Reference ranges for blood tests

Reference ranges edit

in: blood urine CSF feces

Reference ranges for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples.

Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.

Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval).^[1] It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.

Plasma or whole blood

All values (except the exceptions below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60-100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:

• All values in Hematology - red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
• All values in Hematology - white blood cells
• Platelet count (Plt)

A few values are for inside red blood cells only:

• Vitamin B₉ (Folic acid/Folate) in red blood cells
• Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

Units

• Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
• Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.^[2]
• International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
• Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.^[3]

Arterial or venous

If not else specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid-base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.

Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid-base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays).^[4] Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.^[4]

Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges.

In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.

Inaccuracy

Further information: Reference range

References range may vary with age, sex, race, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Standard reference ranges should theoretically not vary with the instruments and lab techniques used, but practically it may do so when inaccurate methods are used in establishing standard reference ranges. Finally, the test procedure itself may be erroneous or inaccurate.

Sorted by concentration

A separate printable image is available for mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.

By mass and molarity

Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).

The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:

• Numerically: molar concentration x molar mass = mass concentration

• Measured directly in distance on the scales:

$\log_{10} \frac{\textit{molar~mass}}{1000} = \textit{distance~to~right~(decades)}$

, where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,^[5] is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.

Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.

The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

By units

Units don't necessarily tell anything about molarity or mass.

A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

By enzyme activity

White blood cells

Sorted by category

Ions and trace metals

Further information: Trace metals

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Sodium (Na)	135,[6] 137[7][3]	145,[7][3] 147[6]	mmol/L or mEq/L[6]
	310,[8] 320[8]	330,[8] 340[8]	mg/dl
Potassium (K)	3.5,[6][3] 3.6[7]	5.0,[6][7][3] 5.1	mmol/L or mEq/L[6]	See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia
	14[9]	20[9]	mg/dl
Chloride (Cl)	95,[6] 98,[10] 100[3]	105,[6] 106,[10] 110[3]	mmol/L or mEq/L[6]
	340[11]	370[11]	mg/dl
Ionized calcium (Ca)	1.03,[12] 1.10[3]	1.23,[12] 1.30[3]	mmol/L
	4.1,[13] 4.4[13]	4.9,[13] 5.2[13]	mg/dL
Total calcium (Ca)	2.1,[6][14] 2.2[3]	2.5,[14][3] 2.6,[14] 2.8[6]	mmol/L
	8.4,[6] 8.5[15]	10.2,[6] 10.5[15]	mg/dL
Total serum iron (TSI) - male	65,[16] 76[7]	176,[16] 198[7]	µg/dL
	11.6,[17][18] 13.6[18]	30,[17] 32,[18] 35[18]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) - female	26,[7] 50[16]	170[7][16]	µg/dL
	4.6,[18] 8.9[17]	30.4[17]	μmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) - newborns	100[16]	250[16]	µg/dL
	18[18]	45[18]	µmol/L
Total serum iron (TSI) - children	50[16]	120[16]	µg/dL
	9[18]	21[18]	µmol/L
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)	240,[16] 262[7]	450,[16] 474[7]	μg/dL
	43,[18] 47[18]	81,[18] 85[18]	µmol/L
Transferrin	190,[19] 194,[3] 204[7]	326,[3] 330,[19] 360[7]	mg/dL
	25[20]	45[20]	μmol/L
Transferrin saturation	20[16]	50[16]	%
Ferritin - Male	12[21]	300[21]	ng/mL
	27[22]	670[22]	pmol/L
Ferritin - Female	12[21]	150[21]	ng/mL
	27[22]	330[22]	pmol/L
Ammonia	10,[23] 20[24]	35,[23] 65[24]	μmol/L
	17,[25] 34[25]	60,[25] 110[25]	μg/dL
Copper	70[15]	150[15]	µg/dL
	11[26]	24[26]	μmol/L
Ceruloplasmin	15[15]	60[15]	mg/dL
	1[27]	4[27]	μmol/L
Phosphate (HPO42−)	0.8	1.5[28]	mmol/L
Inorganic phosphorus (serum)	1.0[6]	1.5[6]	mmol/L
	3.0[6]	4.5[6]	mg/dL
Copper (Cu)	11[29]	24	μmol/L
Zinc (Zn)	60,[30] 72[31]	110,[31] 130[30]	μg/dL
	9.2,[32] 11[3]	17,[3] 20[32]	µmol/L
Magnesium	1.5,[15] 1.7[33]	2.0,[15] 2.3[33]	mEq/L or mg/dL
	0.6,[34] 0.7[3]	0.82,[34] 0.95[3]	mmol/L

Acid-base and blood gases

Further information: Acid-base homeostasis

Further information: Arterial blood gas

If arterial/venous is not specified for a acid-base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.

