List of European Commission portfolios

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A portfolio in the European Commission is an area of responsibility assigned to a European Commissioner, usually connected to one or several Directorates-General (DGs).

Current portfolios

Agriculture and Rural Development

Main article: European Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development

The Commissioner for Agriculture and Rural Development is currently held by Dacian Cioloş and is in charge of rural issues including most notably the controversial Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) which represents 44% of the EU budget. The post was previously combined with Fisheries in the Jenkins and Thorn Commissions. The related DG is the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Sicco Mansholt	Netherlands	1958–1972	Hallstein Commission, Rey Commission, Malfatti Commission
2	Carlo Scarascia-Mugnozza	Italy	1972–1973	Mansholt Commission
3	Pierre Lardinois	Netherlands	1973–1981	Ortoli Commission
4	Finn Olav Gundelach	Denmark	1981–1985	Jenkins Commission, Thorn Commission
5	Frans Andriessen	Netherlands	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
6	Ray MacSharry	Ireland	1989–1992	Delors Commission II
7	René Steichen	Luxembourg	1992–1995	Delors Commission III
8	Franz Fischler	Austria	1995–2004	Santer Commission, Marín Commission, Prodi Commission
9	Sandra Kalniete	Latvia	2004	Prodi Commission
10	Mariann Fischer Boel	Denmark	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
11	Dacian Cioloş	Romania	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Climate Action

Main article: European Commissioner for Climate Action

The post of Commissioner for Climate Action was created in February 2010, being split from the environmental portfolio to focus on fighting climate change. The first Commissioner to take the post is Connie Hedegaard who heads the Directorate-General for Climate Action.

Competition

Main article: European Commissioner for Competition

The Commissioner for Competition, currently Joaquín Almunia (S&D), is the member responsible for commercial competition, company mergers, cartels, state aid, and anti-trust law. The position became the sole merger authority for the European Economic Area in September 1990. The Competition Commissioner is one of the most powerful positions in the Commission and is notable in affecting global companies.^[1] For example the commissioner has been pursued a number of high profile cases against anticompetitive behaviour; such as the case against the merger of Sony - BMG, against Apple Inc. regarding iTunes,^[2] the ongoing case against Microsoft and in particular the GE-Honeywell merger attempt in 2001.^[3] In 2007, Neelie Kroes (then Competition Commissioner) was the only Commissioner to make Forbes Magazine's List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women; she held position 59.^[4]

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Hans von der Groeben	West Germany	1958–1967	Hallstein Commission
2	Maan Sassen	Netherlands	1967–1971	Rey Commission
3	Albert Borschette	Luxembourg	1971–1976	Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission, Ortoli Commission
4	Raymond Vouel	Luxembourg	1976–1981	Jenkins Commission
5	Frans Andriessen	Netherlands	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
6	Peter Sutherland	Ireland	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
7	Leon Brittan	United Kingdom	1989–1993	Delors Commission II
8	Karel Van Miert	Belgium	1993–1999	Delors Commission III, Santer Commission
9	Mario Monti	Italy	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
10	Neelie Kroes	Netherlands	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
11	Joaquín Almunia	Spain	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Development

The Commissioner for Development deals with promoting sustainable development in deprived regions (such as ACP countries and the EU's OCTs). It previously included humanitarian aid. The present commissioner is Andris Piebalgs. The related DG is Directorate-General for Development

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Robert Lemaignen	France	1958–1962	Hallstein Commission
2	Henri Rochereau	France	1962–1970	Hallstein Commission, Rey Commission
3	Jean-François Deniau	France	1967–1973	Rey Commission, Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission
4	Claude Cheysson	France	1973–1981	Ortoli Commission, Jenkins Commission, Thorn Commission
5	Edgard Pisani	France	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
6	Lorenzo Natali	Italy	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
7	Manuel Marin	Spain	1989–1995	Delors Commission II & III
8	João de Deus Pinheiro	Portugal	1995–1999	Santer Commission
9	Poul Nielson	Denmark	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
10	Joe Borg	Malta	2004	Prodi Commission
11	Louis Michel	Belgium	2004–2009	Barroso Commission I
12	Karel De Gucht	Belgium	2009–2010	Barroso Commission I
13	Andris Piebalgs	Latvia	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Digital Agenda

Main article: European Commissioner for Digital Agenda

The Commissioner for the Digital Agenda, previously the Commissioner for Information Society and Media, is responsible media and information issues such as telecoms and ICT. The commissioner from 2010 is Neelie Kroes.

