2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
"2011 Miyagi earthquake" redirects here. For the aftershock that occurred on 7 April, see April 2011 Miyagi earthquake.
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
東日本大震災
An aerial view of tsunami damage in Tōhoku
An aerial view of damage in the Tōhoku region with black smoke coming from the Nippon Oil Sendai oil refinery


Peak tsunami wave height locations, color-coded with red representing most severe
Date Friday, 11 March 2011
Origin time 14:46:23 JST (UTC+09:00)
Duration 6 minutes[1]
Magnitude 9.0 (Mw)[2][3]
Depth 32 km (20 mi)
Epicenter 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369
Type Megathrust earthquake
Countries or regions

Japan (primary)

Pacific Rim (tsunami, secondary)
Total damage Tsunami wave, flooding, landslides, fires, building and infrastructure damage, nuclear incidents including radiation releases
Max. intensity IX
Peak acceleration 3.0 g
Tsunami Yes. Up to 40.5 m (133 ft)
in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku
Landslides Yes
Foreshocks 7
Aftershocks 1,235
Casualties 15,833 deaths,[4][5] 5,943 injured,[4][5] 3,671 people missing[4][5]

The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, also known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake or the Great East Japan Earthquake,[6][7] (Japanese: "Eastern Japan Great Earthquake Disaster" (東日本大震災 Higashi Nihon Daishinsai?)[fn 1]) was a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday, 11 March 2011,[2][3][8] with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 32 km (20 mi).[2][9] It was the most powerful known earthquake ever to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in 1900.[8][10][11] The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves, which reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[12][13] and which in the Sendai area travelled up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[14] In addition to loss of life and destruction of infrastructure, the tsunami caused a number of nuclear accidents, primarily the ongoing level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.[15][16]

Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."[17] The Japanese National Police Agency confirmed 15,833 deaths,[4][5] 5,943 injured,[4][5] and 3,671 people missing[4][5] across eighteen prefectures, as well as over 125,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.[4][5] The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive and severe structural damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse.[14][18] Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water.[19] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered explosions due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after cooling system failure. Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. In addition, the U.S. recommended that its citizens evacuate up to 80 km (50 mi) of the plant.[20]

Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[21] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions.[22] The overall cost could exceed US$300 billion, making it the most expensive natural disaster on record.[23][24][25]

The earthquake moved Honshu 2.4 m (8 ft) east and shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in).[26][27][28]

Contents

Earthquake

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami is located in Japan
Tokyo
Sendai
Map showing the epicenter of the earthquake
USGS centroid moment tensor solution of the main tremor showing a visual representation of focal mechanism

The 9.0-magnitude (MW) undersea megathrust earthquake occurred on 11 March 2011 at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) in the western Pacific Ocean at a relatively shallow depth of 32 km (19.9 mi),[29] with its epicenter approximately 72 km (45 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku, Japan, lasting approximately six minutes.[1][2] The nearest major city to the quake was Sendai, on the main island of Honshu, 130 km (81 mi) away. The quake occurred 373 km (232 mi) from Tokyo.[2] The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, and hundreds of aftershocks were reported. The first major foreshock was a 7.2 MW event on 9 March, approximately 40 km (25 mi) from the location of the 11 March quake, with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0 MW.[2][30] Following the quake, a 7.0 MW aftershock was reported at 15:06 JST, followed by a 7.4 at 15:15 JST and a 7.2 at 15:26 JST.[31] Over eight hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake.[32] Aftershocks follow Omori's Law, which states that the rate of aftershocks declines with the reciprocal of the time since the main quake. The aftershocks will thus taper off in time but could continue for years.[33]

One minute before the earthquake was felt in Tokyo, the Earthquake Early Warning system, which includes more than 1,000 seismometers in Japan, sent out warnings of impending strong shaking to millions. It is believed that the early warning by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) saved many lives.[34][35] The warning for the general public was delivered about 8 seconds after the first P wave was detected, or about 31 seconds after the earthquake occurred. However, the estimated intensities were smaller than the actual ones in some places in Kanto and Tohoku regions. This was thought to be because of smaller estimated earthquake magnitude, smaller estimated fault plane, shorter estimated fault length, not having considered the shape of the fault, etc.[36]

Initially reported as 7.9 MW by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly upgraded to 8.8, then again to 8.9,[37] and then finally to 9.0.[3][38]

Geology

Map of the Tōhoku earthquake and aftershocks on 11–14 March
Hypocentral region boundaries (Source: The Japanese Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion)

This earthquake occurred where the Pacific Plate is subducting under the plate beneath northern Honshu; which plate is a matter of debate amongst scientists.[27][39] The Pacific plate, which moves at a rate of 8 to 9 cm (3.1 to 3.5 in) per year, dips under Honshu's underlying plate releasing large amounts of energy. This motion pulls the upper plate down until the stress builds up enough to cause a seismic event. The break caused the sea floor to rise by several meters.[39] A quake of this magnitude usually has a rupture length of at least 480 km (300 mi) and generally requires a long, relatively straight fault surface. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in the area of the rupture is not very straight, it is unusual for the magnitude of an earthquake to exceed 8.5; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[40] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extended from offshore Iwate Prefecture to offshore Ibaraki Prefecture.[41] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 km (310 mi) and a width of 200 km (120 mi).[42][43] Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events.[44] The earthquake may have had a mechanism similar to that of another large earthquake in 869 with an estimated surface wave magnitude (Ms) of 8.6, which also created a large tsunami.[45] Other major earthquakes with tsunamis struck the Sanriku Coast region in 1896 and in 1933.

The strong ground motion registered at the maximum of 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[46] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded an upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured a lower 6, recording an upper 5 in Tokyo.

In Russia, the main shock could be felt in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (MSK 4) and Kurilsk (MSK 4). The aftershock at 06:25 UTC could be felt in Yuzhno-Kurilsk (MSK 5) and Kurilsk (MSK 4).[47]

Energy

Damage to Tokyo Tower

This earthquake released a surface energy (Me) of 1.9 ± 0.5×1017 joules,[48] dissipated as shaking and tsunamic energy, which is nearly double that of the 9.1-magnitude 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 230,000 people. If harnessed, the surface energy from this earthquake would power a city the size of Los Angeles for an entire year.[33] The total energy released, also known as the seismic moment (M0), was more than 200,000 times the surface energy and was calculated by the USGS at 3.9×1022 joules,[49] slightly less than the 2004 Indian Ocean quake. This is equivalent to 9,320 gigatons of TNT, or approximately 600 million times the energy of the Hiroshima bomb.

Japan's National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) calculated a peak ground acceleration of 2.99 g (29.33 m/s²).[50][fn 2] The largest individual recording in Japan was 2.7g, in the Miyagi Prefecture, 75 km from the epicentre; the highest reading in the Tokyo metropolitan area was 0.16g.[53]

Geophysical effects

The quake moved portions of northeastern Japan by as much as 2.4 m (7.9 ft) closer to North America,[26][27] making portions of Japan's landmass wider than before.[27] Portions of Japan closest to the epicenter experienced the largest shifts.[27] A 400 km (250 mi) stretch of coastline dropped vertically by 0.6 m (2.0 ft), allowing the tsunami to travel farther and faster onto land.[27] One early estimate suggested that the Pacific plate may have moved westward by up to 20 m (66 ft),[54] and another early estimate put the amount of slippage at as much as 40 m (130 ft).[55] On 6 April the Japanese coast guard said that the quake shifted the seabed near the epicenter 24 meters (79 ft) and elevated the seabed off the coast of Miyagi prefecture by 3 meters.[56]

Soil liquefaction in Koto, Tokyo

The earthquake shifted the Earth's axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in).[26][27][28] This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth.[28] The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.[57] The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. Because of conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation.[58] These are expected changes[28] for an earthquake of this magnitude.[26][57]

Soil liquefaction was evident in areas of reclaimed land around Tokyo, particularly in Urayasu,[59] Chiba City, Funabashi, Narashino (all in Chiba Prefecture) and in the Koto, Edogawa, Minato, Chūō, and Ōta Wards of Tokyo. Approximately 30 homes or buildings were destroyed and 1,046 other buildings were damaged to varying degrees.[60] Nearby Haneda Airport, built mostly on reclaimed land, was not damaged. Odaiba also experienced liquefaction, but damage was minimal.[61]

Shinmoedake, a volcano in Kyushu, erupted two days after the earthquake. The volcano had previously erupted in January 2011; it is not known if the later eruption was linked to the earthquake.[62] In Antarctica, the seismic waves from the earthquake were reported to have caused the Whillans Ice Stream to slip by about 0.5 m (1.6 ft).[63]

Map of seismic intensity observations resulting from mainshock

The first sign international researchers had that the earthquake caused such a dramatic change in the Earth’s rotation came from the United States Geographical Survey which monitors Global Positioning Satellite stations across the world. The Survey team had several GPS monitors located near the scene of the earthquake. The GPS station located nearest the epicenter moved almost 13 feet (4.0 m). This motivated government researchers to look into other ways the earthquake may have had large scale effects on the planet. Scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory did some calculations and determined that the Earth’s rotation was changed by the earthquake to the point where the days are now one point eight (1.8) microseconds shorter.