Acid-base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.^[4] Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.^[35]

Test	Arterial/Venous	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
pH	Arterial	7.34,[7] 7.35[6]	7.44,[7] 7.45[6]
	Venous	7.31[36]	7.41[36]
[H+]	Arterial	36[6]	44[6]	nmol/L
		3.6[37]	4.4[37]	ng/dL
Base excess	Arterial & venous[36]	-3[36]	+3[36]	mEq/L
oxygen pressure (pO2)	Arterial	10,[6] 11[38]	13,[38] 14[6]	kPa
		75,[6][7] 83[15]	100,[7] 105[6]	mmHg or torr
	Venous	4.0[38]	5.3[38]	kPa
		30[36]	40[36]	mmHg or torr
Oxygen saturation	Arterial	94,[36] 95,[10] 96[15]	100[10][15]	%
	Venous	Approximately 75[10]
Carbon dioxide (CO2)	Arterial	4.4,[6] 4.7[38]	5.9,[6] 6.0[38]	kPa	Designated pCO2
		33,[6] 35[7]	44,[6] 45[7]	mmHg or torr
		23[36]	30[36]	mmol/L
		100[39]	132[39]	mg/dL
	Venous	5.5[38]	6.8[38]	kPa
		41[36]	51[36]	mmHg or torr
Bicarbonate (HCO3, )	Arterial & venous	18[15]	23[15]	mmol/L
		110[40]	140[40]	mg/dL
Standard bicarbonate (SBCe)	Arterial & venous	21, 22[6]	27, 28[6]	mmol/L or mEq/L[6]
		134[40]	170[40]	mg/dL

Liver function

Further information: Liver function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Total Protein		60,[6] 63[7]	78,[6] 82,[7] 84[15]	g/L	see hypoproteinemia
Albumin		35[6][41]	48,[7] 55[6]	g/L	see hypoalbuminemia
		3.5[7]	4.8,[7] 5.5[6]	U/L
		540[42]	740[42]	μmol/L
Globulins		23[6]	35[6]	g/L
Total Bilirubin		1.7,[43] 2,[6] 3.4,[43] 5[3]	17,[6][43] 22,[43] 25[3]	μmol/L
		0.1,[6] 0.2,[7] 0.29[44]	1.0,[6][15] 1.3,[7] 1.4[44]	mg/dL
Direct/Conjugated Bilirubin		0.0[6] or N/A[3]	5,[6] 7[43][3]	μmol/L
		0[6][7]	0.3,[6][7] 0.4[15]	mg/dL
Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT[3])		5,[45] 7,[7] 8[6]	20,[6] 21,[10] 56[7]	U/L	Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
	Female	0.15[3]	0.75[3]	µkat/L
	Male	0.15[3]	1.1[3]
Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT[3])	Female	6[46]	34[46]	IU/L	Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
		0.25[3]	0.60[3]	µkat/L
	Male	8[46]	40[46]	IU/L
		0.25[3]	0.75[3]	µkat/L
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)	Female	42[45]	98[45]	U/L
	Male	53[45]	128[45]
	(Enzyme activity)	0.6[3]	1.8[3]	µkat/L
Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)		5,[45] 8[7]	40,[45] 78[7]	U/L
	Women		0.8[47]	µkat/L
	Men		1.3[47]

Cardiac tests

Test	Patient type		Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Creatine kinase (CK)	male		24,[48] 38,[7] 60[45]	174,[15] 320[45]	U/L or ng/mL
			0.42[49]	1.5[49]	µkat/L
	female		24,[48] 38,[7] 96[15]	140,[15] 200[45]	U/L or ng/mL
			0.17[49]	1.17[49]	µkat/L
CK-MB			0	3,[7] 3.8,[3] 5[45]	ng/mL or μg/L[3]
Myoglobin	Female		1[50]	66[50]	ng/mL or µg/L
	Male		17[50]	106[50]

Cutoffs and ranges for troponin types, 12 hrs after onset of pain
Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Troponin-I		0.2[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Upper limit of normal
	0.2[51]	1.0[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Acute Coronary Syndrome
	0.4[52]	2.0[52]	ng/mL or μg/L	Moderately increased[52]
	1.0,[51] 1.5[53]	n/a[51][53]	ng/mL or μg/L	Myocardial Infarction likely
Troponin-T		0.02[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Upper limit of normal
	0.02[51]	0.10[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Acute Coronary Syndrome
	0.10[51]	n/a[51]	ng/mL or μg/L	Myocardial Infarction likely

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) -more detailed ranges in BNP article
Interpretation	Range / Cutoff
Congestive heart failure unlikely	< 100 pg/mL[54][55]
"Gray zone"	100-500 pg/mL[54][55]
Congestive heart failure likely	>500 pg/mL[54][55]

NT-proBNP -more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article
Interpretation	Age	Cutoff
Congestive heart failure likely	< 75years	> 125 pg/mL[49]
	>75 years	>450pg/mL[49]

Lipids

Further information: Blood lipids

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Therapeutic target
Triglycerides	10 – 39 years	54[15]	110[15]	mg/dL	< 100 mg/dL[56] or 1.1[56] mmol/L
		0.61[57]	1.2[57]	mmol/L
	40 – 59 years	70[15]	150[15]	mg/dL
		0.77[57]	1.7[57]	mmol/L
	> 60 years	80[15]	150[15]	mg/dL
		0.9[57]	1.7[57]	mmol/L
Total cholesterol		3.0,[58] 3.6[6][58]	5.0,[3][59] 6.5[6]	mmol/L	< 3.9[56]
		120,[7] 140[6]	200,[7] 250[6]	mg/dL	< 150[56]
HDL cholesterol	female	1.0,[60] 1.2,[3] 1.3[58]	2.2[60]	mmol/L	> 1.0[60] or 1.6[58]  mmol/L > 40[61] or 60[62] mg/dL
		40,[61] 50[63]	86[61]	mg/dL
HDL cholesterol	male	0.9[60][3]	2.0[60]	mmol/L
		35[61]	80[61]	mg/dL
LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)		2.0,[60] 2.4[59]	3.0,[59][3] 3.4[60]	mmol/L	< 2.5[60]
		80,[61] 94[61]	120,[61] 130[61]	mg/dL	< 100[61]
LDL/HDL quotient		n/a	5[3]	(unitless)

