Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (liver)
Identifiers
Symbol	CPT1A
Alt. symbols	CPT1
Entrez	1374
HUGO	2328
OMIM	600528
RefSeq	NM_001876
UniProt	P50416
Other data
EC number	2.3.1.21
Locus	Chr. 11 q13.1-13.5

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (muscle)
Identifiers
Symbol	CPT1B
Entrez	1375
HUGO	2329
OMIM	601987
RefSeq	NM_152245
UniProt	Q92523
Other data
Locus	Chr. 22 q13.3

carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C (brain)
Identifiers
Symbol	CPT1C
Entrez	126129
HUGO	18540
OMIM	608846
RefSeq	NM_152359
UniProt	Q8TCG5
Other data
Locus	Chr. 19 q13.33

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) also known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 is a mitochondrial enzyme.^[1][2] It is part of a family of enzymes called carnitine acyltransferases.^[3] Three isoforms of CPT1 are currently known: CPT1A, CPT1B, and CPT1C. CPT1 is associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane and mediates the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the membrane by binding them to carnitine. This enzyme can be inhibited by malonyl CoA. Its role in fatty acid metabolism makes CPT1 important in many metabolic disorders such as diabetes. Since its crystal structure is not known, its exact mechanism of action remains to be elucidated.

Structure

Carnitine bound in the catalytic site of CRAT, an enzyme homologous to CPT1. The catalytic histidine and stabilizing serine residues are colored orange.

CPT1 is an integral membrane protein that associates with the mitochondrial outer membrane through transmembrane regions in the peptide chain. Both the N- and C-terminal domains are exposed to the cytosolic side of the membrane.^[4]

Three isoforms of CPT1 exist in mammalian tissues. The liver isoform (CPT1A or CPTI-L) is found throughout the body on the mitochondria of all cells except for skeletal muscle cells and white and brown adipose cells. The muscle isoform (CPT1B or CPTI-M) is highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle cells and white and brown adipose cells.^[4] A third isoform, the brain isoform (CPT1C), was isolated in 2002. It is expressed predominantly in the brain and testes. Little is known about CPT1C.^[5][6]

The exact structure of any of the CPT1 isoforms has not yet been determined, although a variety of in silico models for CPT1 have been created based on closely related carnitine acyltransferases, such as carnitine acetyltransferase (CRAT).^[7]

An important structural difference between CPT1 and CPT2, CRAT and carnitine octanoyltransferase (COT) is that CPT1 contains an additional domain at its N-terminal consisting of about 160 amino acids. It has been determined that this additional N-terminal domain is important for the key inhibitory molecule of CPT1, malonyl-CoA.^[8]

Two distinct binding sites have been proposed to exist in CPT1A and CPT1B. The “A site” or “CoA site” appears to bind both malonyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA, as well as other molecules containing coenzyme A, suggesting that the enzyme binds these molecules via interaction with the coenzyme A moiety. It has been suggested that malonyl-CoA may behave as a competitive inhibitor of CPT1A at this site. A second “O site” has been proposed to bind malonyl-CoA more tightly than the A site. Unlike the A site, the O site binds to malonyl-CoA via the dicarbonyl group of the malonate moiety of malonyl-CoA. The binding of malonyl-CoA to either the A and O sites inhibits the action of CPT1A by excluding the binding of carnitine to CPT1A.^[9] Since a crystal structure of CTP1A has yet to be isolated and imaged, its exact structure remains to be elucidated.

Enzyme mechanism

Because crystal structure data is currently unavailable, the exact mechanism of CPT1 is not currently known. A couple different possible mechanisms for CPT1 have been postulated, both of which include the histidine residue 473 as the key catalytic residue. One such mechanism based upon a carnitine acetyltransferase model is shown below in which the His 473 deprotonates carnitine while a nearby serine residue stabilizes the tetrahedral oxyanion intermediate.^[3]

A different mechanism has been proposed that suggests that a catalytic triad composed of residues Cys-305, His-473, and Asp-454 carries out the acyl-transferring step of catalysis.^[10] This catalytic mechanism involves the formation of a thioacyl-enzyme covalent intermediate with Cys-305.

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase mechanism.

Biological function

The carnitine palmitoyltransferase system is an essential step in the beta-oxidation of long chain fatty acids. This transfer system is necessary because, while fatty acids are activated (in the form of a thioester linkage to coenzyme A) on the outer mitochondrial membrane, the activated fatty acids are oxidized within the mitochondrial matrix. Long chain fatty acids such as palmitoyl-CoA, unlike short- and medium-chain fatty acids, cannot freely diffuse through the mitochondrial inner membrane, and require a shuttle system to be transported to the mitochondrial matrix.^[11]

Acyl-CoA from cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.gif

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I is the first component and rate-limiting step of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase system, catalyzing the transfer of the acyl group from coenzyme A to carnitine to form palmitoylcarnitine. A translocase then shuttles the acyl carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is converted back into palmitoyl-CoA.

