- Factor XII
-
Coagulation factor XII also known as Hageman factor is a plasma protein. It is the zymogen form of factor XIIa, an enzyme (EC 3.4.21.38) of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class. In humans, factor XII is encoded by the F12 gene.[1]
Contents
Function
Factor XII is part of the coagulation cascade and activates factor XI and prekallikrein. Factor XII itself is activated to factor XIIa by negatively charged surfaces, such as glass.[2]
The coagulation cascade.
In vivo, factor XII is activated by contact to polyanions. Activated platelets secrete inorganic polymers, polyphosphates. Contact to polyphosphates activates factor XII and initiates fibrin formation by the intrinsic pathway of coagulation with critical importance for thrombus formation.Targeting polyphosphates with phosphatases interfered with procoagulant activity of activated platelets and blocked platelet-induced thrombosis in mice. Addition of polyphosphates restored defective plasma clotting of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome patients, indicating that the inorganic polymer is the endogenous factor XII activator in vivo. Platelet polyphosphate-driven factor XII activation provides the link from primary hemostasis (formation of a platelet plug) with secondary hemostasis (fibrin meshwork formation).[3]
Genetics
The gene for factor XII is located on the tip of the long arm of the fifth chromosome (5q33-qter).[1]
Role in disease
Factor XII deficiency does not contribute to bleeding, as in vivo it plays little part in clot formation (the intrinsic pathway instead being activated mostly at factor XI by thrombin generated by the extrinsic pathway) but can predispose towards greater risk of venous thrombosis due to factor XII's role as one of the catalysts for conversion of plasminogen to its active fibrinolytic form of plasmin[4].
Hageman factor is also activated by Endotoxin, especially Lipid A.
History
Hageman factor was first discovered in 1955 when a routine preoperative blood sample of the 37-year-old railroad brakeman John Hageman (1918) was found to have prolonged clotting time in test tubes, even though he had no hemorrhagic symptoms. Hageman was then examined by Dr. Oscar Ratnoff who found that Mr. Hageman lacked a previously unidentified clotting factor.[5] Dr. Ratnoff later found that the Hageman factor deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder, when examining several related people who had the deficiency. Paradoxically, pulmonary embolism contributed to Hageman's death after an occupational accident. Since then, case series clinical studies identified an association between thrombosis and Factor XII deficiency. Hepatocytes express blood coagulation factor XII.[6]
References
- ^ a b Cool DE, MacGillivray RT (October 1987). "Characterization of the human blood coagulation factor XII gene. Intron/exon gene organization and analysis of the 5'-flanking region". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (28): 13662–73. PMID 2888762. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/262/28/13662.
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Online, accessed 28/7/08
- ^ Müller F, Mutch, NJ, Schenk WA, Smith SA, Esterl L, Spronk HM, Schmidbauer S, Gahl WA, Morrissey JH, Renné T (Dec 2009). "Platelet polyphosphates are proinflammatory and procoagulant mediators in vivo.". CELL 139 (6): 1143–56. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.001. PMC 2796262. PMID 20005807. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2796262.
- ^ Kroll, Michael H. (2001). Manual of Coagulation Disorders. Blackwell Science. pp. 3–4, 206–207. ISBN 0-86542-446-2.
- ^ Ratnoff OD, Margolius A (1955). "Hageman trait: an asymptomatic disorder of blood coagulation". Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 68: 149–54. PMID 13299324.
- ^ Gordon EM, Gallagher CA, Johnson TR, Blossey BK, Ilan J (April 1990). "Hepatocytes express blood coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor)". J. Lab. Clin. Med. 115 (4): 463–9. PMID 2324612.
Further reading
- Girolami A, Randi ML, Gavasso S, et al. (2005). "The occasional venous thromboses seen in patients with severe (homozygous) FXII deficiency are probably due to associated risk factors: a study of prevalence in 21 patients and review of the literature". J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 17 (2): 139–43. doi:10.1023/B:THRO.0000037670.42776.cd. PMID 15306750.
- Renné T, Gailani D (2007). "Role of Factor XII in hemostasis and thrombosis: clinical implications". Expert review of cardiovascular therapy 5 (4): 733–41. doi:10.1586/14779072.5.4.733. PMID 17605651.
- Harris RJ, Ling VT, Spellman MW (1992). "O-linked fucose is present in the first epidermal growth factor domain of factor XII but not protein C". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (8): 5102–7. PMID 1544894.
- McMullen BA, Fujikawa K, Davie EW (1991). "Location of the disulfide bonds in human plasma prekallikrein: the presence of four novel apple domains in the amino-terminal portion of the molecule". Biochemistry 30 (8): 2050–6. doi:10.1021/bi00222a007. PMID 1998666.
- Miyata T, Kawabata S, Iwanaga S, et al. (1989). "Coagulation factor XII (Hageman factor) Washington D.C.: inactive factor XIIa results from Cys-571----Ser substitution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (21): 8319–22. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.21.8319. PMC 298272. PMID 2510163. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=298272.