Tumour markers

Further information: Tumour markers

Test	Cutoff	Unit	Comments
Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)	44[7]	ng/mL or µg/L
Beta Human chorionic gonadotrophin (bHCG)	5[7]	IU/l or mU/ml	in male and non-pregnant female
CA19-9	40[7]	U/ml
CA-125	30,[64] 35[65]	kU/L or U/mL
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 50 years	3.4,[3] 3.6[66]	μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) non-smokers at 70 years	4.1[66]	μg/l
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) - smokers	5[67]	μg/l
Prostate specific antigen (PSA)	2.5,[3] 4[7]	μg/L[7][3] or ng/mL[15]	below age 45 <2.5 μg/L
PAP	3[15]	units/dL (Bodansky units)
Calcitonin -more detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article	5,[68] 15[68]	ng/L or pg/mL	Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer[68]

Endocrinology

Thyroid hormones

Further information: Thyroid function tests

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin)	Adults - standard range	0.3,[3] 0.4,[7] 0.5,[15] 0.6[69]	4.0,[3] 4.5,[7] 6.0[15]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
	Adults - optimal range	0.3,[70] 0.5[71]	2.0,[71] 3.0[70]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
	Infants	1.3[72]	19[72]	mIU/L or μIU/mL
Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article	Normal adult	0.7,[73] 0.8[7]	1.4,[73] 1.5,[7] 1.8[74]	ng/dL
		9,[75][3] 10,[76] 12[77]	18,[3][75] 23[77]	pmol/L
	Child/Adolescent 31 d - 18 y	0.8[73]	2.0[73]	ng/dL
		10[75]	26[75]	pmol/L
	Pregnant	0.5[73]	1.0[73]	ng/dL
		6.5[75]	13[75]	pmol/L
Total thyroxine		4,[76] 5.5[7]	11,[76] 12.3[7]	μg/dL
		60[76][77]	140,[76] 160[77]	nmol/L
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)	Normal adult	0.2[76]	0.5[76]	ng/dL
		3.1[78]	7.7[78]	pmol/L
	Children 2-16 y	0.1[79]	0.6[79]	ng/dL
		1.5[78]	9.2[78]	pmol/L
Total triiodothyronine		60,[7] 75[76]	175,[76] 181[7]	ng/dL
		0.9,[3] 1.1[76]	2.5,[3] 2.7[76]	nmol/L
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)		12[7]	30[7]	mg/L
Thyroglobulin (Tg)		1.5[76]	30[76]	pmol/L
		1[76]	20[76]	μg/L

Sex hormones

Further information: Sex steroid

Levels of estradiol (the main estrogen), progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle.^[80]

The diagrams at right take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.^[80]

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Dihydrotestosterone	adult male	30[81]	85[81]	ng/dL
Testosterone	Male, overall	8,[82] 10[83]	27,[82] 35[83]	nmol/L
		230,[84] 300[85]	780[84] - 1000[85]	ng/dL
	Male < 50 years	10[3]	45[3]	nmol/L
		290[84]	1300[84]	ng/dL
	Male > 50 years	6.2[3]	26[3]	nmol/L
		180[84]	740[84]	ng/dL
	Female	0.7[83]	2.8[83] - 3.0[3]	nmol/L
		20[85]	80[85] - 85[84]	ng/dL
17-Hydroxyprogesterone	male	0.06[15]	3.0[15]	mg/L
		0.18[86]	9.1[86]	µmol/l
	Female (Follicular phase)	0.2[15]	1.0[15]	mg/L
		0.6[86]	3.0[86]	µmol/l
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram	Prepubertal	<1[87]	3[87]	IU/L
	Adult male	1[87]	8[87]
	Adult female (follicular and luteal phase)	1[87]	11[87]
	Adult female (Ovulation)	6[87] 95% PI (standard)	26[87] 95% PI)
		5[88] 90% PI (used in diagram)	15[88] (90% PI)
	Post-menopausal female	30[87]	118[87]
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram	Female, peak	20[88] 90% PI (used in diagram)	75[88] (90% PI)	IU/L
	Female, post-menopausal	15[89]	60[89]
Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article	Adult male	50[90]	200[90]	pmol/L
		14[91]	55[91]	pg/mL
	Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase)	70[90]	500,[90] 600[90]	pmol/L
		19[91]	140,[91] 160[91]	pg/mL
	Adult female - free (not protein bound)	0.5[92]	9[92]	pg/mL
		1.7[92]	33[92]	pmol/L
Post-menopausal female	N/A[90]	< 130[90]	pmol/L
	N/A[91]	< 35[91]	pg/mL
Progesterone -more detailed ranges in Progesterone article	Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21-23)	17,[88] 35[93]	92[93]	nmol/L
		6,[88] 11[94]	29[94]	ng/mL
Androstenedione	Adult male and female	60[89]	270[89]	ng/dL
	Post-menopausal female		< 180[89]
	Prepubertal		< 60[89]
SHBG -more detailed ranges in SHBG article	Adult female	40[95]	120[95]	nmol/L
	Adult male	20[95]	60[95]

