especially in the 17th century, many Serb, and other Southern Slavic immigrants settled in Hungary. Most of the Ottoman soldiers in the territory of Hungary were South Slavs (the Janissary). After the Turkish withdrawal, Kingdom of Hungary came under Habsburg rule, a new wave of Serb refugees migrated to the area around 1690, as a consequence of the Habsburg-Ottoman war. In the first half of the 18th century, Serbs and South Slavs were ethnic majority in several cities in Hungary.

Germans

Three waves of German migration can be distinguished in Hungary before the 20th century. The first two waves of settlers arrived to the Hungarian Kingdom in the Middle Ages (11th and 13th centuries) in Upper Hungary and in Southern Transylvania (Transylvanian Saxons).

The third, largest wave of German-speaking immigrants into Hungary occurred after the withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from Hungarian territory, after the Treaty of Karlowitz. Between 1711 and 1780, German-speaking settlers immigrated to the regions of Southern Hungary, mostly region of Bánát, Bács-Bodrog, Baranya and Tolna counties (as well as into present-day Romania and Yugoslavia), which had been depopulated by the Ottoman wars. At the end of the 18th century, the Kingdom of Hungary contained over one million German-speaking residents (collectively known as Danube Swabians).^[85] In 2001, 62,105 people declared to be German in Hungary.^[86]

Rusyns

Rusyns had lived mostly in Carpathian Ruthenia, Northeast Hungary, however significant Rusyn population appeared in Vojvodina from the 18th century.

Croats

Croatia was in personal union with Hungary from 1102. Croat communities were spread mostly in the western and southern part of the country and along the Danube, including Budapest.

Poles

The Poles lived at the northern borders of Kingdom of Hungary from the arrival of the Hungarians.

Slovenes

The Slovenes (Vendek in Hungarian) lived in the western part of the Carpathian basin before the Hungarian conquest. In the 11th and 12th century, the current linguistic and ethnic border between the Hungarian and Slovene people was established. Nowadays, they live in Vendvidék (Slovenska krajina in Slovenians) between the Mura and the Rába rivers. In 2001, there were around 5,000 Slovenes in Hungary.

Jews

The first historical document about Jews of Hungary is the letter written about 960 to King Joseph of the Khazars by Hasdai ibn Shaprut, the Jewish statesman of Córdoba, in which he says Jews living in "the country of Hungarin".

Armenians

The first Armenians came to Hungary from the Balkans in the 10 - 11th century.

The Roma minority

Main article: Roma minority of Hungary

Population pyramid of Budapest (99.2% non-Romany inhabitants), see: Demographics of Budapest

Population pyramid of Alsószentmárton (100% Romany inhabitants)

The Romani people arrived in Hungary in the fifteenth century from Turkey.^[87] Nowadays, the real number of Roma in Hungary is a disputed question. In the 2001 census only 190 046 (2%) called themselves Roma, but experts and Roma organisations estimate that there are between 450,000 and 1,000,000 Roma living in Hungary.^{[88][89][90][91][92]} Since then, the size of the Roma population has increased rapidly. Today every fifth or sixth newborn child belongs to the Roma minority.^[93] Based on current demographic trends, a 2006 estimate by Central European Management Intelligence claims that the proportion of the Roma population will double by 2050, putting the percentage of its Roma community at around 14-15% of the country's population.^[94]

There are problems related to the Roma minority in Hungary, and the very subject is a heated and disputed topic.

Objective problems:

• Education/bad chances for work: slightly more than 80% of Roma children complete primary education, but only one third continue studies into the intermediate (secondary) level. This is far lower than the more than 90% proportion of children of non-Roma families who continue studies at an intermediate level. Less than 1% of Roma hold higher educational certificates.^[95]
• Poverty: most of the Roma people live in significantly worse conditions than others.^[96]
• Bad health conditions: life expectancy is about 10 years less compared to non-Romas
• Lack of debate regarding the subject: academic researchers and members of the mainstream press disregard any critics and study the subject in the canonical viewpoint. Critics don't have the funds necessary to perform alternative studies.

Greeks

Greeks migrated to Kingdom of Hungary from the 15th and 16th centuries. Mass migrations did not occur until the 17th century,^[97] the largest waves being in 1718 and 1760-1770;^[98] they were primarily connected to the economic conditions of the period.^[97] It is estimated that 10,000 Greeks emigrated to Hungary in the second half of the 18th century.^[98]

Bulgarians

See also: Bulgarians in Hungary

The town of Szentendre and the surrounding villages were inhabited by Bulgarians since the Middle Ages. However, present day Bulgarians are largely descended from gardeners who migrated to Austria-Hungary from the 18th century.

See also

• Hungarian diaspora
• Demographics of the Kingdom of Hungary
• History of Hungary
• Demographic history of Syrmia
• Magyarization

Notes

1. ^ The 1941 data refer to the Kingdom of Hungary after the territorial changes regarding North-Transylvania and other territories, all of which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1920.
2. ^ Except in the year 1941, Jewish people were not recognized as a minority, but only as a religion — assuredly, many Jews considered themselves as belonging to one of the recognized minorities.

References

KSH, vital statistics, 1960-2011

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93. ^ [31] "Ma minden ötödik-hatodik születendő gyermek cigány."
94. ^ [32] "A CEMI kalkulációja szerint a romák száma a mai 700 ezerről 2050-re 1,2 millióra nőhet. Ezen idő alatt a nem roma népesség száma 9,5 millióról 7,6 millióra csökken. Így a romák mai mintegy 7 százalékos aránya megduplázódhat és elérheti a 14-15 százalékot."
95. ^ [33] "Az érettségit megszerzők aránya azonban 0,5%-ról csupán 1,5%-ra nőtt, felsőfokú végzettséget pedig elenyésző számban szereztek.", "A felsőoktatásban tanulók aránya az 1993-as kutatás adatai szerint mindössze 0,22 ezrelék."
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External links

• Hungarian Central Statistical Office (in English)

Hungary portal