[64]

Dr. Richard Gross, one of the head researchers working for NASA, explained that even a difference of 1.8 microseconds is important to his team because it affects the way that spacecraft being sent to Mars are navigated. Not taking the changes into account could increase the chances of failure of the mission. Gross noted that the way the Earth rotates is not very smooth, like an old car wobbling on its axle. The earthquake's effect was as if a person took a hammer and whacked the car's axle, causing it to shift and the car to drive differently. The powerful earthquake hit the Earth’s axle, causing it to spin in a slightly different way.[65]

Aftershocks

Further information: List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake

Japan experienced over 900 aftershocks since the earthquake, with about 60 registering over magnitude 6.0 Mw and at least three over 7.0 Mw. A magnitude 7.7 Mw and a 7.9 Mw quake occurred on 11 March[66] and the third one struck offshore on 7 April with a disputed magnitude. Its epicenter was underwater, 66 km (41 mi) off the coast of Sendai. The Japan Meteorological Agency assigned a magnitude of 7.4 MJMA, while the U.S. Geological Survey lowered it to 7.1 Mw.[67] At least four people were killed, and electricity was cut off across much of northern Japan including the loss of external power to Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant and Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant.[68][69][70] Four days later on 11 April, another strong magnitude 6.6 Mw aftershock struck Fukushima, causing additional damage and killing a total of three people.[71][72]

As of 3 June 2011 aftershocks continued; a regularly updated map showing all shocks of magnitude 4.5 and above near or off the east coast of Honshu in the last seven days[73] showed over 20 events. By 8 June shocks in the past week had dropped to 13.

Tsunami

Energy map of the tsunami from NOAA

The earthquake which was caused by 5 to 8 meters upthrust on a 180-km wide seabed at 60 km offshore from the east coast of Tōhoku[74] resulted in a major tsunami which brought destruction along the Pacific coastline of Japan's northern islands and resulted in the loss of thousands of lives and devastated entire towns. The tsunami propagated across the Pacific, and warnings were issued and evacuations carried out. In many countries bordering the Pacific, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile;[75][76][77] however, while the tsunami was felt in many of these places, it caused only relatively minor effects. Chile's section of Pacific coast is one of the furthest from Japan, at about 17,000 km (11,000 mi) away,[78] but still was struck by tsunami waves 2 m (6.6 ft) high.[79][80] A wave height of 38.9 meters (128 ft) was estimated at Omoe peninsula, Miyako city, Iwate prefecture.[13]

Japan

The tsunami warning issued by the Japan Meteorological Agency was the most serious on its warning scale; it rated as a "major tsunami", being at least 3 m (9.8 ft) high.[81] The actual height predicted varied, the greatest being for Miyagi at 6 m (20 ft) high.[82] The tsunami inundated a total area of approximately 561 km2 (217 sq mi) in Japan.[83]

Water column height on 11 March 2011 at DART Station, 690 NM Southeast of Tokyo

The earthquake took place at 14:46 JST around 67 km (42 mi) from the nearest point on Japan's coastline, and initial estimates indicated the tsunami would have taken 10 to 30 minutes to reach the areas first affected, and then areas farther north and south based on the geography of the coastline.[84][85] Just over an hour after the earthquake at 15:55 JST, a tsunami was observed flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture,[86][87] with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[88][89] The image of the tsunami sweeping cars on the street in Sendai was caught by an in-car camera. The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.[90] A 4 m high tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture.[91] Wakabayashi Ward in Sendai was also particularly hard hit.[92] At least 101 designated tsunami evacuation sites were hit by the wave.[93]

Like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the damage by surging water, though much more localized, was far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. There were reports of entire towns destroyed from tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku;[94] one thousand bodies had been recovered in the town by 14 March 2011.[95]

Among several factors causing the high death toll from the tsunami, one was the unexpectedly large size of the water surge. The tsunami walls at several of the affected cities were based on much smaller tsunami heights. Also, many people caught in the tsunami thought that they were located on high enough ground to be safe.[96]

Tsunami flooding on the Sendai Airport runway

Large parts of Kuji and the southern section of Ōfunato including the port area were almost entirely destroyed[97][98] Also largely destroyed was Rikuzentakata, where the tsunami was reportedly three stories high.[99][100][101] Other cities reportedly destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami include Kamaishi, Miyako, Ōtsuchi, and Yamada (in Iwate Prefecture), Namie, Sōma and Minamisōma (in Fukushima Prefecture) and Shichigahama, Higashimatsushima, Onagawa, Natori, Ishinomaki, and Kesennuma (in Miyagi Prefecture).[102][103][104][105][106][107][108] The most severe effects of the tsunami were felt along a 670-km (420 mi)-long stretch of coastline from Erimo in the north to Ōarai in the south, with most of the destruction in that area occurring in the hour following the earthquake.[109] Near Ōarai, people captured images of a huge whirlpool that had been generated by the tsunami.[110] The tsunami washed away the sole bridge to Miyatojima, Miyagi, isolating the island's 900 residents.[111] A two meter high tsunami hit Chiba Prefecture about 2 1/2 hours after the quake, causing heavy damage to cities such as Asahi.[112]

On 13 March 2011, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) published details of tsunami observations recorded around the coastline of Japan following the earthquake. These observations included tsunami maximum readings of over 3 m (9.8 ft) at the following locations and times on 11 March 2011, following the earthquake at 14:46 JST:[113]

  • 15:12 JST – off Kamaishi – 6.8 m (22 ft)
  • 15:15 JST – Ōfunato – 3.2 m (10 ft) or higher
  • 15:20 JST – Ishinomaki-shi Ayukawa – 3.3 m (11 ft) or higher
  • 15:21 JST – Miyako – 4.0 m (13.1 ft) or higher
  • 15:21 JST – Kamaishi – 4.1 m (13 ft) or higher
  • 15:44 JST – Erimo-cho Shoya – 3.5 m (11 ft)
  • 15:50 JST – Sōma – 7.3 m (24 ft) or higher
  • 16:52 JST – Ōarai – 4.2 m (14 ft)

These readings were obtained from recording stations maintained by the JMA around the coastline of Japan. Many areas were also affected by waves of 1 to 3 meters (3.3 to 9.8 ft) in height, and the JMA bulletin also included the caveat that "At some parts of the coasts, tsunamis may be higher than those observed at the observation sites." The timing of the earliest recorded tsunami maximum readings ranged from 15:12 to 15:21, between 26 and 35 minutes after the earthquake had struck. The bulletin also included initial tsunami observation details, as well as more detailed maps for the coastlines affected by the tsunami waves.[114][115]

On 23 March 2011, Port and Airport Research Institute reported tsunami height by visiting the port sites or by telemetry from offshore as follows:[116][117]

NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation
  • Port of Hachinohe – 5–6 m (16–19 ft)
  • Port of Hachinohe area – 8–9 m (26–29 ft)
  • Port of Kuji – 8–9 m (26–29 ft)
  • Mooring GPS wave height meter at offshore of central Iwate (Miyako) – 6 m (20 ft)
  • Port of Kamaishi – 7–9 m (23–30 ft)
  • Mooring GPS wave height meter at offshore of southern Iwate (Kamaishi) – 6.5 m (22 ft)
  • Port of Ōfunato – 9.5 m (31 ft)
  • Run up height, port of Ōfunato area – 24 m (79 ft)
  • Mooring GPS wave height meter at offshore of northern Miyagi – 5.6 m (18 ft)
  • Fishery port of Onagawa – 15 m (50 ft)
  • Port of Ishinomaki – 5 m (16 ft)
  • Mooring GPS wave height meter at offshore of central Miyagi – could not measure
  • Shiogama section of Shiogama-Sendai port – 4 m (13 ft)
  • Sendai section of Shiogama-Sendai port – 8 m (26 ft)
  • Sendai Airport area – 12 m (39 ft)