Other hormones

Further information: Hormones

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)		4.4[96]	18,[97] 22[96]	pmol/L
		20[7]	80,[98] 100[7]	pg/mL
Cortisol	09:00 am	140[99]	700[99]	nmol/L
		5[100]	25[100]	μg/dL
	Midnight	80[99]	350[99]	nmol/L
		2.9[100]	13[100]	μg/dL
Growth hormone (fasting)		0	5[6]	ng/mL
Growth hormone (arginine stimulation)		7[6]	n/a	ng/mL
IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article	Female, 20 yrs	110[101]	420[101]	ng/mL
	Female, 75 yrs	55[101]	220[101]
	Male, 20 yrs	160[101]	390[101]
	Male, 75 yrs	48[101]	200[101]
Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article	Female	71,[102] 105[102]	348,[102] 548[102]	mIU/L
		3.4,[102] 3.9[102]	16.4,[102] 20.3[102]	µg/L
	Male	58,[102] 89[102]	277,[102] 365[102]	mIU/L
		2.7,[102] 3.3[102]	13.0,[102] 13.5[102]	µg/L
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)		10,[103] 17[104]	65,[103] 70[104]	pg/mL
		1.1,[3] 1.8[105]	6.9,[3] 7.5[105]	pmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) -Standard reference range		8,[15][106] 9[106]	40,[106] 80[15]	ng/mL
		20,[107] 23[108]	95,[108] 150[107]	nmol/L
25-hydroxycholecalciferol -Therapeutic target range		30,[109] 40[110]	65,[110] 100[109]	ng/mL
		85,[56] 100[110]	120,[56] 160[110]	nmol/L
Plasma renin activity		0.29,[111] 1.9[112]	3.7[111][112]	ng/(mL*hour)
		3.3,[113] 21[114]	41[113][114]	mcU/mL
Aldosterone -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article	Adult		19,[113] 34.0[113]	ng/dL
			530,[115] 940[115]	pmol/L
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone/renin ratio article	Adult		13.1,[116] 35.0[116]	ng/dl per ng/(mL·h)
			360,[116] 970[116]	pmol/liter per µg/(L·h)

Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B₁₂)-related enzyme homocysteine.

Test	Patient type	Standard range		Unit	Optimal range
		Lower limit	Upper limit		Lower limit	Upper limit
Vitamin A		30[15]	65[15]	µg/dL
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) - Serum	Age > 1year	3.0[117]	16[117]	ng/mL or μg/L	5[118]
		6.8[119]	36[119]	nmol/l	11[119]
Vitamin B9 (Folic acid/Folate) - Red blood cells		200[117]	600[117]	ng/mL or μg/L
		450[119]	1400[119]	nmol/L
	Pregnant			ng/mL or μg/L	400[117]
				nmol/L	900[117]
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)		130,[120] 160[121]	700,[120] 950[121]	ng/L
		100,[122] 120[3]	520,[122] 700[3]	pmol/L
Homocysteine -more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article		3.3,[123] 5.9[123]	7.2,[123] 15.3[123]	μmol/L		6.3[56]
		45,[124] 80[124]	100,[124] 210[124]	μg/dL		85[56]
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)		0.4[15]	1.5[15]	mg/dL	0.9[56]
		23[125]	85[125]	μmol/L	50[56]
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D)		8,[15][106] 9[106]	40,[106] 80[15]	ng/mL	30,[109] 40[110]	65,[110] 100[109]
		20,[107] 23[108]	95,[108] 150[107]	nmol/L	85,[56] 100[110]	120,[56] 160[110]
Vitamin E				μmol/L	28[56]
				mg/dL	1.2[56]

Toxins

Test	Limit type	Limit	Unit
Lead	Optimal health range	< 20[10] or 40[15]	µg/dL
Ethanol	Limit for drunk driving	0,[126] 0.2,[126] 0.8[126]	‰ or g/L
		17.4[127]	mmol/L

Hematology

Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Hemoglobin (Hb)	male	2.0,[128] 2.1[6]	2.5,[128] 2.7[6]	mmol/L	Higher in neonates, lower in children.
		130,[3] 132,[7] 135[6]	162,[7] 170,[3] 175[6]	g/L
	female	1.8,[128] 1.9[6]	2.3,[128] 2.5[6][128]	mmol/L	Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
		120[3][6][7]	150,[3] 152,[7] 160[6][15]	g/L
Hemoglobin in plasma		0.16[6]	0.62[6]	μmol/L	Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
		1	4	mg/dL
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)	< 50 years	3.6[3]	5.0[3]	% of Hb
	> 50 years	3.9[3]	5.3[3]
Haptoglobin	< 50 years	0.35[3]	1.9[3]	g/L
	> 50 years	0.47[3]	2.1[3]
Hematocrit (Hct)	male	0.39,[3] 0.4,[7] 0.41,[6] 0.45[15]	0.50,[3] 0.52,[7] 0.53,[6] 0.62[15]
	female	0.35,[3] 0.36,[6] 0.37[7][15]	0.46,[6][7][3] 0.48[15]
	Child	0.31[7]	0.43[7]
Mean cell volume (MCV)	Male	76,[15] 82[7]	100,[15] 102[7]	fL	Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children.
	Female	78[7]	101[7]	fL
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW)		11.5[7]	14.5[7]	%
Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH)		0.39[6]	0.54[6]	fmol/cell
		25,[6] 27[15][3]	32,[15] 33,[3] 35[6]	pg/cell
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)		31,[7] 32[15][3]	35,[7] 36[15][3]	g/dL
		4.8,[129] 5.0[129]	5.4,[129] 5.6[129]	mmol/L
Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC)	male	4.2,[15] 4.3[6][7][3]	5.7,[3] 5.9,[6] 6.2,[7] 6.9[15]	x1012/L or mln/mm3
	Female	3.5,[6] 3.8,[7] 3.9[3]	5.1,[3] 5.5[6][7]
	Infant/Child	3.8[7]	5.5[7]
Reticulocytes		26[3]	130[3]	x109/L
	Adult	0.5[6][7]	1.5[6][7]	% of RBC
	Newborn	1.1[7]	4.5[7]	% of RBC
	Infant	0.5[7]	3.1[7]	% of RBC