Previous Commissioner, Viviane Reding, found a relatively popular policy in seeking to lower roaming charges of mobile phones when travelling within the EU, stating: "For years, mobile roaming charges have remained unjustifiably high. We are therefore tackling one of the last borders within Europe's internal market".^[5] Her legislation to cap roaming charges was approved by the Parliament in April 2007 ^[6] On 7 April 2006 the Commission launched the new ".eu" TLD for websites for EU companies and citizens wishing to have a non-national European internet address. This has proved popular with 2.5 being registered by April 2007. It is now the seventh most popular TLD worldwide, and third in Europe (after .de and .uk) ^[7]

In the previous Commission information society was linked with Enterprise (now linked with Industry).

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Karl-Heinz Narjes	Germany	1985–1992	Delors Commission I & II
2	Antonio Ruberti	Italy	1992–1995	Delors Commission III
3	Martin Bangemann	Germany	1995–1999	Santer Commission
4	Erkki Liikanen	Finland	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
5	Ján Figeľ	Slovakia	2004	Prodi Commission
6	Viviane Reding	Luxembourg	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
7	Neelie Kroes	Netherlands	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Economic and Monetary Affairs

Main article: European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs

The Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs is responsible for the EU's economic affairs including the euro; it is often combined with similar portfolios. The current Commissioner is Olli Rehn (ALDE).

There have been calls for a strengthened economic portfolio with Ségolène Royal suggesting that there should be an economic government for the eurozone^[8] and at the start of the first Barroso Commission Germany suggested an economic "super-commissioner"^[9] - which could see a change in this position. That idea however was dropped but the Enterprise and Industry Commissioner was strengthened in response.^[10]

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Robert Marjolin	France	1958–1967	Hallstein Commission
2	Raymond Barre	France	1967–1970	Rey Commission
3	Raymond Barre	France	1970–1972	Malfatti Commission
4	Raymond Barre	France	1972–1973	Mansholt Commission
5	Wilhelm Haferkamp	West Germany	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
6	François-Xavier Ortoli	France	1977–1981	Jenkins Commission
7	François-Xavier Ortoli	France	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
8	Henning Christophersen	Denmark	1985–1995	Delors Commission
9	Yves-Thibault de Silguy	France	1995–1999	Santer Commission
10	Yves-Thibault de Silguy	France	1999	Marín Commission
11	Pedro Solbes	Spain	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
12	Joaquín Almunia	Spain	2004	Prodi Commission
13	Siim Kallas	Estonia	2004	Prodi Commission
14	Joaquín Almunia	Spain	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
15	Olli Rehn	Finland	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth

Main article: European Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth

The Commissioner for Education, Culture, Multilingualism and Youth, presently Androulla Vassiliou, is responsible for policies in education and training, youth, sport, civil society, culture, translation, interpretation and relations with the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

The post was enlarged since the Prodi Commission with the addition of training and multilingualism (The Directorate-General is still just Directorate-General for Education and Culture). When Romania joined the EU in 2007, multilingualism was handed over to the new Romanian commissioner. In its place the portfolio included youth, sport and civil society. Multilingualism was reintroduced in 2010 under Barroso's second Commission.

The Commission has become increasingly active in education. The ERASMUS programme, which was established in 1987, is a student exchange programme promoting mobility of students between European universities. The Bologna process aims to create a European Higher Education Area where academic qualifications can be recognised across Europe. The European Institute of Technology is a proposed research university.

The previous portfolio to the current was Culture, merged with Audiovisual policy and EP relations.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Viviane Reding	Luxembourg	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
2	Dalia Grybauskaitė	Lithuania	2004	Prodi Commission
3	Ján Figeľ	Slovakia	2004–2009	Barroso Commission I
4	Maroš Šefčovič	Slovakia	2009–2010	Barroso Commission I
5	Androulla Vassiliou	Cyprus	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion

Main article: European Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion

The Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion is currently László Andor. He is responsible for matters including those relating to employment, discrimination and social affairs such as welfare. The post has had various alterations; under the first Barroso Commission it was known as Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Lionello Levi Sandri	Italy	1967–1972	Rey Commission
2	Albert Coppé	Belgium	1972–1973	Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission
3	Patrick Hillery	Ireland	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
4	Henk Vredeling	Netherlands	1977–1981	Jenkins Commission
5	Ivor Richard	United Kingdom	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
6	Peter Sutherland	Ireland	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
7	Vasso Papandreou	Greece	1989–1992	Delors Commission II
8	Pádraig Flynn	Ireland	1993–1999	Delors Commission III, Santer Commission, Marín Commission
9	Anna Diamantopoulou	Greece	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
10	Vladimír Špidla	Czech Republic	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
11	László Andor	Hungary	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Energy

Main article: European Commissioner for Energy

The current Commissioner is Günther Oettinger (EPP) and holds responsibility for the European Union's energy policy as well as nuclear issues (Euratom). The Directorate-General for this portfolio is shared with the Commissioner for Transport as the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport.