A joint research team from Yokohama National University and the University of Tokyo also reported that the tsunami at Ryōri Bay (綾里白浜), Ōfunato was about 30 m high. They found fishing equipment scattered on the high cliff above the bay.[118] At Tarō, Iwate, a University of Tokyo researcher reported an estimated tsunami height of 37.9 m (124 ft) reached the slope of a mountain some 200 m (656 ft) away from the coastline.[119] Also, at slope of nearby mountain from 400 m (1,312 ft) Aneyoshi fishery port (姉吉漁港) of Omoe peninsula (重茂半島) in Miyako, Iwate, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology found estimated tsunami run up height of 38.9 m (127 ft).[13] This height is deemed the record in Japan historically, as of reporting date, that exceeds 38.2 m (125 ft) from the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake.[120] It was also estimated that the tsunami reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture.

A Japanese government study found that only 42% of people in coastal areas in Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures heeded tsunami warnings immediately after the quake and headed for higher ground. Of those who attempted to evacuate after hearing the warning, only five percent were caught in the tsunami. Of those who didn't heed the warning, 49% were hit by the water.[121]

Elsewhere across the Pacific

A Bonin Petrel trapped in the sand on Midway Atoll by the tsunami, before being rescued

Shortly after the earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) in Hawaii issued tsunami watches and announcements for locations in the Pacific. At 07:30 UTC, PTWC issued a widespread tsunami warning covering the entire Pacific Ocean.[122][123] Russia evacuated 11,000 residents from coastal areas of the Kuril Islands.[124] The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of most of California, all of Oregon, and the western part of Alaska, and a tsunami advisory covering the Pacific coastlines of most of Alaska, and all of Washington and British Columbia, Canada.[125][126] In California and Oregon, up to 2.4 m (8 ft) high tsunami surges hit some areas, damaging docks and harbors and causing over US$10 million in damage.[127] In Curry County, Oregon $7 million in damages occurred including the destruction of 3,600 feet (1,100 m) of dockspace at the Brookings harbor; the county has received over $1 million in FEMA emergency grants.[128] Surges of up to 1 m (3.3 ft) hit Vancouver Island in Canada[126] prompting some evacuations, and causing boats to be banned from the waters surrounding the island for 12 hours following the wave strike, leaving many island residents in the area without means of getting to work.[129][130]

Fishing boats moved to higher ground in anticipation of tsunami arrival, in Pichilemu, Chile

In the Philippines, waves up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) high hit the eastern seaboard of the country. Some houses along the coast in Jayapura, Indonesia were destroyed.[131] Authorities in Wewak, East Sepik, Papua New Guinea evacuated 100 patients from the city's Boram Hospital before it was hit by the waves, causing an estimated US$4 million in damages.[132] Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure alone at US$3 million, with damage to private properties, including resort hotels such as Four Seasons Resort Hualalai, estimated at tens of millions of dollars.[133] It was reported that a 1.5 m (5 ft) high wave completely submerged Midway Atoll's reef inlets and Spit Island, killing more than 110,000 nesting seabirds at the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge.[134] Some other South Pacific countries, including Tonga and New Zealand, and U.S. territories American Samoa and Guam, experienced larger-than-normal waves, but did not report any major damage.[135] However in Guam some roads were closed off and people were evacuated from low-lying areas.[136]

Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and South America, tsunami surges were reported, but in most places caused little or no damage.[137] Peru reported a wave of 1.5 m (5 ft) and more than 300 homes damaged.[137] The surge in Chile was large enough to damage more than 200 houses,[138] with waves of up to 3 m (9.8 ft).[139][140] In the Galapagos Islands, 260 families received assistance following a 3 m (9.8 ft) surge which arrived 20 hours after the earthquake, after the tsunami warning had been lifted.</ref>[141][142] There was a great deal of damage to buildings on the islands and one man was injured but there were no reported fatalities.[143][141]</ref>

The tsunami broke icebergs off the Sulzberger Ice Shelf in Antarctica, 13,000 kilometres (8,100 mi) away. The main iceberg measured 9.5 by 6.5 kilometres (5.9 × 4.0 mi) (approximately the area of Manhattan Island) and about 80 metres (260 ft) thick. A total of 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi; 31,000 acres) of ice broke away.[144][145]

Land subsidence

Land subsidence and soil liquefaction near Shin-Urayasu Station elevator shaft

Geospatial Information Authority of Japan reported land subsidence on the height of triangulation station measured by GPS from previous value on 14 April 2011.[146]

Scientists say that the subsidence is permanent. As a result, the communities in question are now more susceptible to flooding during high tides.[148]

Casualties

Memorials amongst the ruins, Natori

The National Police Agency has confirmed 15,833 deaths,[4][5] 5,943 injured,[4][5] and 3,671 people missing[4][5] across eighteen prefectures.[4][5]

Of the 13,135 fatalities recovered by 11 April 2011, 12,143 or 92.5% died by drowning. Victims aged 60 or older accounted for 65.2% of the deaths, with 24% of total victims being in their 70s.[149]

Tsunami damage between Sendai and Sendai Bay.

Save the Children reports that as many as 100,000 children were uprooted from their homes, some of whom were separated from their families because the earthquake occurred during the school day.[150] Two-hundred thirty-six children were orphaned by the disaster.[151][152] The quake and tsunami, as of 28 April 2011, killed 378 elementary, middle-school, and high school students and left 158 others missing.[153] One elementary school in Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Okawa Elementary, lost 74 of 108 students and 10 of 13 teachers and staff.[154][155][156]

The Japanese Foreign Ministry has confirmed the deaths of nineteen foreigners.[157] Among them are two English teachers from the United States affiliated with the Japan Exchange and Teaching Program;[158] a Canadian missionary in Shiogama;[159] and citizens of China, North and South Korea, Taiwan, Pakistan and the Philippines.

By 9:30 UTC on 11 March, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haitian, Chilean, and Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[160][161] The Next of Kin Registry (NOKR) is assisting the Japanese government in locating next of kin for those missing or deceased.[162]

Japanese funerals are normally elaborate Buddhist ceremonies which entail cremation. The thousands of bodies, however, exceeded the capacity of available crematoriums and morgues, many of them damaged,[163][164] and there were shortages of both kerosene—each cremation requires 50 liters—and dry ice for preservation.[165] The single crematorium in Higashimatsushima, for example, could only handle four bodies a day, although hundreds were found there.[166] Governments and the military were forced to bury many bodies in hastily dug mass graves with rudimentary or no rites, although relatives of the deceased were promised that they would be cremated later.[167]

The tsunami is reported to have caused several deaths outside of Japan. One man was killed in Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia after being swept out to sea.[168] A man who is said to have been attempting to photograph the oncoming tsunami at the mouth of the Klamath River, south of Crescent City, California, was swept out to sea.[169][170][171] His body was found on 2 April along Ocean Beach in Fort Stevens State Park, Oregon, some 330 miles (530 km) to the north.[172][173]

As of 27 May 2011, three Japan Ground Self-Defense Force members had died while conducting relief operations in Tōhoku.[174]


Damage and effects

Panorama of Rikuzentakata area swept away
Aerial photo of Minato, devastated by both the earthquake and subsequent tsunami

The degree and extent of damage caused by the earthquake and resulting tsunami were enormous, with most of the damage being caused by the tsunami. Video footage of the towns that were worst affected shows little more than piles of rubble, with almost no parts of any structures left standing.[175] Estimates of the cost of the damage range well into the tens of billions of US dollars; before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions show immense damage to many regions.[176][177] Although Japan has invested the equivalent of billions of dollars on anti-tsunami seawalls which line at least 40% of its 34,751 km (21,593 mi) coastline and stand up to 12 m (39 ft) high, the tsunami simply washed over the top of some seawalls, collapsing some in the process.[178]