White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit
White Blood Cell Count (WBC.)	Adult	3.5,[3] 3.9,[130] 4.1,[7] 4.5[6]	9.0,[3] 10.0,[130] 10.9,[7] 11[6]	x109/L x103/mm3 or x103/μL
	Newborn	9[131]	30[131]
	1 year old	6[131]	18[131]
Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)	Adult	1.3,[3] 1.8,[130] 2[131]	5.4,[3] 7,[130] 8[131]	x109/L
		45-54[6]	62,[6] 74	% of WBC
	Newborn	6[131]	26[131]	x109/L
Neutrophilic band forms	Adult		0.7[131]	x109/L
		3[6]	5[6]	% of WBC
Lymphocytes	Adult	0.7,[3] 1.0[130][131]	3.5,[130] 3.9,[3] 4.8[131]	x109/L
		16-25[6]	33,[6] 45	% of WBC
	Newborn	2[131]	11[131]	x109/L
Monocytes	Adult	0.1,[3] 0.2[132][120]	0.8[120][131][3]	x109/L
		3,[6] 4.0	7,[6] 10	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.4[131]	3.1[131]	x109/L
Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes)	Adult	1.5	5	x109/L
		20	35	% of WBC
CD4+ cells	Adult	0.4,[7] 0.5[10]	1.5,[10] 1.8[7]	x109/L
Eosinophil granulocytes	Adult	0.0,[3] 0.04[120]	0.44,[120] 0.45,[131] 0.5[3]	x109/L
		1[6]	3,[6] 7	% of WBC
	Newborn	0.02[131]	0.85[131]	x109/L
Basophil granulocytes	Adult	40[130]	100,[120][3] 200,[131] 900[130]	x106/L
		0.0	0.75,[6] 2	% of WBC
	Newborn		0.64[131]	x109/L

Coagulation

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt)	140,[7] 150[6][3]	350,[15][3] 400,[6] 450[7]	x109/L
Mean platelet volume (MPV)	7.4[133]	10.4[133]	fL
Prothrombin time (PT)	10,[10] 11,[6][134] 12[7]	13,[10] 13.5,[134] 14,[7] 15[6]	s	PT reference varies between laboratory kits - INR is standardised
INR	0.9[3]	1.2[3]		The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)	18,[7] 30[10][3]	28,[7] 42,[3] 45[10]	s
Thrombin clotting time (TCT)	11	18	s
Fibrinogen	1.7,[7] 2.0[3]	3.6,[3] 4.2[7]	g/L
Antithrombin	0.80[3]	1.2[3]	kIU/L
Bleeding time	2	9	minutes
Viscosity	1.5[135]	1.72[135]	cP

Immunology

Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)	Male	0	Age÷2[136]	mm/hr	ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females.[137]
	Female		(Age+10)÷2[136]
C-reactive protein (CRP)	n/a		5,[138][3] 6[139]	mg/L
			200,[140] 240[140]	nmol/L
Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT)		20,[141] 22[142]	38,[142] 53[141]	μmol/L
		89,[143] 97[3]	170,[3] 230[143]	mg/dL

Isotypes of antibodies

Further information: Antibody

Test	Patient	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
IgA	Adult	70,[3] 110[144]	360,[3] 560[144]	mg/dL
IgD		0.5[144]	3.0[144]
IgE		0.01[144]	0.04[144]
IgG		800[144]	1800[144]
IgM		54[144]	220[144]

Autoantibodies

For clinical associations, see Autoantibody.

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level. All included values^[145] are given for the ELISA test.

Test	Negative	Equivocal	Positive	Unit
anti-SS-A (Ro)	< 15[146]	15-25[146]	> 25[146]	Units per millilitre (U/mL)
anti-SS-B (La)	< 3[146]	3 – 4[146]	> 4[146]
Anti ds-DNA	< 40[146]	40 – 60[146]	> 60[146]
Anti ss-DNA	< 8[146]	8 - 10[146]	> 10[146]
Anti-histone antibodies	< 25[146]	n/a[146]	> 25[146]
Cytoplasmic/classical anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA)	< 20[146]	21 - 30[146]	> 30[146]
Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA)	< 5[146]	n/a	> 5[146]
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA)	< 10[146]	n/a[146]	> 10[146]
Rheumatoid factor (RF)	< 20	20 - 30	> 30[7]
Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers			> 100
ASOT at school age			> 250[7]
ASOT in adults			> 125[7]

Test	Negative	Low/weak positive	Moderate positive	High/strong positive	Unit
Anti-phospholipid IgG	< 20[146]	20 –30[146]	31 – 50[146]	> 51[146]	GPLU/ml[146]
Anti-phospholipid IgM	< 1.5[146]	1.5 –2.5[146]	2 – 9.9[146]	> 10[146]	MPL /ml[146]
Anti-phospholipid IgA	< 10[146]	10 -20[146]	21 – 30[146]	> 31[146]	arb U/ml[146]
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies	< 20[146]	20 – 39[146]	40 - 59[146]	> 60[146]	EU[146]

Other enzymes and proteins

Test	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)	50[15]	150[15]	U/L
	0.4[45]	1.7[45]	μmol/L
	1.8[3]	3.4[3]	µkat/L	< 70 years old[3]
Amylase	25,[6] 30,[7] 53[15]	110,[7] 120,[147] 123,[15] 125,[6] 190[45]	U/L
	0.15[3]	1.1[3]	µkat/L
	200[140]	240[140]	nmol/L
D-dimer	n/a	500[148]	ng/mL	Higher in pregnant women[149]
		0.5[3]	mg/L
Lipase	7,[7] 10,[15] 23[45]	60,[7] 150,[15] 208[45]	U/L
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)	23[45]	57[45]	U/L
Acid phosphatase		3.0[45]	ng/mL
Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)	2.3[3]	16[3]	µg/L

Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and Metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.

