- Factor IX
-
Factor IX (or Christmas factor) (EC 3.4.21.22) is one of the serine proteases of the coagulation system; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes hemophilia B. It was discovered in 1952 after a young boy named Stephen Christmas was found to be lacking this exact factor, leading to hemophilia.[1]
Contents
Physiology
The blood coagulation and Protein C pathway.
Factor IX is produced as a zymogen, an inactive precursor. It is processed to remove the signal peptide, glycosylated and then cleaved by factor XIa (of the contact pathway) or factor VIIa (of the tissue factor pathway) to produce a two-chain form where the chains are linked by a disulfide bridge.[2][3] When activated into factor IXa, in the presence of Ca2+, membrane phospholipids, and a Factor VIII cofactor, it hydrolyses one arginine-isoleucine bond in factor X to form factor Xa.
Factor IX is inhibited by antithrombin.[2]
Factor IX expression increases with age in humans and mice. In mouse models mutations within the promoter region of factor IX have an age-dependent phenotype.[4]
Domain architecture
Factors VII, IX, and X all play key roles in blood coagulation and also share a common domain architecture.[5] The factor IX protein is composed of four protein domains. These are the Gla domain, two tandem copies of the EGF domain and a C-terminal trypsin-like peptidase domain which carries out the catalytic cleavage.
Human factor IX protein domain architecture where each protein domain is represented by a coloured box.The N-terminal EGF domain has been shown to at least in part be responsible for binding Tissue factor.[5] Wilkinson et al. conclude that residues 88 to 109 of the second EGF domain mediate binding to platelets and assembly of the Factor X activating complex.[6]
The structures of all four domains have been solved. A structure of the two EGF domains and trypsin like domain was determined for the pig protein.[7] The structure of the Gla domain, which is responsible for Ca(II)-dependent phospholipid binding, was also determined by NMR.[8]
Genetics
The gene for factor IX is located on the X chromosome (Xq27.1-q27.2) and is therefore X-linked recessive: mutations in this gene affect males much more frequently than females. It was first cloned in 1982 by Kotoku Kurachi and Earl Davie.[9]
Polly, a transgenic cloned Poll Dorset sheep carrying the gene for factor IX, was produced by Dr Ian Wilmut at the Roslin Institute in 1997.[10]
Role in disease
Deficiency of factor IX causes Christmas disease (hemophilia B).[1] Over 100 mutations of factor IX have been described; some cause no symptoms, but many lead to a significant bleeding disorder. Recombinant factor IX is used to treat Christmas disease, and is commercially available as BeneFIX.[11]
Some rare mutations of factor IX result in elevated clotting activity, and can result in clotting diseases, such as deep vein thrombosis.[12]
Factor IX deficiency is treated by injection of purified factor IX produced through cloning in various animal or animal cell vectors. Tranexamic acid may be of value in patients undergoing surgery who have inherited factor IX deficiency in order to reduce the perioperative risk of bleeding.[13]
References
- ^ a b Biggs, R; Douglas, AS; MacFarlane, RG; Dacie, JV; Pitney, WR (1952). "Christmas Disease". British medical journal 2 (4799): 1378–82. PMC 2022306. PMID 12997790. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2022306.
- ^ a b Di Scipio RG, Kurachi K, Davie EW (June 1978). "Activation of human factor IX (Christmas factor)". J. Clin. Invest. 61 (6): 1528–38. doi:10.1172/JCI109073. PMC 372679. PMID 659613. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=372679.
- ^ Taran LD (July 1997). "Factor IX of the blood coagulation system: a review". Biochemistry Mosc. 62 (7): 685–93. PMID 9331959.
- ^ Boland EJ, Liu YC, Walter CA, Herbert DC, Weaker FJ, Odom MW, Jagadeeswaran P (1995). "Age-specific regulation of clotting factor IX gene expression in normal and transgenic mice". Blood 86 (6): 2198–205. PMID 7662969.
- ^ a b Zhong D, Bajaj MS, Schmidt AE, Bajaj SP (February 2002). "The N-terminal epidermal growth factor-like domain in factor IX and factor X represents an important recognition motif for binding to tissue factor". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (5): 3622–31. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111202200. PMID 11723140.
- ^ Wilkinson FH, Ahmad SS, Walsh PN (February 2002). "The factor IXa second epidermal growth factor (EGF2) domain mediates platelet binding and assembly of the factor X activating complex". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (8): 5734–41. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107753200. PMID 11714704.
- ^ Brandstetter H, Bauer M, Huber R, Lollar P, Bode W (October 1995). "X-ray structure of clotting factor IXa: active site and module structure related to Xase activity and hemophilia B". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (21): 9796–800. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9796. PMC 40889. PMID 7568220. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=40889.