The EU is an active supporter of the Kyoto Protocol, which it signed alongside its member-states. In March 2007 the Union committed itself to cut CO2 emissions by 20 percent by 2020.[5] There is also a desire to reduce dependency on Russian energy supplies following the disputes between Russia and Belarus and Ukraine. (See also: Russia-Belarus energy dispute, Russia-Ukraine gas dispute.) In April 2007 five southern European countries signed a deal to build an oil pipeline from the Black Sea to Italy which will help diversify energy sources.[6]

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Wilhelm Haferkamp	West Germany	1967–1970	Rey Commission
2	Wilhelm Haferkamp	West Germany	1970–1972	Malfatti Commission
3	Wilhelm Haferkamp	West Germany	1972–1973	Mansholt Commission
4	Henri François Simonet	Belgium	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
5	Guido Brunner	West Germany	1977–1981	Jenkins Commission
6	Étienne Davignon	Belgium	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
7	Nicolas Mosar	Luxembourg	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
8	Antonio Cardoso e Cunha	Portugal	1989–1993	Delors Commission II
9	Marcelino Oreja	Spain	1993–1994	Delors Commission III
10	Abel Matutes	Spain	1994–1995	Delors Commission III
11	Christos Papoutsis	Greece	1995–1999	Santer Commission
12	Christos Papoutsis	Greece	1999	Marín Commission
13	Loyola de Palacio	Spain	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
14	Andris Piebalgs	Latvia	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
15	Günther Oettinger	Germany	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy

Main article: European Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood Policy

The Commissioner for Enlargement and the European Neighbourhood Policy is concerned with foreign policy towards the EU's nearest neighbours. The enlargement portfolio began to be created out of the regionalised foreign policy posts. In particular the Santer Commission post for relations with central and eastern Europe as those countries began applying to join. The Neighbourhood Policy element was created in 2004 as part of the External Relations portfolio. When that portfolio was absorbed by the High Representative in 2009, Neighbourhood Policy was transferred to Trade and then to Enlargement in 2010 under the Second Barroso Commission. The present Commissioner, as of 2010, is Štefan Füle.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Günter Verheugen	Germany	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
2	Janez Potočnik	Slovenia	2004	Prodi Commission
3	Olli Rehn	Finland	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
4	Štefan Füle	Czech Republic	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Environment

Main article: European Commissioner for the Environment

The Commissioner for the Environment, currently Janez Potočnik, is responsible for protection of the European Union's environment. Specific actions relating to climate change are under the responsibility of the Climate Action commissioner as of 2010.

The EU has made a number of environmental moves, partially in regards to climate change. Most notably it signed the Kyoto Protocol in 1998, set up its Emission Trading Scheme in 2005 and is currently agreeing to unilaterally cut its emissions by 20% by 2020. (See: Energy policy of the European Union). Other policies include; the Natura 2000 a widespread and successful network of nature conservation sites, the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) directive requiring safety testing on widely used chemicals and the Water Framework Directive ensuring water quality reaches higher standards.

For more, see European Climate Change Programme, European Union Emission Trading Scheme, Renewable energy in the European Union and the Directorate-General for the Environment.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Ioannis Paleokrassas	Greece	1993–1995	Delors Commission
2	Ritt Bjerregaard	Denmark	1995–1999	Santer Commission
3	Margot Wallström	Sweden	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
4	Stavros Dimas	Greece	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
5	Janez Potočnik	Slovenia	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Financial Programming and Budget

Main article: European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget

The Commissioner for Financial Programming and Budget is presently Janusz Lewandowski and is primarily responsible for the management of the budget of the European Union and related finaincial issues except for budgetary discharge which falls under the Commissioner for administration commissioner. Previously simply for the budget, the position expanded under the Prodi Commission to include financial programming. The related DG is the Directorate-General for Budget.