Test	Patient type	Lower limit	Upper limit	Unit	Comments
Osmolality		275,[6] 280,[15] 281[3]	295,[6] 296,[15] 297[3]	mOsm/kg	Plasma weight excludes solutes
Osmolarity		Slightly less than osmolality		mOsm/l	Plasma volume includes solutes
Urea		1.2,[6] 3.0[150]	3.0,[6] 7.0[150]	mmol/L	BUN - blood urea nitrogen
		7[6]	18,[6] 21[7]	mg/dL
* Uric acid[7]		0.18[6]	0.48[6]	mmol/L
	Female	2.0[15]	7.0[15]	mg/dL
	Male	2.1[15]	8.5[15]	mg/dL
Creatinine	male	60,[3] 68[151]	90,[3] 118[151]	μmol/L	May be complemented with creatinine clearance
		0.7,[152] 0.8[152]	1.0,[152] 1.3[152]	mg/dL
	female	50,[3] 68[151]	90,[3] 98[151]	μmol/L
		0.6,[152] 0.8[152]	1.0,[152] 1.1[152]	mg/dL
BUN/Creatinine Ratio		5[15]	35[15]	-
Plasma glucose (fasting)		3.8,[6] 4.0[3]	6.0,[3] 6.1[153]	mmol/L	See also glycosylated hemoglobin (in hematology)
		65,[7] 70,[6] 72[154]	100,[153] 110[15]	mg/dL
Full blood glucose (fasting)		3.3[3]	5.6[3]	mmol/L
		60[154]	100[154]	mg/dL
Lactate (Venous)		4.5[15]	19.8[15]	mg/dL
		0.5[155]	2.2[155]	mmol/L
Lactate (Arterial)		4.5[15]	14.4[15]	mg/dL
		0.5[155]	1.6[155]	mmol/L
Pyruvate		300[15]	900[15]	μg/dL
		34[156]	102[156]	μmol/L

See also

• Blood test
• Cardiology diagnostic tests and procedures
• Comprehensive metabolic panel
• Medical technologist
• Reference range