Japan's National Police Agency said on 3 April 2011, that 45,700 buildings were destroyed and 144,300 were damaged by the quake and tsunami. The damaged buildings included 29,500 structures in Miyagi Prefecture, 12,500 in Iwate Prefecture and 2,400 in Fukushima Prefecture.[179] Three hundred hospitals with 20 beds or more in Tōhoku were damaged by the disaster, with 11 being completely destroyed.[180] The earthquake and tsunami created an estimated 24–25 million tons of rubble and debris in Japan.[181][182]

An estimated 230,000 automobiles and trucks were damaged or destroyed in the disaster. As of the end of May 2011, residents of Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures had requested deregistration of 15,000 vehicles, meaning that the owners of those vehicles were writing them off as unrepairable or unsalvageable.[183]

Ports

Ship and crane damage at Sendai port

All of Japan's ports were briefly closed after the earthquake, though the ones in Tokyo and southwards soon re-opened. Fifteen ports were located in the disaster zone. The north-eastern ports of Hachinohe, Sendai, Ishinomaki and Onahama were destroyed, while Chiba port (which serves the hydrocarbon industry) and Japan's ninth-largest container port at Kashima were also affected though less severely. The ports at Hitachinaka, Hitachi, Soma, Shiogama, Kesennuma, Ofunato, Kamashi and Miyako were also damaged and closed to ships.[184] All 15 ports reopened to limited ship traffic by 29 March 2011.[185] A total of 319 fishing ports, about 10% of Japan's fishing ports, were damaged in the disaster.[186]

The Port of Tokyo suffered slight damage; the effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the port with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[187][188]

Dams and water

Dam failure at Fujinuma

The Fujinuma irrigation dam in Sukagawa ruptured,[189] causing flooding and washing away five homes.[190] Eight people were missing and four bodies were discovered by the morning.[191][192][193][194] Reportedly, some locals had attempted to repair leaks in the dam before it completely failed.[195] On 12 March, 252 dams were inspected and it was discovered that six embankment dams had shallow cracks on their crests. The reservoir at one concrete gravity dam suffered a small non-serious slope failure. All damaged dams are functioning with no problems. Four dams within the quake area were unreachable. When the roads clear, experts will be dispatched to conduct further investigations.[196]

In the immediate aftermath of the calamity, at least 1.5 million households were reported to have lost access to water supplies.[19][197] By 21 March 2011, this number fell to 1.04 million.[198]

Electricity

A map of Japan's electricity distribution network shows the geographic divide between 50 hertz systems and 60 hertz systems

According to Tōhoku Electric Power (TEP), around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[199] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake, reducing TEPCO's total capacity by 21 GW.[200] Rolling blackouts began on 14 March due to power shortages caused by the earthquake.[201] The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), which normally provides approximately 40 GW of electricity, announced that it can currently provide only about 30 GW. This is because 40% of the electricity used in the greater Tokyo area is now supplied by reactors in the Niigata and Fukushima prefectures.[202] The reactors at the Fukushima Dai-ichi and Fukushima Dai-ni plants were automatically taken offline when the first earthquake occurred and have sustained major damage related to the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Rolling blackouts of three hours are expected to last until the end of April and will affect Tokyo, Kanagawa, Eastern Shizuoka, Yamanashi, Chiba, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tochigi, and Gunma prefectures.[203] Voluntary reduced electricity use by consumers in the Kanto area helped reduce the predicted frequency and duration of the blackouts.[204] By 21 March 2011, the number of households in the north without electricity fell to 242,927.[198]

Damage to electricity transmission lines

Tōhoku Electric Power cannot currently provide the Kanto region with additional power, because TEP's power plants were also damaged in the earthquake. Kansai Electric Power Company (Kepco) cannot share electricity, because its system operates at 60 hertz, whereas TEPCO and TEP operate their systems at 50 hertz; this is due to early industrial and infrastructure development in the 1880s that left Japan without a unified national power grid.[205] Two substations, one in Shizuoka Prefecture and one in Nagano Prefecture, can convert between frequencies and transfer electricity from Kansai to Kanto and Tōhoku, but their capacity to do so is limited to 1 GW. With the damage to so many power plants, it could be years before electricity productions levels in eastern Japan return to pre-quake levels.[206]

In effort to help alleviate the shortage, three steel manufacturers in the Kanto region are contributing electricity produced by their in-house conventional power stations to TEPCO for distribution to the general public. Sumitomo Metal Industries can produce up to 500 MW, JFE Steel 400 MW, and Nippon Steel 500 MW of electric power[207] Auto and auto parts makers in Kanto and Tohoku agreed in May 2011 to operate their factories on Saturdays and Sundays and close on Thursdays and Fridays to assist in alleviating the electricity shortage during the summer of 2011.[208]

Oil, gas and coal

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

A 220,000-barrel (35,000 m3)-per-day[209] oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo,[210] It was extinguished after ten days, killing or injuring six people, and destroying storage tanks.[211][212] Others halted production due to safety checks and power loss.[213][214] In Sendai, a 145,000-barrel (23,100 m3)-per-day refinery owned by the largest refiner in Japan, JX Nippon Oil & Energy, was also set ablaze by the quake.[209] Workers were evacuated,[215] but tsunami warnings hindered efforts to extinguish the fire until 14 March, when officials planned to do so.[209]

An analyst estimates that consumption of various types of oil may increase by as much as 300,000 barrels (48,000 m3) per day (as well as LNG), as back-up power plants burning fossil fuels try to compensate for the loss of 11 GW of Japan's nuclear power capacity.[216][217]

The city-owned plant for importing liquefied natural gas in Sendai was severely damaged, and supplies were halted for at least a month.[218]

Nuclear power plants

Further information: 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents

The Fukushima I, Fukushima II, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant and Tōkai nuclear power stations, consisting of a total eleven reactors, were automatically shut down following the earthquake.[219] Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. Cooling is needed to remove decay heat after a reactor has been shut down, and to maintain spent fuel pools. The backup cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators at the plants and at Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant.[220] At Fukushima I and II tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to severe problems at Fukushima I, including three large explosions and radioactive leakage. Over 200,000 people were evacuated.[221]

The 7 April aftershock caused the loss of external power to Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant and Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant but backup generators were functional. Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant lost 3 of 4 external power lines and lost cooling function for as much as 80 minutes. A spill of a couple liters of radioactive water occurred at Onagawa.[222]

Europe's Energy Commissioner Günther Oettinger addressed the European Parliament on 15 March, explaining that the nuclear disaster was an "apocalypse".[223] As the nuclear crisis entered a second month, experts recognized that Fukushima I is not the worst nuclear accident ever, but it is the most complicated.[224]

Later analysis indicated three reactors (Units 1, 2, and 3) had suffered meltdowns and continued to leak coolant water,[15] and by summer the Vice-minister for Economy, Trade and Industry, the head of the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, and the head of the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy, had lost their jobs.[225]

Fukushima meltdowns

Main articles: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Timeline of the Fukushima I nuclear accidents, and Timeline of the Fukushima II nuclear accidents
Loose livestock roam the evacuation zone

Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[226][227] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency reported that radiation levels inside the plant were up to 1,000 times normal levels,[228] and that radiation levels outside the plant were up to 8 times normal levels.[229] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima II nuclear power plant about 11 km (7 mi) south.[230] This brought the total number of problematic reactors to six.[231]

It was reported that radioactive iodine was detected in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi, Gunma, Tokyo, Chiba, Saitama, and Niigata, and radioactive cesium in the tap water in Fukushima, Tochigi and Gunma.[232][233][234] Radioactive cesium, iodine, and strontium[235] were also detected in the soil in some places in Fukushima. There may be a need to replace the contaminated soil.[236] Food products were also found contaminated by radioactive matter in several places in Japan.[237] On 5 April 2011, the government of the Ibaraki Prefecture banned the fishing of sand lance after discovering that this species was contaminated by radioactive cesium above legal limits.[238] As late as July radioactive beef was found for sale at Tokyo markets.[239]

Incidents elsewhere

A fire occurred in the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake.[220][240] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor,[226] and was soon extinguished.[241] The plant was shut down as a precaution.[242]

On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant as radioactivity readings temporarily[243] exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant.[244][245] Tohoku Electric Power Co. stated this may have been due to radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents but was not from the Onagawa plant itself.[246]