By acting as an acyl group acceptor, carnitine may also play the role of regulating the intracellular CoA:acy-CoA ratio.^[12]

Regulation

CPT1 is inhibited by malonyl-CoA, although the exact mechanism of inhibition remains to be known. The CPT1 skeletal muscle and heart isoform, CPT1B, has been shown to be 30-100-fold more sensitive to malonyl-CoA inhibition than CPT1A. This inhibition is a good target for future attempts to regulate CPT1 for the treatment of metabolic disorders.^[13]

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA, is important in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Scientists have demonstrated that ACC2 knockout mice have reduced body fat and weight when compared to wild type mice. This is a result of decreased activity of ACC which causes a subsequent decrease in malonyl-CoA concentrations. These decreased malonyl-CoA levels in turn prevent inhibition of CPT1, causing an ultimate increase in fatty acid oxidation.^[14] Since heart and skeletal muscle cells have a low capacity for fatty acid synthesis, ACC may act purely as a regulatory enzyme in these cells.

Disease relevance

The "CPT1A" form is associated with carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency.^[15] This rare disorder confers risk for hepatic encephalopathy, hypoketotic hypoglycemia, seizures, and sudden unexpected death in infancy.^[16]

CPT1 is associated with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Such diseases, along with many other health problems, cause free fatty acid (FFA) levels in humans to become elevated, fat to accumulate in skeletal muscle, and decreases the ability of muscles to oxidize fatty acids. CPT1 has been implicated in playing a critical role in these symptoms. The increased levels of malonyl-CoA caused by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia inhibit CPT1, which causes a subsequent decrease in the transport of long chain fatty acids into muscle and heart mitochondria, decreasing fatty acid oxidation in such cells. The shunting of LCFAs away from mitochondria leads to the observed increase in FFA levels and the accumulation of fat in skeletal muscle.^[17][18]

Its importance in fatty acid metabolism makes CPT1 a potentially useful enzyme to focus on in the development of treatments of many other metabolic disorders as well.

See also

• Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency

References

1. ^ van der Leij FR, Huijkman NC, Boomsma C, Kuipers JR, Bartelds B (2000). "Genomics of the human carnitine acyltransferase genes". Mol. Genet. Metab. 71 (1–2): 139–53. doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3055. PMID 11001805. 
2. ^ Bonnefont JP, Djouadi F, Prip-Buus C, Gobin S, Munnich A, Bastin J (2004). "Carnitine palmitoyltransferases 1 and 2: biochemical, molecular and medical aspects". Mol. Aspects Med. 25 (5–6): 495–520. doi:10.1016/j.mam.2004.06.004. PMID 15363638. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Tong L, Gerwald J (2003). "Crystal Structure of Carnitine Acetyltransferase and Implications for the Catalytic Mechanism and Fatty Acid Transport". Cell 112 (1): 113–122. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)01228-X. PMID 12526798. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Yamazaki N, Yamanaka Y, Hashimoto Y, Shinohara Y, Shima A, Terada H (1997). "Structural features of the gene encoding human muscle type carnitine palmitoyltransferase I". FEBS Lett. 409 (3): 401–406. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00561-9. PMID 9224698. 
5. ^ Price NT, van der Leij FR, Jackson VN, Corstorphine CG, Thomson R, Sorensen A, Zammit VA (2002). "A Novel Brain-Expressed Protein Related to Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I". Genomics 80 (4): 433–442. doi:10.1006/geno.2002.6845. PMID 12376098. 
6. ^ Lavrentyev EN, Matta SG, Cook GA (2004). "Expression of three carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I isoforms in 10 regions of the rat brain during feeding, fasting, and diabetes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 315 (1): 174–178. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.040. PMID 15013442. 
7. ^ Morillas M et al. (2004). "Structural model of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I based on the carnitine acetyltransferase crystal". Biochem. J. 379 (Pt 3): 777–784. doi:10.1042/BJ20031373. PMC 1224103. PMID 14711372. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1224103. 
8. ^ Woldegiorgis G, Dai J, Arvidson D (2005). "Structure-Function Studies with the Mitochondrial Carnitine Palmitoyltransferases I and II". Monatshefte fur Chemie 136 (8): 1325–1340. doi:10.1007/s00706-005-0334-7. 
9. ^ Lopez-Vinas E et al. (20200700). "Definition by Functional and Structural Analysis of Two Malonyl-CoA Sites in Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 (25): 18212–18224. doi:10.1074/jbc.M700885200. PMID 17452323. 
10. ^ Liu H, Zheng G, Treber M, Dai J, Woldegiorgis G (2005). "Cysteine-scanning Mutagenesis of Muscle Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Reveals a Single Cysteine Residue (Cys-305) Is Important for Catalysis". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 280 (6): 4524–4531. doi:10.1074/jbc.M400893200. PMID 15579906. 
11. ^ Berg JM, Tymoczo JL, Stryer L, “Biochemistry”, 6th edition 2007
12. ^ Jogle G, Hsaio Y, Tong L, (2004). "Structure and Function of Carnitine Acyltransferases". Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1033 (1): 17–29. 
13. ^ Shi J et al. (2000). "The First 28 N-Terminal Amino Acid Residues of Human Heart Muscle Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I Are Essential for Malonyl CoA Sensitivity and High-Affinity Binding". Biochemistry 39 (4): 712–717. doi:10.1021/bi9918700. PMID 10651636. 
14. ^ Abu-Elheiga L, Oh W, Kordari P, Wakil SJ (2003). "Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 mutant mice are protected against obesity and diabetes induced by high-fat/high-carbohydrate diets". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 100 (18): 10207–10212. doi:10.1073/pnas.1733877100. PMC 193540. PMID 12920182. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=193540. 
15. ^ Ogawa E, Kanazawa M, Yamamoto S, Ohtsuka S, Ogawa A, Ohtake A, Takayanagi M, Kohno Y (2002). "Expression analysis of two mutations in carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA deficiency". J. Hum. Genet. 47 (7): 342–7. doi:10.1007/s100380200047. PMID 12111367. 
16. ^ Collins SA et al. (2010). "Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) P479L prevalence in live newborns in Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut". Mol. Genet. Metab. 101 (2–3): 200–204. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.07.013. PMID 20696606. 
17. ^ Rasmussen BB et al. (2002). "Malonyl coenzyme A and the regulation of functional carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 activity and fat oxidation in human skeletal muscle". J Clin Invest. 110 (11): 1687–1693. doi:10.1172/JCI15715. PMC 151631. PMID 12464674. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151631. 
18. ^ McGarry JD, Mills SE, Long CS, Foster DW (1983). "Observations on the affinity for carnitine, and malonyl-CoA sensitivity, of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I in animal and human tissues". Biochem. J. 214 (1): 21–28. PMC 1152205. PMID 6615466. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1152205. 