Under Commissioner Grybauskaitė, Commissioner's 121.6 billion euro 2008 budget proposed that for the first time funding for sustainable growth (€57.2 billion) would be higher than that of the Common Agricultural Policy (€56.3 billion), traditionally the largest source of expenditure in the EU. There would be an increase in cohesion funds, energy and transport of 14%, research by 11% and lifelong learning by 9%. There would also be an increase in the administrative budget, aid to Kosovo and Palestinian institutions and funds towards the Galileo project. [7]

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Albert Coppé	Belgium	1967–1973	Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission
2	Wilhelm Haferkamp	Germany	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
3	Christopher Tugendhat	United Kingdom	1977–1985	Jenkins Commission, Thorn Commission
4	Henning Christophersen	Denmark	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
5	Peter Schmidhuber	Germany	1989–1995	Delors Commission II & III
6	Erkki Liikanen	Finland	1995–1999	Santer Commission, Marín Commission
7	Michaele Schreyer	Germany	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
8	Marcos Kyprianou	Cyprus	2004	Prodi Commission
9	Dalia Grybauskaitė	Lithuania	2004–2009	Barroso Commission I
10	Algirdas Šemeta	Lithuania	2009–2010	Barroso Commission I
11	Janusz Lewandowski	Poland	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Health and Consumer Policy

Main article: European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy

The Commissioner for Health and Consumer Policy is responsible for matters of public health, food safety, animal health, welfare and consumer affairs. It is currently held by John Dalli. Between 2007 and 2010 it was split into a Commissioner for Health and a Commissioner for Consumer Protection - in order to give a portfolio for the incoming Bulgarian Commissioner. It was recombined under the second Barroso Commission.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Richard Burke	Ireland	1977–1981	Jenkins Commission
2	Karl-Heinz Narjes	West Germany	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
3	Stanley Clinton Davis	United Kingdom	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
4	Grigoris Varfis	Greece	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
5	Karel Van Miert	Belgium	1989–1992	Delors Commission II
6	Christiane Scrivener	France	1992–1994	Delors Commission II
7	Emma Bonino	Italy	1995–1999	Santer Commission
8	David Byrne	Ireland	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
9	Pavel Telička	Czech Republic	2004	Prodi Commission (Parallel to Byrne)
10	Markos Kyprianou	Cyprus	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I (Health only)
11	Meglena Kuneva	Bulgaria	2007–2010	Barroso Commission I (Consumer protection only)
12	John Dalli	Malta	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

High Representative

Main article: High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

The High Representative became a Commissioner on 1 December 2009, replacing the External Relations Commissioner (see historical below). Although other external relations posts continue to exist, such as trade, the High Representative is the most senior foreign affairs post in the EU. The position is currently held by Catherine Ashton.

Home Affairs

The Commissioner for Home Affairs was created in 2010 by dividing the previous Justice, Freedom and Security portfolio into a security orientated post and a civil rights orientated post (as a concession to the liberals). The Commissioner as of 2010 is Cecilia Malmström. Its DG is the Directorate-General for Home Affairs (DG HOME).

Industry and Entrepreneurship

Main article: European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship

The Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry is currently Antonio Tajani. The post was enlarged from the Commissioner for Enterprise and Information Society portfolio in the Prodi Commission to include Industry. At the start of the first Barroso Commission, Germany, backed by Britain and France suggested an economic "super-commissioner"^[9] to fight for competitiveness. Although rejected, this idea though has been taken on by Verheugen, as the Enterprise and Industry portfolio was enlarged and was made a Vice President.^[10]

As Commissioner, he indicates his aim to increase the competitiveness of Europe, there is a separate Commissioner for Competition dealing with competition between companies within Europe. However with the numerous economic portfolios, there is a degree of overlap which has been a matter of concern for him along with the purported difficulty of firing director-generals. This Commissioner also chairs the Competitiveness Council Commissionners Group and is the vice chair of the Group of Commissioners on the Lisbon Strategy. He is expected to be the European chair of the new Transatlantic Economic Council. The relevant DG is Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Erkki Liikanen	Finland	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
2	Ján Figeľ	Slovakia	2004	Prodi Commission
3	Günter Verheugen	Germany	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
4	Antonio Tajani	Italy	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Internal Market and Services

Main article: European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services

The Commissioner for Internal Market and Services concerns the development of the 480 million strong European single market, promoting free movement of people, goods, services and capital. It is currently occupied by Michel Barnier. The related DG is Directorate-General for Internal Market and Services and it is also related to the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market.