As a result of the 7 April aftershock, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant lost 3 of 4 external power lines and lost cooling function for as much as 80 minutes. A spill of a couple liters of radioactive water occurred at Onagawa.[222]

The number 2 reactor at Tōkai Nuclear Power Plant was shut down automatically.[219] On 14 March it was reported that a cooling system pump for this reactor had stopped working;[247] however, the Japan Atomic Power Company stated that there was a second operational pump sustaining the cooling systems, but that two of three diesel generators used to power the cooling system were out of order.[248]

Wind power

None of Japan's commercial wind turbines, totaling over 2300 MW in nameplate capacity, failed as a result of the earthquake and tsunami, including the Kamisu offshore wind farm directly hit by the tsunami.[249]

Transport

A highway bridge damaged and severed

Japan's transport network suffered severe disruptions. Many sections of Tōhoku Expressway serving northern Japan were damaged. The expressway did not reopen to general public use until 24 March 2011.[250][251] All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.[252] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[253] Most Tokyo area train lines resumed full service by the next day—12 March.[254] Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11–12 March inside Tokyo Disneyland.[255]

A tsunami wave flooded Sendai Airport at 15:55 JST,[86] about 1 hour after the initial quake, causing severe damage. Narita and Haneda Airport both briefly suspended operations after the quake, but suffered little damage and reopened within 24 hours.[188] Eleven airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby Yokota Air Base.[256][257]

Remains of Shinchi Station

Various train services around Japan were also canceled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[258] Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators; one, a four-car train on the Senseki Line, was found to have derailed, and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning.[259] Minami-Kesennuma Station on the Kesennuma Line was obliterated save for its platform;[260] 62 of 70 (31 of 35) JR East train lines suffered damage to some degree;[185] in the worst-hit areas, 23 stations on 7 lines were washed away, with damage or loss of track in 680 locations and the 30-km radius around the Fukushima I nuclear plant unable to be assessed.[261]

There were no derailments of Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo, but their services were also suspended.[188] The Tōkaidō Shinkansen resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day, while the Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen resumed services late on 12 March. Services on Yamagata Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 31 March.[262]

The Tōhoku Shinkansen line was worst hit, with JR East estimating that 1,100 sections of the line, varying from collapsed station roofs to bent power pylons, will need repairs. Services on the Tōhoku Shinkansen partially resumed only in Kantō area on 15 March, with one round-trip service per hour between Tokyo and Nasu-Shiobara,[263] and Tōhoku area service partially resumed on 22 March between Morioka and Shin-Aomori.[264] Services on Akita Shinkansen resumed with limited numbers of trains on 18 March.[265] Service between Tokyo and Shin-Aomori was restored by May, but at lower speeds due to ongoing restoration work; the pre-earthquake timetable was not reinstated until late September.[266]

Train washed away uphill from Onagawa Station

The rolling blackouts brought on by the crises at the nuclear power plants in Fukushima had a profound effect on the rail networks around Tokyo starting on 14 March. Major railways began running trains at 10–20 minute intervals, rather than the usual 3–5 minute intervals, operating some lines only at rush hour and completely shutting down others; notably, the Tokaido Main Line, Yokosuka Line, Sobu Main Line and Chūō-Sōbu Line were all stopped for the day.[267] This led to near-paralysis within the capital, with long lines at train stations and many people unable to come to work or get home. Railway operators gradually increased capacity over the next few days, until running at approximately 80% capacity by 17 March and relieving the worst of the passenger congestion.

Telecommunications

Damaged utility pole in Ishinomaki

Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area.[268] On the day of the quake, American broadcaster NPR was unable to reach anyone in Sendai with working phone or Internet.[269] Internet services were largely unaffected in areas where basic infrastructure remained, despite the earthquake having damaged portions of several undersea cable systems landing in the affected regions; these systems were able to reroute around affected segments onto redundant links.[270][271] Within Japan, only a few websites were initially unreachable.[272] Several Wi-Fi hotspot providers have reacted to the quake by providing free access to their networks,[272] and some American telecommunications and VoIP companies such as AT&T, Sprint, Verizon,[273] T-Mobile[274] and VoIP companies such as netTALK[275] and Vonage[276] have offered free calls to (and in some cases, from) Japan for a limited time, as did Germany's Deutsche Telekom.[277]

Defense

Matsushima Air Field of the Japan Self-Defense Force in Miyagi Prefecture was struck by the tsunami, flooding the base and resulting in damage to all 18 Mitsubishi F-2 fighter jets of the 21st Fighter Training Squadron.[278][279][280] 12 of the aircraft were scrapped, while the remaining 6 were slated for repair at a cost of 80 billion yen ($1 billion), exceeding the original cost of the aircraft.[281] At the 2nd Regional Headquarters of the Japan Coast Guard in Shiogama, Miyagi, 2 patrol boats were swept away.[282]

Space center

JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) evacuated the Tsukuba Space Center in Tsukuba, Ibaraki. The Center, which houses a control room for part of the International Space Station, has been shut down, with some damage reported.[283][284] The Tsukuba control center resumed full operations for the space station's Kibo laboratory and the HTV cargo craft on 21 March.[285]

Cultural Properties

Damage to a traditional lantern at Tokiwa shrine in Mito City

Five hundred and forty-nine Cultural Properties were damaged, including five National Treasures (at Zuigan-ji, Ōsaki Hachiman-gū, Shiramizu Amidadō, and Seihaku-ji); one hundred and forty-three Important Cultural Properties (including at Sendai Tōshō-gū, the Kōdōkan, and Entsū-in, with its western decorative motifs); one hundred and twenty Monuments of Japan (including Matsushima, Takata-matsubara, Yūbikan and the Site of Tagajō); seven Groups of Traditional Buildings; and three Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties. Stone monuments at the UNESCO World Heritage Site: Shrines and Temples of Nikkō were toppled.[286][287][288][289] In Tokyo, there was damage to Koishikawa Kōrakuen, Rikugien, Hamarikyū Onshi Teien, and the walls of Edo Castle.[290] Information on the condition of collections held by museums, libraries and archives is still incomplete.[291] There was no damage to the Historic Monuments and Sites of Hiraizumi in Iwate prefecture, and the recommendation for their inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List in June has been seized upon as a symbol of international recognition and recovery.[292]

Aftermath

Rescue operations in the floodwaters in downtown Ishinomaki
Main article: Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

The aftermath of the earthquake and tsunami included both a humanitarian crisis and a major economic impact. The tsunami resulted in over 300,000 displaced people in the Tōhoku region, and shortages of food, water, shelter, medicine and fuel for survivors. In response the Japanese government mobilized the Self-Defence Forces, while many countries sent search and rescue teams to help search for survivors. Aid organizations both in Japan and worldwide also responded, with the Japanese Red Cross reporting $1 billion in donations. The economic impact included both immediate problems, with industrial production suspended in many factories, and the longer term issue of the cost of rebuilding which has been estimated at ¥10 trillion ($122 billion).

Media coverage

Protesting following the disaster

Japan's national public broadcaster, NHK, and Japan Satellite Television suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation.[293] Various other nationwide Japanese TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster. Ustream Asia broadcast live feeds of NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji TV, TV Asahi, TV Kanagawa, and CNN on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011.[294] YokosoNews, an Internet webcast in Japan, dedicated its broadcast to the latest news gathered from Japanese news stations, translating them in real time to English.[295] All warnings were broadcast by NHK in five languages, including Japanese. The others being: English, Mandarin, Korean and Portuguese (Japan has small Chinese, Korean and Brazilian populations) .[296]

NHK has been noted[by whom?] for its calmness, in comparison to foreign television news such as CNN and Fox News Channel, whose coverage has contained factual errors and raised alarm among foreign residents of Japan[citation needed]. The same critics[who?] note that the Japanese news media has been at times overly cautious to avoid panic and reliant on confusing statements by experts and officials.[297]

In this national crisis, the Japanese government provided Japanese sign language (JSL) interpreting at the press conferences related to the earthquake and tsunami.[298] Television broadcasts of the press conferences of Prime Minister Naoto Kan and Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano included simultaneous JSL interpreters standing next to the Japanese flag on the same platform.[299]

Scientific and research response

Fukushima radiation comparison to other incidents and standards, with graph of recorded radiation levels and specific accident events.(Note: Does not include all radiation readings from Fukushima Daini site)