This transferase article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.v · Categories: Genes on chromosome 11 Genes on chromosome 22 Genes on chromosome 19 Transferase stubs Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную? Acadian Driftwood Falkenbergs BTK Look at other dictionaries: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II — Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, also known as CPT2, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CPT2 carnitine palmitoyltransferase II| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene Cmd=ShowDetailView TermToSearch=1376| accessdate …   Wikipedia Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency — Classification and external resources Carnitine ICD 9 …   Wikipedia Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency — Infobox Disease Name = PAGENAME Caption = Carnitine DiseasesDB = 32535 ICD10 = ICD9 = ICD9|277.85 ICDO = OMIM = 255120 MedlinePlus = eMedicineSubj = ped eMedicineTopic = 321 MeshName = MeshNumber = Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency is a …   Wikipedia carnitine palmitoyltransferase deficiency — car·ni·tine pal·mi·toyl·trans·fer·ase de·fi·cien·cy (kahrґnĭ tēn pahl″mĭ toil transґfər ās) metabolic disorders of long chain fatty acid oxidation caused by mutations in the genes encoding carnitine… …   Medical dictionary carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency — a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CPT1A gene (locus: 11q13), which encodes carnitine palmitoyltransferase IA. It is characterized by severe episodes of hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly, and encephalopathy,… …   Medical dictionary carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency — an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the CPT2 gene (locus: 1p32), which encodes carnitine palmitoyltransferase II; it occurs in 3 forms. The lethal neonatal and infantile forms are characterized by nonketotic hypoglycemia,… …   Medical dictionary Deficit en carnitine palmitoyltransferase I — Déficit en carnitine palmitoyltransférase I Le déficit en carnitine palmitoyltransférase I est une maladie métabolique congénitale par trouble de l’oxydation mitochondriale des acides gras à longue chaîne. L’oxydation hépatique des acides gras… …   Wikipédia en Français Deficit en carnitine palmitoyltransferase II — Déficit en carnitine palmitoyltransférase II Déficit en carnitine palmitoyltransférase II Autre nom {{{Autre nom}}} Référence MIM …   Wikipédia en Français Déficit En Carnitine Palmitoyltransférase I — Le déficit en carnitine palmitoyltransférase I est une maladie métabolique congénitale par trouble de l’oxydation mitochondriale des acides gras à longue chaîne. L’oxydation hépatique des acides gras fournit de l’énergie en cas d’épuisement des… …   Wikipédia en Français Déficit En Carnitine Palmitoyltransférase II — Autre nom {{{Autre nom}}} Référence MIM …   Wikipédia en Français 18+ © Academic, 2000-2024 Contact us: Technical Support, Advertising Dictionaries export, created on PHP, Joomla, Drupal, WordPress, MODx. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet Share the article and excerpts Direct link … Do a right-click on the link above and select “Copy Link”