Commissioner Frits Bolkestein (Netherlands) served in the Prodi Commission between 1999 and 2004. In addition to holding the Internal Market portfolio he also held Taxation and Customs Union. Bolkestein is most notable for the Directive on services in the internal market, which is commonly called the "Bolkestein Directive". The directive aimed at enabling a company from a one member-state to recruit workers in another member-state under the law of the company's home state. It was to help the development of the internal market for services, the development of which has lagged behind that for goods. However there was a great deal of concern about its effect on social standards and welfare, triggering competition between various parts of Europe. This led to significant protests across Europe against the directive including a notable protest at the European Parliament in Strasbourg by port workers which led to damage to the building. MEPs eventually reached a compromise on the text and the Parliament adopted it on 12 December 2006; 2 years after Bolkestein left office, under the Barroso Commission.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Piero Malvestiti	Italy	1958–1959	Hallstein Commission I
2	Giuseppe Caron	Italy	1959–1963	Hallstein Commission I & II
3	Guido Colonna di Paliano	Italy	1964–1967	Hallstein Commission II
4	Hans von der Groeben	West Germany	1967–1970	Rey Commission
5	Wilhelm Haferkamp	West Germany	1970–1973	Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission
6	Finn Olav Gundelach	Denmark	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
7	Étienne Davignon	Belgium	1977–1981	Jenkins Commission
8	Karl-Heinz Narjes	Germany	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
9	Lord Cockfield	United Kingdom	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
10	Martin Bangemann	Germany	1989–1994	Delors Commission II & III
11	Raniero Vanni d'Archiraf	Italy	1992–1994	Delors Commission III
12	Mario Monti	Italy	1994–1999	Santer Commission
13	Frits Bolkestein	Netherlands	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
14	Charlie McCreevy	Ireland	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
15	Michel Barnier	France	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response

Main article: European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response

The Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response was created under the second Barroso Commission in 2010 and is currently occupied by Kristalina Georgieva. It deals in party with dealing with humanitarian disasters and humanitarian aid: the EU is the largest supplier of aid in the world.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Robert Lemaignen	France	1958–1962	Hallstein Commission
2	Henri Rochereau	France	1962–1970	Hallstein Commission, Rey Commission
3	Jean-François Deniau	France	1967–1973	Rey Commission, Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission
4	Claude Cheysson	France	1973–1981	Ortoli Commission, Jenkins Commission, Thorn Commission
5	Edgard Pisani	France	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
6	Lorenzo Natali	Italy	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
7	Manuel Marin	Spain	1989–1995	Delors Commission II & III
8	João de Deus Pinheiro	Portugal	1995–1999	Santer Commission
9	Poul Nielson	Denmark	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
10	Joe Borg	Malta	2004	Prodi Commission
11	Louis Michel	Belgium	2004–2009	Barroso Commission I
12	Karel De Gucht	Belgium	2009–2010	Barroso Commission I
13	Kristalina Georgieva	Bulgaria	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration

The Commissioner for Inter-Institutional Relations and Administration is responsible for the administration of the Commission, including management of some of the Commission's Internal Services; in particular consolidation of administrative reform, personnel and administration, European Schools and security. The Commissioner is also responsible for the following departments; the Directorate-General for Personnel and Administration, the Office for the Administration and Payment of Individual Entitlement, the Directorate-General for Informatics, the Office of Infrastructure and Logistics, and relations with the European Personnel Selection Office.^[11] The current Commissioner is Maroš Šefčovič.

Prior to 2010 it was also responsible for Audit and Anti-Fraud, now merged with taxation, but gain responsibility for relations with the other EU institutions.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Michael O'Kennedy	Ireland	1981–1982	Thorn Commission
2	Richard Burke	Ireland	1982–1985	Thorn Commission
3	Henning Christophersen	Denmark	1985–1988	Delors Commission
4	Peter Schmidhuber	Germany	1988–1994	Delors Commission
5	Erkki Liikanen	Finland	1994–1999	Santer Commission
6	Neil Kinnock	United Kingdom	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
7	Siim Kallas	Estonia	2004–2009	Barroso Commission I
8	Maroš Šefčovič	Slovakia	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship

Main article: European Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship

The Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship was created in 2010 by dividing the previous Justice, Freedom and Security portfolio into a security orientated post and a civil rights orientated post (as a concession to the liberals. The Commissioner as of 2010 is Viviane Reding.

Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

Main article: European Commissioner for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

The current Maritime affairs and Fisheries Commissioner is Maria Damanaki. She is responsible for policies such as the Common Fisheries Policy, which is largely a competence of the EU rather than the members. The Union has 66,000 km of coastline^[12] and the largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering 25 million km².^[13]

On 7 June 2006 the Commission published a green paper for a Maritime Policy and consultation will end in June 2007.^[14] The document addresses a number of issues such as sustainable development, protection of the environment, skills and employment, technology and resources, coastal safety and tourism, financial support and heritage.^[15] The Commission came under fire in May 2007 for not penalise French fishermen after over-fishing the threatened bluefin tuna by 65% while backing penalties on Irish fishermen for over-fishing mackerel.^[16]

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Franz Fischler	Austria	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
2	Sandra Kalniete	Latvia	2004	Prodi Commission
3	Joe Borg	Malta	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
4	Maria Damanaki	Greece	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Regional Policy

Main article: European Commissioner for Regional Policy

The Regional Policy Commissioner, occasional Regional Affairs Commissioner, is responsible for managing the regional policy of the EU which takes up a third of the EU's budget; it includes the European Regional Development Fund, Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds, Instrument for Structural Policies for Pre-Accession and the European Social Fund. The related DG is Directorate-General for Regional Policy. The present Commissioner is Johannes Hahn.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Hans von der Groeben	Germany	1967–1970	Rey Commission
2	Albert Borschette	Luxembourg	1970–1973	Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission
3	George Thomson	United Kingdom	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
4	Antonio Giolitte	Italy	1977–1985	Jenkins Commission, Thorn Commission
5	Grigoris Varfis	Greece	1985–1989	Delors Commission I
6	Bruce Millan	United Kingdom	1989–1994	Delors Commission II & III
7	Monika Wulf-Mathies	Germany	1994–1999	Santer Commission, Marín Commission
8	Michel Barnier	France	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
9	Jacques Barrot	France	2004	Prodi Commission
10	Danuta Hübner	Poland	2004–2009	Barroso Commission I
11	Paweł Samecki	Poland	2009–2010	Barroso Commission I
12	Johannes Hahn	Austria	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Research, Innovation and Science

Main article: European Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science

The Commissioner for Research, Innovation and Science is currently Máire Geoghegan-Quinn. The previous Commissioner, Potočnik, aimed to create a European Research Area.^[17]

Its name has had several variations, under the first Barroso Commission it was Science and Research, under Prodi it was simply "Research", Santer was "Research, Science and Technology" and under Delors it was combined with others as "Industry, information technology and science and research" and other various names and combinations prior. The related DG is the Directorate-General for Research.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Fritz Hellwig	West Germany	1967–1970	Rey Commission
2	Ralf Dahrendorf	West Germany	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
3	Guido Brunner	West Germany	1977–1981	Jenkins Commission
4	Filippo Maria Pandolfi	Italy	1989–1993	Delors Commission
5	Antonio Ruberti	Italy	1993–1995	Delors Commission III
6	Édith Cresson	France	1995–1999	Santer Commission
7	Philippe Busquin	Belgium	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
8	Louis Michel	Belgium	2004	Prodi Commission
9	Janez Potočnik	Slovenia	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I
10	Máire Geoghegan-Quinn	Ireland	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud

Main article: European Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud

The Commissioner for Taxation and Customs Union, Audit and Anti-Fraud is responsible for the EU's customs union and taxation policy. The European Union has had a customs union since the creation of the European Economic Community and that union extends to the non-EU members of the European Economic Area and to Turkey, Andorra and San Marino. Since 2010 it gained responsibility for audit (budgetary discharge, internal audit, counter fraud): in particular the Internal Audit Service and the European Anti-fraud Office. The current Commissioner is Algirdas Šemeta.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Frits Bolkestein	Netherlands	1999–2004	Prodi Commission (Taxation)
2	Neil Kinnock	United Kingdom	1999–2004	Prodi Commission (Audit)
3	László Kovács	Hungary	2004–2009	Barroso Commission I (Taxation)
4	Siim Kallas	Estonia	2004–2010	Barroso Commission I (Audit)
5	Algirdas Šemeta	Lithuania	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Trade

Main article: European Commissioner for Trade

The Commissioner for Trade is responsible for the EU's external trade policy. The portfolio is currently held by Karel De Gucht. Due to the size of the European economy, being the world's largest market and having a huge slice of world trade, this position can be very important in dealing with other world economic powers such as China or the United States. Former Commissioner Leon Brittan commented that “Frankly, it is more important than most [national] cabinet jobs”.^[18] The Commissioner leads Europe in organisations such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Concluding WTO talks after the collapse of the Doha Development Round has been a contentious point, with the EU not willing to cut agricultural subsidies without similar action by the United States. The related DG is Directorate-General for Trade.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Leon Brittan	United Kingdom	1994–1999	Santer Commission
2	Pascal Lamy	France	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
3	Danuta Hübner	Poland	2004	Prodi Commission
4	Peter Mandelson	United Kingdom	2004–2008	Barroso Commission I
5	Catherine Ashton	United Kingdom	2008–2010	Barroso Commission I
6	Karel De Gucht	Belgium	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Transport

Main article: European Commissioner for Transport

The Commissioner for Transport is currently Siim Kallas. The portfolio is responsible for the development of transport infastructure in the EU such as road and rail networks but also navigation systems such as the Galileo positioning system.