- ^ Freedman SJ, Furie BC, Furie B, Baleja JD (September 1995). "Structure of the calcium ion-bound gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-rich domain of factor IX". Biochemistry 34 (38): 12126–37. doi:10.1021/bi00038a005. PMID 7547952.
- ^ Kurachi K, Davie E (1982). "Isolation and characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor IX". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79 (21): 6461–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.21.6461. PMC 347146. PMID 6959130. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=347146.
- ^ Nicholl D. (2002). An Introduction to Genetic Engineering Second Edition. Cambridge University Press. p. 257.
- ^ "Home: BeneFIX® Coagulation Factor IX (Recombinant) Official Site". http://www.benefix.com/.
- ^ Simioni P, Tormene D, Tognin G, Gavasso S, Bulato C, Iacobelli NP, Finn JD, Spiezia L, Radu C, Arruda VR (October 2009). "X-linked thrombophilia with a mutant factor IX (factor IX Padua)". N. Engl. J. Med. 361 (17): 1671–5. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0904377. PMID 19846852.
- ^ Rossi M, Jayaram R, Sayeed R (September 2011). "Do patients with haemophilia undergoing cardiac surgery have good surgical outcomes?". Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 13 (3): 320–31. doi:10.1510/icvts.2011.272401. PMID 21712351.
Further reading
- Davie EW, Fujikawa K (1975). "Basic mechanisms in blood coagulation". Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44: 799–829. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.44.070175.004055. PMID 237463.
- Sommer SS (1992). "Assessing the underlying pattern of human germline mutations: lessons from the factor IX gene". FASEB J. 6 (10): 2767–74. PMID 1634040.
- Lenting PJ, van Mourik JA, Mertens K (1999). "The life cycle of coagulation factor VIII in view of its structure and function". Blood 92 (11): 3983–96. PMID 9834200.
- Lowe GD (2002). "Factor IX and thrombosis". Br. J. Haematol. 115 (3): 507–13. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03186.x. PMID 11736930.
- O'Connell NM (2004). "Factor XI deficiency--from molecular genetics to clinical management". Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 14 Suppl 1: S59–64. PMID 14567539.
- Du X (2007). "Signaling and regulation of the platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex". Curr. Opin. Hematol. 14 (3): 262–9. doi:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3280dce51a. PMID 17414217.
External links
- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Hemophilia B
- The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.214
PDB gallery 
1cfh: STRUCTURE OF THE METAL-FREE GAMMA-CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID-RICH MEMBRANE BINDING REGION OF FACTOR IX BY TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR SPECTROSCOPY
1cfi: NMR STRUCTURE OF CALCIUM ION-BOUND GAMMA-CARBOXY-GLUTAMIC ACID-RICH DOMAIN OF FACTOR IX
1edm: EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR-LIKE DOMAIN FROM HUMAN FACTOR IX
1ixa: THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE FIRST EGF-LIKE MODULE OF HUMAN FACTOR IX: COMPARISON WITH EGF AND TGF-A
1j34: Crystal Structure of Mg(II)-and Ca(II)-bound Gla Domain of Factor IX Complexed with Binding Protein
1j35: Crystal Structure of Ca(II)-bound Gla Domain of Factor IX Complexed with Binding Protein
1mgx: COAGULATION FACTOR, MG(II), NMR, 7 STRUCTURES (BACKBONE ATOMS ONLY)
1nl0: Crystal structure of human factor IX Gla domain in complex of an inhibitory antibody, 10C12
1rfn: HUMAN COAGULATION FACTOR IXA IN COMPLEX WITH P-AMINO BENZAMIDINEProteins: coagulation Coagulation factors Coagulation inhibitors Thrombolysis/fibrinolysis Digestive enzymes Coagulation factors: Thrombin · Factor VIIa · Factor IXa · Factor Xa · Factor XIa · Factor XIIa · Kallikrein (PSA, KLK1, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15)
fibrinolysis: Plasmin · Plasminogen activator (Tissue plasminogen activator · Urinary plasminogen activator)Complement system Other immune system Venombin Other Acrosin · Prolyl endopeptidase · Pronase · Proprotein convertases (1, 2) · Reelin · Subtilisin/Furin · Streptokinase · S1P · Cathepsin (A, G)B enzm: 1.1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/10/11/13/14/15-18, 2.1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8, 2.7.10, 2.7.11-12, 3.1/2/3/4/5/6/7, 3.1.3.48, 3.4.21/22/23/24, 4.1/2/3/4/5/6, 5.1/2/3/4/99, 6.1-3/4/5-6 Categories:- Human proteins
- Coagulation system
- EC 3.4.21
- Peripheral membrane proteins
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