A large amount of data was collected that provides "the possibility to model in great detail what happened during the rupture of an earthquake."[26] The effect of this data is expected to be felt across other disciplines as well, and this disaster "would provide unprecedented information about how buildings hold up under long periods of shaking – and thus how to build them better. .[300]

Seismologists had anticipated that the "big one" would strike the same place as the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake—in the Sagami Trough, southwest of Tokyo.[301][302] Since 1976, when Katsuhiko Ishibashi said a large earthquake in the Suruga Trough was forthcoming, the government tracked plate movements, in preparation for the so-called Tokai earthquake.[303] Occurring 373 km (232 mi) northeast of Tokyo, the Tōhoku earthquake came as a surprise to seismologists, since the Japan Trench was known for creating large quakes, but was not expected to generate quakes above an 8.0 magnitude.[302][303]


See also

  • 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents
  • Aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
  • Health crisis
  • Humanitarian response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
  • List of cities and towns severely damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
  • List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake
  • Nuclear power in Japan, section Seismicity
  • Seismicity in Japan

Notes

  1. ^ In the early days after the earthquake some other names were proposed and used. The Japan Meteorological Agency announced the English name as The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku Earthquake.[304][305] NHK[306][307] used Tōhoku Kantō Great Earthquake disaster (東北関東大震災 Tōhoku Kantō Daishinsai?); Tōhoku-Kantō Great Earthquake (東北・関東大地震 Tōhoku-Kantō Daijishin?) was used by Kyodo News,[308] Tokyo Shimbun[309] and Chunichi Shimbun;[310] East Japan Giant Earthquake (東日本巨大地震 Higashi Nihon Kyodaijishin?) was used by Yomiuri Shimbun,[311] Nihon Keizai Shimbun[312] and TV Asahi,[313] and East Japan Great Earthquake (東日本大地震 Higashi Nihon Daijishin?) was used by Nippon Television,[314] Tokyo FM[315] and TV Asahi.[316]
  2. ^ The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami has been assigned GLIDE identifier EQ-2011-000028-JPN by the Asian Disaster Reduction Center.[51][52]

