Glutamate dehydrogenase

Glutamate dehydrogenase

protein
Name= glutamate dehydrogenase 1
caption=


width=
HGNCid=4335
Symbol=GLUD1
AltSymbols=GLUD
EntrezGene=2746
OMIM=138130
RefSeq=NM_005271
UniProt=P00367
PDB=
ECnumber=1.4.1.3
Chromosome=10
Arm=q
Band=21.1
LocusSupplementaryData=-24.3
protein
Name=glutamate dehydrogenase 2
caption=


width=
HGNCid=4336
Symbol=GLUD2
AltSymbols=GLUDP1
EntrezGene=2747
OMIM=300144
RefSeq=NM_012084
UniProt=P49448
PDB=
ECnumber=
Chromosome=X
Arm=q2
Band=5
LocusSupplementaryData=

Glutamate dehydrogenase is an enzyme, present in mitochondria of eukaryotes, as are some of the other enzymes required for urea synthesis, that converts glutamate to α-Ketoglutarate, and vice versa. The produced ammonia is, however, usually bled off to the urea cycle.

The enzyme represents a key link between catabolic and metabolic pathways, and is therefore ubiquitous in eukaryotes.

Cofactors

NAD+(or NADP+) is a cofactor for the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction, producing α-Ketoglutarate and ammonium as a byproduct.

Role in flow of nitrogen

Ammonia incorporation in animals occurs through the actions of glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase. Glutamate plays the central role in mammalian nitrogen flow, serving as both a nitrogen donor and nitrogen acceptor.

Regulation of glutamate dehydrogenase

In Humans the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase is controlled through ADP-ribosylation, a covalent modification carried out by the gene sirt4. This regulation is relaxed in response to caloric restriction and low blood glucose. Under these circumstances glutamate dehydrogenase activity is raised to increase the amount of α-Ketoglutarate that is produced. The product α-Ketoglutarate can be used to provide energy by being used in the citric acid cycle to ultimately produce ATP.

The control of GDH through ADP-ribosylation is particularly important in insulin producing β cells. Beta cells secrete insulin in response to an increase in the ATP:ADP ratio, and as amino acids are broken down by GDH into α-ketoglutarate, this ratio rises and more insulin is secreted. SIRT4 is necessary to regulate the metabolism of amino acids as a method of controlling insulin secretion and to regulate blood glucose levels.

Regulation

Allosteric inhibitors:
*Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
*Guanosine triphosphate (GTP)Activators:
*Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
*Guanosine diphosphate (GDP)

ee also

* Anaplerotic reactions

External links

*


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