Voiceless retroflex affricate
- Voiceless retroflex affricate
The voiceless retroflex affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound are IPA| [ʈ͡ʂ] , sometimes simplified to IPA| [tʂ] , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts. The affricate occurs in a number of languages; Mandarin Chinese contrasts an aspirated and non-aspirated form ("ch" and "zh" respectively), a number of Northwest Caucasian languages have retroflex affricates that contrast in secondary articulations like labialization.
Features
Features of the voiceless retroflex affricate:
* Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
* Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up, but more generally means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized.
* Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibration of the vocal cords.
* It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
* It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
Occurrence
References
Bibliography
*Harvard reference
last=Hamann
first=Silke
year=2004
title=Retroflex fricatives in Slavic languages
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=34
issue=1
pages=53-67
*Harvard reference
last = Jassem
first = Wiktor
year= 2003
title=Polish
journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
volume=33
issue=1
pages=103-107
*Harvard reference
last = Ladefoged
first = Peter
authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
last2=Wu
first2=Zongji
year= 1984
title=Places of Articulation: An Investigation of Pekingese Fricatives and Affricates
journal=Journal of Phonetics
volume=11
pages=267-278
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