References

  1. ^ a b "震災の揺れは６分間　キラーパルス少なく　東大地震研". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. 17 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0317/TKY201103170129.html. Retrieved 18 March 2011. 
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Magnitude 9.0 – Near The East Coast Of Honshu, Japan". United States Geological Survey (USGS). Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xgj6FuHC. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  3. ^ a b c Reilly, Michael (11 March 2011). "Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xgjBRle0. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  4. ^ a b c d e "Damage Situation and Police Countermeasures associated with 2011 Tohoku district – off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake" (PDF). Japanese National Police Agency. 20 April 2011, 18:00 JST. http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/biki/higaijokyo_e.pdf. Retrieved 15 May 2011. 
  5. ^ a b c d e "平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震の被害状況と警察措置" (in Japanese) (PDF). Japanese National Police Agency. 11 Sep 2011. http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/biki/higaijokyo.pdf. 
  6. ^ "Press Conference by Prime Minister Naoto Kan". Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/kan/statement/201104/01kaiken_e.html. Retrieved 1 April 2011. 
  7. ^ "Kan names quake at pep talk". The Japan Times. 2 April 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xgiq5T7u. Retrieved 2 April 2011. 
  8. ^ a b "New USGS number puts Japan quake at 4th largest". CBS News. Associated Press. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xgjFTgf4. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  9. ^ "Tsunami hits north-eastern Japan after massive quake". BBC News. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  10. ^ Branigan, Tania (13 March 2011). "Tsunami, earthquake, nuclear crisis – now Japan faces power cuts". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xDAT05x0. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  11. ^ "Japan quake – 7th largest in recorded history". 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://www.3news.co.nz/Japan-quake---7th-largest-in-recorded-history/tabid/417/articleID/201998/Default.aspx. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  12. ^ "March 11th tsunami a record 40.5 meters high NHK". .nhk.or.jp. 13 August 2011. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/13_04.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  13. ^ a b c Yomiuri Shimbun evening edition 2-11-04-15 page 15, nearby Aneyoshi fishery port (姉吉漁港)(Google map E39 31 57.8, N 142 3 7.6) 2011-04-15, 大震災の津波、宮古で38.9 m…明治三陸上回る by okayasu Akio (岡安 章夫) Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  14. ^ a b Roland Buerk (11 March 2011). "Japan earthquake: Tsunami hits north-east". BBC. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12709598. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  15. ^ a b By the CNN Wire Staff (6 June 2011). "Japan: 3 Nuclear Reactors Melted Down – News Story – KTVZ Bend". Ktvz.com. http://www.ktvz.com/news/28143212/detail.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  16. ^ "3 nuclear reactors melted down after quake, Japan confirms". CNN. 7 June 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/06/06/japan.nuclear.meltdown/index.html. Retrieved 6 June 2011. 
  17. ^ "Japanese PM: 'Toughest' crisis since World War II". CNN. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/13/japan.quake/index.html?iref=NS1. Retrieved 13 March 2011. [verification needed]
  18. ^ Saira Syed – "Japan quake: Infrastructure damage will delay recovery" – 16 March 2011 – BBC News – Retrieved 18 March 2011. Archived 17 March 2011 at WebCite
  19. ^ a b NPR Staff and Wires (14 March 2011). "Millions Of Stricken Japanese Lack Water, Food, Heat". NPR. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://www.npr.org/2011/03/14/134527591/millions-of-stricken-japanese-lack-water-food-heat. Retrieved 16 March 2011. "Nearly 1.5 million households had gone without water since the quake struck." 
  20. ^ "US breaks with Japan over power plant warnings". Associated Press. 16 March 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110316/ap_on_re_us/us_us_japan_white_house_1. Retrieved 1 April 2011. 
  21. ^ Molly Hennessy-Fiske (13 March 2011). "Japan earthquake: Insurance cost for quake alone pegged at $35 billion, AIR says". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-insurance-20110314,0,866931.story. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  22. ^ Uranaka, Taiga; Kwon, Ki Joon (14 March 2011). "New explosion shakes stricken Japanese nuclear plant". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xD9XGJub. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  23. ^ "Japan disaster likely to be world's costliest". Yahoo News. 13 March 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110323/ap_on_bi_ge/as_japan_earthquake_economy. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  24. ^ Zhang, Bo. "Top 5 Most Expensive Natural Disasters in History". AccuWeather.com. News & Video. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://www.accuweather.com/blogs/news/story/47459/top-5-most-expensive-natural-d.asp. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  25. ^ Victoria Kim (21 March 2011). "Japan damage could reach $235 billion, World Bank estimates". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fgw-japan-quake-world-bank-20110322,0,3799976.story. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 
  26. ^ a b c d e "Quake shifted Japan by over two meters". Deutsche Welle. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14909967,00.html. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  27. ^ a b c d e f g Chang, Kenneth (13 March 2011). "Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth's Spin". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seismic.html. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  28. ^ a b c d Chai, Carmen (11 March 2011). "Japan's quake shifts earth's axis by 25 centimetres". Montreal Gazette (Postmedia News). Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5x95t0CLU. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  29. ^ Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why|World news. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2011-04-03. Archived 12 March 2011 at WebCite
  30. ^ Lovett, Richard A. (14 March 2011). "Japan Earthquake Not the "Big One"?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xDGM2J50. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  31. ^ "地震情報 – 2011年3月10日 15時6分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3612.html. "地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時15分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3616.html. "地震情報 – 2011年3月11日 15時26分 – 日本気象協会 tenki.jp". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://tenki.jp/earthquake/detail-3618.html. 
  32. ^ "Earthquake Information". Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/quake_singendo_index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  33. ^ a b Marcia McNutt (12 March 2011). Energy from quake: if harnessed, could power L.A. for a year. CBS News via YouTube (Google). Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_C7KKwIMapw. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  34. ^ Foster, Peter. "Alert sounded a minute before the tremor struck". The Daily Telegraph (UK). Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5x74xLDTb. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  35. ^ Talbot, David. "80 Seconds of Warning for Tokyo". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/35090/?p1=A3. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  36. ^ "Ecast Report No.19". Eqh.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp. 11 March 2011. http://www.eqh.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~masumi/ecastweb/110311/indexj.htm. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  37. ^ Boadle, Anthony (11 March 2011). "UPDATE 3-USGS upgrades Japan quake to 8.9 magnitude". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/japan-quake-usgs-idUSN1120429420110311. Retrieved 18 March 2011. 
  38. ^ "USGS Updates Magnitude of Japan’s 2011 Tohoku Earthquake to 9.0". United States Geological Survey (USGS). 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2727. Retrieved 18 March 2011. 
  39. ^ a b Ian Sample (11 March 2011). "newspaper: Japan earthquake and tsunami: what happened and why". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-earthquake-tsunami-questions-answers. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  40. ^ Maugh, Thomas H (11 March 2011). "Size of Japan's quake surprises seismologists". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-sci-japan-earthquake-20110310,0,7154967.story. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  41. ^ "地震調査委 想定外の連動地震 NHKニュース". .nhk.or.jp. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xVeL1VKT. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  42. ^ "時事ドットコム：Ｍ８．８、死者３００人超＝行方不明５４０人以上−大津波１０ｍ・宮城で震度７". Jiji.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.jiji.com/jc/c?g=soc&k=2011031100807&j1. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  43. ^ "気象庁"マグニチュードは９．０" NHKニュース". .nhk.or.jp. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xVZxTBtQ. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  44. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：地殻破壊３連鎖、計６分 専門家、余震拡大に警鐘 – 東日本大震災". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103130302.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  45. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：「数キロ内陸まで津波」 東大地震研・佐竹教授 – 東日本大震災". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103120239.html. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  46. ^ "Japan Meteorological Agency | Earthquake Information". Jma.go.jp. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.jma.go.jp/en/quake/20110311150154391-111446.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  47. ^ "Quake | info". Ceme.gsras.ru. http://www.ceme.gsras.ru/cgi-bin/info_quakee.pl?mode=1&id=165. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  48. ^ "USGS Energy and Broadband Solution". Neic.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_e.php. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  49. ^ "USGS.gov: USGS WPhase Moment Solution". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2011/usc0001xgp/neic_c0001xgp_wmt.php. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  50. ^ "2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake, Strong Ground Motion". National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention. 11 March 2011. http://www.k-net.bosai.go.jp/k-net/topics/TohokuTaiheiyo_20110311/nied_kyoshin1e.pdf. Retrieved 18 March 2011. [dead link]
  51. ^ "Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）". Adrc.asia. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.adrc.asia/view_disaster_en.php?NationCode=392&lang=en&KEY=1497. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  52. ^ "Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Information Sharing on Disaster Reduction". Adrc.asia. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.adrc.asia/project/index.html#glide. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  53. ^ Erol Kalkan, Volkan Sevilgen (17 March 2011). "March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tohoku, Japan Earthquake: Preliminary results". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 31 March 2011. http://nsmp.wr.usgs.gov/ekalkan/Tohoku/index.html. Retrieved 22 March 2011. 
  54. ^ Rincon, Paul (14 March 2011). "How the quake has moved Japan". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12732335. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  55. ^ Reilly, Michael (12 March 2011). "Japan quake fault may have moved 40 metres". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/giant-quake-was-small-for-its.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  56. ^ Japan seabed shifted 24 meters after March quake | Reuters.com Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  57. ^ a b "Earth's day length shortened by Japan earthquake". CBS News. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/13/scitech/main20042590.shtml. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  58. ^ Harris, Bethan (14 March 2011). "Can an earthquake shift the Earth's axis?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/23degrees/2011/03/can_an_earthquake_shift_the_ea.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  59. ^ Fukue, Natsuko, "Urayasu still dealing with liquefaction", Japan Times, 8 April 2011, p. 4. Archived 11 April 2011 at WebCite
  60. ^ Yomiuri Shimbun, "Liquefaction Damage Widespread", 10 April 2011.
  61. ^ Bloomberg L.P., "Tokyo Disneyland's parking lot shows the risk of reclaimed land", Japan Times, 24 March 2011, p. 3. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  62. ^ Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (13 March 2011). "Volcano in southern Japan erupts". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xAFMNiQh. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  63. ^ Ananthaswamy, Anil (15 March 2011). "Japan quake shifts Antarctic glacier". Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20245-japan-quake-shifts-antarctic-glacier.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  64. ^ Gross, Richard. (2011, 19 March) “Japan Earthquake May Have Shifted Earth’s Axis” NPR online, http://www.npr.org/2011/03/18/134658880/Japan-Earthquake-May-Have-Changed-Earths-Axis
  65. ^ KENNETH CHANG ( MARCH 13, 2011 ). “Quake Moves Japan Closer to U.S. and Alters Earth’s Spin” , http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seismic.html?_r=1
  66. ^ Magnitude 7.1 – NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  67. ^ The CNN Wire Staff (8 April 2011). "Fresh quake triggers tsunami warning in Japan". CNN. Archived from the original on 9 April 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/07/japan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1&iref=BN1. Retrieved 7 April 2011. 