	Name	Country	Period	Commission
1	Victor Bodson	Luxembourg	1967–1970	Rey Commission
2	Albert Coppé	Belgium	1970–1973	Malfatti Commission, Mansholt Commission
3	Carlo Scarascia-Mugnozza	Italy	1973–1977	Ortoli Commission
4	Richard Burke	Ireland	1977–1981	Jenkins Commission
5	Giorgios Contogeorgis	Greece	1981–1985	Thorn Commission
6	Stanley Clinton Davis	United Kingdom	1985–1989	Delors Commission
7	Karel Van Miert	Belgium	1989–1992	Delors Commission II
8	Abel Matutes	Spain	1993–1994	Delors Commission III
9	Marcelino Oreja	Spain	1994–1995	Delors Commission III
10	Neil Kinnock	United Kingdom	1995–1999	Santer Commission, Marín Commission
11	Loyola de Palacio	Spain	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
12	Jacques Barrot	France	2004–2008	Barroso Commission I
13	Antonio Tajani	Italy	2008–2010	Barroso Commission I
14	Siim Kallas	Estonia	2010 onwards	Barroso Commission II

Historical portfolios

Many portfolios have been combined and split under different President's, below is a few of the previous posts that have since been abolished.

Administrative Affairs, Audit and Anti-Fraud

The Commissioner for Administrative Affairs, Audit and Anti-Fraud was in the first Barroso Commission and was responsible for the Commission's internal administration and anti-fraud efforts.

Its administrative duties include management of some of the Commission's Internal Services; in particular consolidation of administrative reform, personnel and administration, European Schools and security. The Commissioner is also responsible for the following departments; the Directorate-General for Personnel and Administration, the Office for the Administration and Payment of Individual Entitlement, the Directorate-General for Informatics, the Office of Infrastructure and Logistics, and relations with the European Personnel Selection Office.^[11] Its other responsibilities are for audit (budgetary discharge, internal audit, counter fraud): in particular the Internal Audit Service and the European Anti-fraud Office.

Name	Country	Period	Commission
Michael O'Kennedy	Ireland	1981–1982	Thorn Commission
Richard Burke	Ireland	1982–1985	Thorn Commission
Henning Christophersen	Denmark	1985–1988	Delors Commission
Peter Schmidhuber	Germany	1988–1994	Delors Commission
Erkki Liikanen	Finland	1994–1999	Santer Commission
Neil Kinnock	United Kingdom	1999–2004	Prodi Commission (Audit)
Siim Kallas	Estonia	2004–2009	Barroso Commission

Administrative Reform

A position created for the Prodi Commission in the wake of the Santer Commission corruption scandal.

Agriculture and Fisheries

Previously dealt with both the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). It existed when the CFP was created in the Jenkins until the Thorn Commission when it was split into Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Fisheries and Maritime Affairs.

Communication strategy

The Communication strategy portfolio in the first Barroso Commission existed between 2004 and 2010 combined with Institutional Relations. Under the second Barroso Commission this was be dropped as it had no powers and was open to allegations of propaganda.

Consumer Protection

The Commissioner for Consumer Protection was responsible for protecting the rights of consumers vs corporations between 2007 and 2010. The only Commissioner was Meglena Kuneva (ALDE).

This specific portfolio was created in 2007, separated from the Health portfolio. However it first appeared in the Jenkins Commission as "Consumer Affairs" though the Barroso Commission was the first time it has been an independent portfolio. The independent portfolio was created when Bulgaria and Romania joined the European Union on 1 January 2007. It was previously part of the Health and Consumer Protection portfolio which was held by Markos Kyprianou. Unlike the Multilingualism portfolio that was created for Leonard Orban, this post was welcomed due to the large size of the combined portfolio. The Directorate-General is still merged with that office. In 2010 it was recombined with Health in the second Barroso Commission.

External Relations

Main article: European Commissioner for External Relations

The Commissioner for External Relations, known as the Commissioner for External Relations and the European Neighbourhood Policy at its demise dealt with general foreign relations and representation of the Commission abroad. It occasionally took on related responsibilities such as enlargement or neighbourhood policy, though most of the time other separate external relations portfolios existed such as development or trade. Early on external relations were split according to geography between various Commissioners. On 1 December 2009 its responsibilities were merged into the High Representative.