- Bernardi F, Marchetti G, Patracchini P, et al. (1987). "Factor XII gene alteration in Hageman trait detected by TaqI restriction enzyme". Blood 69 (5): 1421–4. PMID 2882793.
- Cool DE, MacGillivray RT (1987). "Characterization of the human blood coagulation factor XII gene. Intron/exon gene organization and analysis of the 5'-flanking region". J. Biol. Chem. 262 (28): 13662–73. PMID 2888762.
- Que BG, Davie EW (1986). "Characterization of a cDNA coding for human factor XII (Hageman factor)". Biochemistry 25 (7): 1525–8. doi:10.1021/bi00355a009. PMID 3011063.
- Royle NJ, Nigli M, Cool D, et al. (1988). "Structural gene encoding human factor XII is located at 5q33-qter". Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 14 (2): 217–21. doi:10.1007/BF01534407. PMID 3162339.
- Citarella F, Tripodi M, Fantoni A, et al. (1989). "Assignment of human coagulation factor XII (fXII) to chromosome 5 by cDNA hybridization to DNA from somatic cell hybrids". Hum. Genet. 80 (4): 397–8. doi:10.1007/BF00273661. PMID 3198120.
- Henry ML, Everson B, Ratnoff OD (1988). "Inhibition of the activation of Hageman factor (factor XII) by beta 2-glycoprotein I". J. Lab. Clin. Med. 111 (5): 519–23. PMID 3361230.
- Chung DW, Fujikawa K, McMullen BA, Davie EW (1986). "Human plasma prekallikrein, a zymogen to a serine protease that contains four tandem repeats". Biochemistry 25 (9): 2410–7. doi:10.1021/bi00357a017. PMID 3521732.
- Tripodi M, Citarella F, Guida S, et al. (1986). "cDNA sequence coding for human coagulation factor XII (Hageman)". Nucleic Acids Res. 14 (7): 3146. doi:10.1093/nar/14.7.3146. PMC 339730. PMID 3754331. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=339730.
- Cool DE, Edgell CJ, Louie GV, et al. (1985). "Characterization of human blood coagulation factor XII cDNA. Prediction of the primary structure of factor XII and the tertiary structure of beta-factor XIIa". J. Biol. Chem. 260 (25): 13666–76. PMID 3877053.
- McMullen BA, Fujikawa K (1985). "Amino acid sequence of the heavy chain of human alpha-factor XIIa (activated Hageman factor)". J. Biol. Chem. 260 (9): 5328–41. PMID 3886654.
- de Grouchy J, Turleau C (1975). "Tentative localization of a Hageman (Factor XII) locus on 7q, probably the 7q35 band". Humangenetik 24 (3): 197–200. PMID 4140832.
- Fujikawa K, McMullen BA (1983). "Amino acid sequence of human beta-factor XIIa". J. Biol. Chem. 258 (18): 10924–33. PMID 6604055.
- Hovinga JK, Schaller J, Stricker H, et al. (1994). "Coagulation factor XII Locarno: the functional defect is caused by the amino acid substitution Arg 353-->Pro leading to loss of a kallikrein cleavage site". Blood 84 (4): 1173–81. PMID 8049433.
- Schloesser M, Hofferbert S, Bartz U, et al. (1996). "The novel acceptor splice site mutation 11396(G-->A) in the factor XII gene causes a truncated transcript in cross-reacting material negative patients". Hum. Mol. Genet. 4 (7): 1235–7. doi:10.1093/hmg/4.7.1235. PMID 8528215.
- Hofferbert S, Müller J, Köstering H, et al. (1996). "A novel 5'-upstream mutation in the factor XII gene is associated with a TaqI restriction site in an Alu repeat in factor XII-deficient patients". Hum. Genet. 97 (6): 838–41. doi:10.1007/BF02346200. PMID 8641707.
External links
- The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.211
- MeSH Factor+XII
Proteins: coagulation Coagulation factors Coagulation inhibitors Thrombolysis/fibrinolysis Digestive enzymes Coagulation factors: Thrombin · Factor VIIa · Factor IXa · Factor Xa · Factor XIa · Factor XIIa · Kallikrein (PSA, KLK1, KLK2, KLK3, KLK4, KLK5, KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK9, KLK10, KLK11, KLK12, KLK13, KLK14, KLK15)
fibrinolysis: Plasmin · Plasminogen activator (Tissue plasminogen activator · Urinary plasminogen activator)Complement system Other immune system Venombin Other Acrosin · Prolyl endopeptidase · Pronase · Proprotein convertases (1, 2) · Reelin · Subtilisin/Furin · Streptokinase · S1P · Cathepsin (A, G)Categories:- Human proteins
- Coagulation system
- EC 3.4.21
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