- Alveolar nasal
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Alveolar nasal n Image 
IPA number 116 Encoding Entity (decimal) nUnicode (hex) U+006E X-SAMPA nKirshenbaum nSound
The alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar nasals is n, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n.
The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal. There are a few languages that lack either sound but have [m] (e.g., colloquial Samoan). There are some languages (e.g., Rotokas) that lack both m and n.
Contents
Features
Features of the alveolar nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Armenian նուռ 
[nur] (help·info)'pomegranate' Basque ni [ni] 'I' Catalan[1] nou [ˈnɔw] 'new' See Catalan phonology Chinese Mandarin 難/nán [nan˧˥] 'difficult' See Mandarin phonology Czech na [na] 'on' See Czech phonology Dutch[2] nacht [nɑxt] 'night' See Dutch phonology English nice [naɪs] 'nice' See English phonology Finnish annan [ɑnːɑn] 'I give' See Finnish phonology Georgian[3] კანი [ˈkʼɑni] 'skin' German Lanze [ˈlant͡sə] 'lance' See German phonology Greek νάμα/náma [ˈnama] 'communion wine' See Modern Greek phonology Gujarati નહી [nəhi] 'no' See Gujarati phonology Hawaiian[4] naka [naka] 'to shake' See Hawaiian phonology Hindi-Urdu नया/نیا [nəjaː] 'new' See Hindi–Urdu phonology Hungarian nagyi [nɒɟi] 'grandma' See Hungarian phonology Italian[5] nano [ˈnano] 'dwarf' See Italian phonology Japanese[6] 反対/hantai [hantai] 'opposite' See Japanese phonology Korean 나/na [na] 'I' See Korean phonology Malay nasi [nasi] 'cooked rice' Malayalam[7] കന്നി [kənni] 'virgin' Maltese lenbuba [lenbuˈba] 'truncheon' Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [nøɣə̀] 'sun' Norwegian mann [mɑnː] 'man' See Norwegian phonology Pirahã gíxai [níˈʔàì̯] 'you' Slovak na [na] 'on' Spanish[8] nada [ˈnað̞a] 'nothing' See Spanish phonology Tamil[9] நாடு [naːɽɯ] 'country' See Tamil phonology Turkish neden [ned̪æn] 'reason' See Turkish phonology Vietnamese[10] bạn đi [ɓan˧ˀ˨ʔ ɗi] 'you're going' Occurs only before alveolar consonants. See Vietnamese phonology West Frisian nekke [nɛkə] 'neck' Yi ꆅ/na [na˧ ] 'hurt' Zapotec Tilquiapan[11] nanɨɨ [nanɨˀɨ] 'lady' contrasts with a fortis alveolar nasal that is not represented in the orthography. See also
- List of phonetic topics
References
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:139)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:165)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Keane (2004:111)
- ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
International Phonetic Alphabet IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association · History of the IPA · Kiel convention (1989) · Journal of the IPA (JIPA) · Naming conventionsPhonetics Special topics Encodings Consonants IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart image • audioPlace → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical Glottal ↓ Manner Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal Nasal m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Trill ʙ r ɽ͡r ʀ я * Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯ Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ ɭ˔̊ ʎ̥˔ ʟ̝̊ Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral flap ɺ ɺ̠ ʎ̯ Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Implosives ɓ ɗ ʄ ᶑ ɠ ʛ Ejectives pʼ tʼ cʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ xʼ χʼ tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ Affricates p̪f ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɬ dɮ cç ɟʝ Co-articulated consonants Fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ Approximants ʍ w ɥ ɫ Stops k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. * Symbol not defined in IPA. Chart image Vowels Vowels: IPA help • chart • chart with audio • viewCategories:- Alveolar consonants
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