Energy, Euratom Supply Agency, SMEs and Tourism

An expanded version of the Energy portfolio in the Santer Commission, including parts of Industry (SMEs) and Tourism which has only appeared under Santer.

Health

The Commissioner for Health existed between 2007 and 2010 when it was split off from Consumer Protection for the new Bulgarian Commissioner. It was recombined under the succeeding Commission in 2010.

Justice, Freedom and Security

The Justice, Freedom and Security portfolio was roughly on the former third pillar: Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters. The position covers such matters as judicial matters, human rights, equality laws, immigration control, policing and citizenship (see Area of freedom, security and justice). The relevant DG was Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security.

As a concession to the liberals, Barroso split the post in 2010 into the Commissioner for Home Affairs (the security aspect) and the Commissioner for Justice, Fundamental Rights and Citizenship (the human rights aspect).

Previous commissioners:

Name	Country	Period	Commission
Anita Gradin	Sweden	1995–1999	Santer Commission, Marín Commission
António Vitorino	Portugal	1999–2004	Prodi Commission
Franco Frattini	Italy	2004–2008	Barroso Commission
Jacques Barrot	France	2008–2010	Barroso Commission

Multilingualism

The Commissioner for Multilingualism was responsible for language policy of the European Union, i.e. promoting multilingualism for the citizens and the institutions of the EU. It was created on 1 January 2007 during the Barroso Commission. The only commissioner is Leonard Orban (2007–2010). The post was created on 1 January 2007, in the enlarged Barroso Commission after the accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the EU. Previously, multilingualism was a responsibility of the European Commissioner for Education, Training, Culture and Multilingualism (held by Ján Figeľ between 2004 and 2007). Under the second Barroso Commission, the post was re-merged into the education and culture portfolio (currently held by Androulla Vassiliou).

The new portfolio was criticised for vagueness and ambiguity, it has been claimed that the post overlaps with responsibilities of other Commissioners. The Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament has asked the current president of the Commission José Manuel Barroso to clarify the mandate of Commissioner for Multilingualism^[19] and of other members of the Commission with regards to the “intercultural dialogue”.

European Parliament Socialist Group (PES) leader Martin Schulz suggested a portfolio for the protection of ethnic minorities instead. His party suggested the introduction of the protection of the Roma minority.^[20] Barroso turned down the PES proposal and defended the post. He stated that Commissioner for Education, Training and Culture Ján Figeľ "will remain responsible for the management of actions to directly promote the inter-cultural dialogue".[8]

Politically, the portfolio is mainly focused on promoting foreign languages learning as means for worker’s mobility and business competitiveness rather than emphasizing language rights of speakers of regional, minority, lesser-used and migrant languages. Commissioner for Multilingualism is also responsible, alongside the President of the Commission, Barroso, and the European Commissioner for Education, Training and Culture, Ján Figeľ to work on “intercultural dialogue”, including the 2008 European Year of Intercultural Dialogue.

Administratively, Commissioner for Multilingualism is in charge of the Directorate-General for Translation, the DG for Interpretation and the Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, as well as for the Multilingualism policy unit (EAC-C-5) in the DG for Education and Culture, with 3,400 staff in total - about 15 per cent of the Brussels executive's workforce- and with about 1 percent of the EU budget.

References

1. ^ Lungescu, Oana (2004-07-23). "Examining the EU executive". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/3921303.stm. Retrieved 2007-09-18. 
2. ^ Brussels Accuses iTunes of Violating Competition Rules spiegel.de
3. ^ The Commission prohibits GE's acquisition of Honeywell europa.eu
4. ^ 100 Most Powerful Women Forbes
5. ^ Roaming Charges Portal European Commission
6. ^ European parliament backs roaming price cuts Computer Business Review Online
7. ^ `.eu' Domain Names Top 2.5M in Year One Huffington Post
8. ^ Royal v Sarkozy: The policies BBC News
9. ^ ^{a b} 'Big three' strike deal on super commissioner, French VAT cuts, 1% ceiling EurActiv.com
10. ^ ^{a b} THE NEW COMMISSION - SOME INITIAL THOUGHT BM Brussels
11. ^ ^{a b} [1]
12. ^ European Union CIA World Factbook
13. ^ EU Glossary europa.eu
14. ^ Consultation on Maritime Policy ec.europa.eu
15. ^ Green paper ec.europa.eu
16. ^ Fishermen citicise EU over-fishing decision rte.it
17. ^ [2]
18. ^ The New Commission - Some initial thoughts BM Brussels
19. ^ [3]
20. ^ [4]