References

1. ^ Page 19 in: Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc PhD MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard (2008). Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-10186-8. 
2. ^ Page 34: Units of measurement in Medical toxicology By Richard C. Dart Edition: 3, illustrated Published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004 ISBN 0-7817-2845-2, 9780781728454 1914 pages
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx} Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
4. ^ ^{a b c} Arterial versus venous reference ranges - Brief Article Medical Laboratory Observer, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
5. ^ PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd} Last page of Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1). McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0-07-149868-0. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da} Normal Reference Range Table from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99 g•mol−1
9. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10 g•mol−1
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} MERCK MANUALS > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests Last full review/revision February 2003
11. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45 g•mol−1
12. ^ ^{a b} Larsson L, Ohman S (November 1978). "Serum ionized calcium and corrected total calcium in borderline hyperparathyroidism". Clin. Chem. 24 (11): 1962–5. PMID 709830. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=709830. 
13. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
14. ^ ^{a b c} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08  g•mol−1
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by} Blood Test Results - Normal Ranges Bloodbook.Com
16. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Slon S (2006-09-22). "Serum Iron". University of Illinois Medical Center. http://uimc.discoveryhospital.com/main.php?t=enc&id=1456. Retrieved 2006-07-06. 
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay July 15, 2005
18. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85 g•mol−1
19. ^ ^{a b} Table 1. Page 133. Clinical Chemistry 45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9–3.3 g/L)
20. ^ ^{a b} Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
21. ^ ^{a b c d} Ferritin by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
22. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000 g•mol−1
23. ^ ^{a b} Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001). "Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype". Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 125 (8): 1084–7. PMID 11473464. http://journals.allenpress.com/jrnlserv/?request=get-abstract&issn=0003-9985&volume=125&page=1084. 
24. ^ ^{a b} Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995). "Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion". Clin. Chem. 41 (7): 1048. PMID 7600690. 
25. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
26. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55 g•mol−1
27. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
28. ^ Walter F., PhD. Boron (2005). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.  Page 849
29. ^ Reference range for copper at GPnotebook
30. ^ ^{a b} http://www.dlolab.com/PDFs/DLO-OCTOBER-2008-LAB-UPDATE.pdf
31. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
32. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
33. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
34. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31 g/mol
35. ^ Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M (August 2006). "Agreement between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate". Emerg Med J 23 (8): 622–4. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.035915. PMC 2564165. PMID 16858095. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2564165. 
36. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
37. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01 g•mol−1
38. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
39. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
40. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
41. ^ Reference range (albumin) at GPnotebook
42. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
43. ^ ^{a b c d e} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
44. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
45. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Fachwörterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jürgen Nöhring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004. ISBN 3-437-15120-7, 9783437151200. Length: 1288 pages
46. ^ ^{a b c d} GPnotebook > reference range (AST) Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
47. ^ ^{a b} Helander A, Vabö E, Levin K, Borg S (October 1998). "Intra- and interindividual variability of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, and mean corpuscular volume in teetotalers". Clin. Chem. 44 (10): 2120–5. PMID 9761244. 
48. ^ ^{a b} Creatine kinase at GPnotebook
49. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Page 585 in: Lee, Mary Ann (2009). Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data. Amer Soc of Health System. ISBN 1-58528-180-8. 
50. ^ ^{a b c d} Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers Retrieved on April 22, 2010
51. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} South London Healthcare NHS Trust
52. ^ ^{a b c} Moderately Elevated Serum Troponin Concentrations Are Associated With Increased Morbidity and Mortality Rates in Surgical Intensive Care Unit Patients Rene P. Relos, MD; Ian K. Hasinoff, MD; Greg J. Beilman, MD. Posted: 12/05/2003; Crit Care Med. 2003;31(11)
53. ^ ^{a b} Kay SE, Doery J, Sholl D (February 2002). "Clozapine associated pericarditis and elevated troponin I". Aust N Z J Psychiatry 36 (1): 143–4. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.0988f.x. PMID 11929456. 
54. ^ ^{a b c} Brenden, C.; Hollander, J.; Guss, D.; McCullough, P.; Nowak, R.; Green, G.; Saltzberg, M.; Ellison, S. et al. (2006). "Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: Results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study". American Heart Journal 151 (5): 1006–1011. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017. PMID 16644322.  edit
55. ^ ^{a b c} Strunk, A.; Bhalla, V.; Clopton, P.; Nowak, R.; McCord, J.; Hollander, J.; Duc, P.; Storrow, A. et al. (2006). "Impact of the History of Congestive Heart Failure on the Utility of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Diagnosis of Heart Failure: Results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study". The American Journal of Medicine 119 (1): 69.e1–69.e11. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029. PMID 16431187.  edit
56. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n} Adëeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values Retrieved on July 9, 2009
57. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, by dividing by 89, according to faqs.org: What are mg/dl and mmol/l? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
58. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from values in mg/dl to mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
59. ^ ^{a b c} Reference range (cholesterol) at GPnotebook
60. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) - plasma or serum Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
61. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Derived from values in mmol/l, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
62. ^ What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
63. ^ American Association for Clinical Chemistry; HDL Cholesterol
64. ^ GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125) Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
65. ^ ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125 Retrieved on March 8, 2011
66. ^ ^{a b} Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008). "Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study". Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 68 (8): 1–12. doi:10.1080/00365510802126836. PMID 18609108. 
67. ^ Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) at MedicineNet
68. ^ ^{a b c} Basuyau, J. -P.; Mallet, E.; Leroy, M.; Brunelle, P. (2004). "Reference Intervals for Serum Calcitonin in Men, Women, and Children". Clinical Chemistry 50 (10): 1828–1830. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963. PMID 15388660.  edit
69. ^ The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
70. ^ ^{a b} 2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
71. ^ ^{a b} The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right... By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
72. ^ ^{a b} Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002). "LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease". National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (USA). http://www.nacb.org/lmpg/thyroid_LMPG_PDF.stm. Retrieved 2007-04-13.  - see Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
73. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free UNC Health Care System
74. ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
75. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
76. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays - Thyroid Disease Manager
77. ^ ^{a b c d} Euthyroid Patient with Elevated Serum Free Thyroxine George van der Watt1,a, David Haarburger1 and Peter Berman
78. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
79. ^ ^{a b} Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children Cioffi Michele; Gazzerro Patrizia; Vietri Maria Teresa; Magnetta Rosa; Durante Adriana; D'Auria Annamaria; Puca Giovanni Alfredo; Molinari Anna Maria ;
80. ^ ^{a b} References and further description of values are given in image page in Wikimedia Commons at Commons:Hormones estradiol, progesterone, LH and FSH during menstrual cycle.svg.
81. ^ ^{a b} Life Extension Foundation > Blood Testing Protocols
82. ^ ^{a b} Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis
83. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
84. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
85. ^ ^{a b c d} MedlinePlus > Testosterone Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
86. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
87. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} reference range (FSH) GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
88. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in: Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer. Reto Stricker, Raphael Eberhart, Marie-Christine Chevailler, Frank A. Quinn, Paul Bischof and Rene´ Stricker. Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44(7):883–887 PMID: 16776638. Alternative link: [1]
89. ^ ^{a b c d e f} New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
90. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} GPNotebook - reference range (oestradiol) Retrieved on September 27, 2009
91. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
92. ^ ^{a b c d} Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in: Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43 (2): 436–45. doi:10.1210/jcem-43-2-436. PMID 950372. 
93. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
94. ^ ^{a b} Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005) Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 Pg 350-352
95. ^ ^{a b c d} Unit Code 91215 at Mayo Clinic Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
96. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
97. ^ "Adrenocorticotropic Hormone:Normal". WebMD. 09-03-2006. http://children.webmd.com/adrenocorticotropic-hormone?page=2. Retrieved 2008-11-09. 
98. ^ Derived from molar values using molar mass of 4540g/mol according to PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI --> POMC Retrieved on September 28, 2009
99. ^ ^{a b c d} Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
100. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
101. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Ranges estimated from quantile regression as showwn in table 4 in: Friedrich, N.; Alte, D.; Volzke, H.; Spilckeliss, E.; Ludemann, J.; Lerch, M.; Kohlmann, T.; Nauck, M. et al. (2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: Results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)". Growth Hormone & IGF Research 18 (3): 228–237. doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005. PMID 17997337.  edit
102. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from Table 2 in: Beltran, L; Fahie-Wilson, MN; McKenna, TJ; Kavanagh, L; Smith, TP (2008 Oct). "Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms". Clinical Chemistry 54 (10): 1673–81. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312. PMID 18719199.  edit
103. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
104. ^ ^{a b} Table 2 in: Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006). "Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone". Endocr Pract 12 (2): 137–44. PMC 1482827. PMID 16690460. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1482827. 
105. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
106. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
107. ^ ^{a b c d} Bender, David A. (2003). "Vitamin D". Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80388-8. http://books.google.com/?id=pxEJNs0IUo4C.  Retrieved December 10, 2008 through Google Book Search.
108. ^ ^{a b c d} Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Dietrich, T., Orav, J.E., Hu, F.B., Zhang, Y., Karlson, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. 2004. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with better lower extremity function in both active and inactive adults 60+ years of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80:752-758.
109. ^ ^{a b c d} Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population". Horm. Metab. Res. 41 (5): 402–7. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1128131. PMID 19241329. 
110. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Letter: Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures. Data are not sufficient to show inefficacy Alex Vasquez, researcher. BMJ 2005;331:108-109 (9 July), doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b.
111. ^ ^{a b} Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
     • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone University of
     Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
112. ^ ^{a b} Pratt, R.; Flynn, J.; Hobart, P.; Paul, M.; Dzau, V. (1988). "Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene". The Journal of biological chemistry 263 (7): 3137–3141. PMID 2893797.  edit
113. ^ ^{a b c d} New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
114. ^ ^{a b} Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
     • New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone University of
     Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
115. ^ ^{a b} Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
116. ^ ^{a b c d} Tiu, S. -C.; Choi, C. -H.; Shek, C. -C.; Ng, Y. -W.; Chan, F. K. W.; Ng, C. -M.; Kong, A. P. S. (2004). "The Use of Aldosterone-Renin Ratio as a Diagnostic Test for Primary Hyperaldosteronism and Its Test Characteristics under Different Conditions of Blood Sampling". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90: 72–78. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1149. PMID 15483077.  edit [2]
117. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Central Manchester University Hospitals --> Reference ranges Retrieved on July 9, 2009
118. ^ University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide Retrieved on April 28, 2009
119. ^ ^{a b c d e} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol−1
120. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} GPnotebook > B12 Retrieved on April 28, 2009
121. ^ ^{a b} Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
122. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
123. ^ ^{a b c d} The Doctor's Doctor: Homocysteine
124. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
125. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
126. ^ ^{a b c} For Driving under the influence by country, see Drunk driving law by country
127. ^ Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
128. ^ ^{a b c d e} Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol, according to Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. 
129. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol (Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle". J Appl Physiol 90 (2): 511–519. PMID 11160049. ). 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
130. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count Retrieved on May 14, 2009
131. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u} Clinical Laboratory Medicine. By Kenneth D. McClatchey. Page 807.
132. ^ Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in polish population Central European Journal of Immunology 1-2/2006. (Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1-2): 1-5) authors: Elżbieta Górska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pińkowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gawęda, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria Wąsik,
133. ^ ^{a b} Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units) From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
134. ^ ^{a b} MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 003652
135. ^ ^{a b} [3] Retrieved on November 20, 2009
136. ^ ^{a b} Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (1983). "Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 286 (6361): 266. doi:10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266. PMC 1546487. PMID 6402065. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1546487. 
137. ^ Böttiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967). "Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age". Br Med J 2 (5544): 85–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85. PMC 1841240. PMID 6020854. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1841240. 
138. ^ C-reactive protein at GPnotebook
139. ^ 2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
140. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
141. ^ ^{a b} Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn". J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 25 (3): 274–5. doi:10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019. PMID 12621252. http://www.jpho-online.com/pt/re/jpho/fulltext.00043426-200303000-00019.htm. 
142. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
143. ^ ^{a b} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
144. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
145. ^ All values cited from Chronolab are given for ELISA
146. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq} chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges Retrieved on April 29, 2010
147. ^ Reference range (amylase) at GPnotebook
148. ^ Plasma Measurement of D-Dimer Levels for the Early Diagnosis of Ischemic Stroke Subtypes Walter Ageno, MD; Sergio Finazzi, MD; Luigi Steidl, MD; Maria Grazia Biotti, MD; Valentina Mera, MD; GianVico Melzi d'Eril, MD; Achille Venco, MD. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:2589-2593.
149. ^ Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005). "D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed". Clinical chemistry 51 (5): 825–9. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883. PMID 15764641. http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/51/5/825. 
150. ^ ^{a b} Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980). "Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town". J. Clin. Pathol. 33 (4): 380–5. doi:10.1136/jcp.33.4.380. PMC 1146084. PMID 7400337. http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7400337. 
151. ^ ^{a b c d} Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000). "Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance". Ann. Clin. Biochem. 37 ( Pt 1): 49–59. doi:10.1258/0004563001901524. PMID 10672373. http://acb.rsmjournals.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10672373. 
152. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
153. ^ ^{a b} MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Glucose tolerance test
154. ^ ^{a b c} Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
155. ^ ^{a b c d} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
156. ^ ^{a b} Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol

External links

• biochemical reference values at GPnotebook
• Values at lymphomation.org
• Descriptions at amarillomed.com