  68. ^ "Four dead as new tremor hits Japan disaster zone". Bangkok Post. 8 April 2011. http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/world/230989/four-dead-as-new-tremor-hits-japan-disaster-zone. Retrieved 8 April 2011. 
  69. ^ Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log, IAEA, 7 April 2011 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  70. ^ NHK, "Strong aftershock kills four", 12 April 2011.
  71. ^ "Magnitude 6.6 – EASTERN HONSHU, JAPAN". Earthquake.usgs.gov. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0002n9v.php. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  72. ^ CNN Wire Staff (11 April 2011). "At least 6 killed in new Japan earthquake". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-04-11/world/japan.quake_1_fukushima-daiichi-nuclear-plant-tsunami-quake. Retrieved 23 April 2011. 
  73. ^ "USGS 10-degree Map Centered at 35°N,140°E of earthquakes of magnitude 4.5 or over". Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2 December 2009. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Maps/10/140_35.php. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  74. ^ NHK BS News reported 2011-04-03-02:55 JST
  75. ^ "Tsunami bulletin number 3". Pacific Tsunami Warning Center/NOAA/NWS. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.073000. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  76. ^ Wire Staff (11 March 2011). "Tsunami warnings issued for at least 20 countries after quake". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/tsunami.warning/index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  77. ^ "PTWC warnings complete list". Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://www.weather.gov/ptwc/text.php?id=pacific.2011.03.11.103059. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  78. ^ "Distance between Dichato, Chile and Sendai, Japan is 17228km". Mapcrow.info. 23 October 2007. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.mapcrow.info/cgi-bin/cities_distance_airpt2.cgi?city3=-1303908%2CD&city4=-367975%2CS. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  79. ^ Attwood, James. "Chile Lifts Tsunami Alerts After Japan Quake Spawns Waves". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-12/chile-maintains-tsunami-warning-no-major-damage-reported-1-.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  80. ^ "Chilean site: (Tsunami) waves penetrated 70–100 m in different parts of the country". Publimetro.cl. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.publimetro.cl/nota/mundo/marejadas-ingresaron-entre-70-y-100-metros-en-varias-zonas-del-pais/xIQkcl!9ReTs79Sw66U/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  81. ^ Tsunami Warning System information, Japan Meteorological Agency Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  82. ^ "Tsunami Information (Estimated Tsunami arrival time and Height)". 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/info_04_20110311145026.html. 
  83. ^ "津波による浸水範囲の面積（概略値）について（第5報）" (in Japanese) (PDF). Geospatial Information Authority in Japan(国土地理院). 18 April 2011. http://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000059939.pdf. Retrieved 20 June 2011. 
  84. ^ One estimate of 10–15 minutes came from German seismologist Rainer Kind of the Helmholtz Research Centre for Geosciences in Potsdam, as interviewed in Japan's tsunami victims only had 15 minutes warning, Deutsche Welle, 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  85. ^ Another estimate of 15–30 minutes came from Vasily V. Titov, director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Center for Tsunami Research, as reported in Japan tsunami: Toll could rise to more than 1,300, NDTV-hosted copy of an article by Martin Fackler, The New York Times, 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  86. ^ a b "News: Tsunami rolls through Pacific, Sendai Airport under water, Tokyo Narita closed, Pacific region airports endangered". Avherald.com. 6 July 2001. http://avherald.com/h?article=43928907&opt=0. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  87. ^ "10-meter tsunami observed in area near Sendai in Miyagi Pref". The Mainichi Daily News. 11 March 2011. http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20110311p2g00m0dm056000c.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. [dead link]
  88. ^ "World English". NHK. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/r0/high.asx. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  89. ^ "Japan 8.9-magnitude earthquake sparks massive tsunami". Herald Sun. Associated Press (Australia). Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/japan-on-tsunami-alert-after-another-quake/story-e6frf7jo-1226019884379. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  90. ^ NHK News, ~16:00 JST.
  91. ^ "Earthquake, tsunami wreak havoc in Japan". rian.ru. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.en.rian.ru/natural/20110311/162955012.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  92. ^ "Earthquake", Japan Times, 19 March 2011, p. 16.
  93. ^ Kyodo News, "Tsunami hit more than 100 designated evacuation sites", Japan Times, 14 April 2011, p. 1. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  94. ^ "9,500 unaccounted for in Miyagi's Minamisanriku: local gov't". Kyodo News. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xVaNHwLr. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  95. ^ Kyodo News, "2,000 more added to death toll in Miyagi", Japan Times, 15 March 2011, p. 1. Archived 15 March 2011 at WebCite
  96. ^ Watts, Jonathan, "Quake survivors search for hope and shelter", Japan Times, 26 March 2011, p. 13.
  97. ^ Tritten, Travis, J., and T. D. Flack, "U.S. rescue teams find devastation in northern city of Ofunato", Stars and Stripes, 15 March 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011. Archived 15 March 2011 at WebCite
  98. ^ "Whole towns gone-no cars or people seen". Yomiuri. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110312004789.htm. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  99. ^ Staff Reporter (12 March 2011) "Wiped off the map: The moment apocalyptic tsunami waves drown a sleepy coast town". www.dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 12 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  100. ^ "Honderden doden in Japanse kuststad (Hundreds dead in Japanese coastal town)" (in Dutch). www.rtlnieuws.nl. Retrieved 12 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  101. ^ "Japan army says 300–400 bodies found in Rikuzentakata: Report". Nst.com.my. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/Japanarmysays300-400bodiesfoundinRikuzentakata_Report/Article/. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  102. ^ Martin, Alex, "JET post best, not 'pityfest'", Japan Times, 7 April 2011, p. 3. Archived 6 April 2011 at WebCite
  103. ^ Kyodo News, "Miyagi coastal whaling port pulverized, little more than memory", Japan Times, 18 March 2011, p. 3. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  104. ^ Kyodo News, "Deaths, people missing set to top 1,600: Edano", Japan Times, 13 March 2011.
  105. ^ Kyodo News, "Survivors in trauma after life-changing nightmare day", Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 2.
  106. ^ Kyodo News, "Death toll may surpass 10,000 in Miyagi", Japan Times, 14 March 2011, p. 1. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  107. ^ Alabaster, Jay, and Todd Pitman, (Associated Press), "Hardships, suffering in earthquake zone", Japan Times, 15 March 2011, p. 3. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  108. ^ Gihooly, Rob, "'Nothing can prepare you to witness this', Japan Times, 20 March 2011, p. 7. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  109. ^ Tsunami Slams Japan After Record Earthquake, Killing Hundreds[dead link], 11 March (Bloomberg), San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 14 March 2011.
  110. ^ "Japan disaster: 30 powerful images of the earthquake and tsunami". The Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8385237/Japan-disaster-30-powerful-images-of-the-earthquake-and-tsunami.html?image=4. 
  111. ^ Kyodo News, "Survivors on cut-off isle were ready for disaster", Japan Times, 19 March 2011, p. 2. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  112. ^ Fukue, Natsuko, "Tsunami came late to unprepared Chiba", Japan Times, 30 March 2011, p. 2. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  113. ^ Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 (Tsunami Observation), Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011, Retrieved 14 March 2011. The Iwate Kamaishi-oki reading was obtained by GPS wave meter. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  114. ^ Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 (Tsunami Observation), Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011, Retrieved 14 March 2011. (Tohoku district.) Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  115. ^ Tsunami Information NUMBER 64 (Tsunami Observation), Japan Meteorological Agency, issued 18:05 JST 13 March 2011, Retrieved 14 March 2011. (Kanto/Chubu district.) Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  116. ^ "東北地方の港湾における被災状況について(現地調査速報)(平成23年東北地方太平洋沖地震) [The situation of damage of ports in Tohoku region (site survey)(2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami)]" (in Japanese). Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan: Port and Airport Research Institute (港湾空港技術研究所). 23 March 2011. http://www.pari.go.jp/information/20110311/p20110323.html. Retrieved 28 March 2011. [dead link]
  117. ^ "別紙2：各港の調査状況について (PDF/608KB) [Attachment 2: Site survey of Site Tsunami height on each port (PDF/608KB)]" (in Japanese) (PDF). Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan: Port and Airport Research Institute (港湾空港技術研究所). 23 March 2011. http://www.pari.go.jp/information/20110311/p20110323-3.pdf. Retrieved 28 March 2011. [dead link]
  118. ^ "Researchers: 30-meter tsunami in Ofunato". NHK. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/30_03.html. Retrieved 29 March 2011. 
  119. ^ "38-meter-high tsunami triggered by 11 March quake: survey". Kyodo News. 3 April 2011. http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/04/82888.html. 
  120. ^ "宮古市田老小堀内漁港での津波遡上高 [Tunami run up height at Miyako city, Taro Koborinai fishing port]" (in Japanese). Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. 3 April 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://outreach.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/eqvolc/201103_tohoku/#koboriuchi. Retrieved 4 April 2011. 
  121. ^ Jiji Press, "42% didn't immediately flee tsunami", Japan Times, 18 August 2011, p. 2.
  122. ^ "Evacuate all coastal areas immediately, Hawaii Civil Defense says". 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117783848.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  123. ^ "Text of PTWC Pacific-wide tsunami warning". 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl/tsunami_msgs/HEBTSUPAC.201103110932. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  124. ^ CP, Google (11 March 2011). "Tsunami from Japanese quake prompts evacuation of 11,000 residents on Russia's Pacific islands". The Associated Press. http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5jMyXHn6-Zf70Nko_mlrnCh8hmaNA. Retrieved 13 March 2011. [dead link]
  125. ^ "Tsunami Warning and Advisory No. 7 issued 03/11/2011 at 3:39 am PST". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://wcatwc.arh.noaa.gov/2011/03/11/lhvpd9/07/messagelhvpd9-07.htm. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  126. ^ a b "B.C. tsunami threat passes". Canada: CBC. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2011/03/11/tsunami-warnings-bc.html?ref=rss. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  127. ^ Helen Jung and Jeff Manning, "Waves bring destruction to Oregon's south coast", The Oregonian, 12 March 2011, p. 1+
  128. ^ "$1.2M FEMA Tsunami Grant To Ore.'s Curry County – Oregon – Northwest News Story – KTVZ Bend". Ktvz.com. 9 July 2011. http://www.ktvz.com/oregon-northwest/28204273/detail.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  129. ^ Twilight tsunami evacuation. Courier Mail (2011-03-14). Retrieved on 2011-04-03. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  130. ^ Girl, Bowen. (2011-03-16) Diary of a Bowen girl: Japan. Bowendiaries.blogspot.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-03. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  131. ^ "Tsunami destroys houses in Jayapura". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/12/tsunami-destroys-houses-jayapura.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  132. ^ "PNG's Wewak hospital damaged by tsunami waves". Australia Broadcasting Corporation. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.radioaustralianews.net.au/story.htm?id=38078. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  133. ^ Nakaso, Dan (14 March 2011)Tsunami damage estimate for Hawaii now tens of millions Star Advertiser. Retrieved 15 March 2011. Archived 15 March 2011 at WebCite
  134. ^ "Tsunami washes away feathered victims west of Hawaii". CNN. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/18/tsunami.birds.deaths/?hpt=C2. Retrieved 19 March 2011. 
  135. ^ "South Pacific islands hit by tsunami swells". 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/117828543.html#. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  136. ^ Tsunami Warning For Guam Extended Until 11 p.m. Pacificnewscenter.com (2011-03-11). Retrieved on 2011-04-03. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  137. ^ a b Minor damage in Latin America by Japan's tsunami, channelnewsasia.com, 13 March 2011
  138. ^ (Spanish) Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas. ANSA Latina. 13 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  139. ^ (Spanish) Caldera: 80 viviendas resultaron destruidas en Puerto Viejo por efecto de las olas. Radio Bio-Bio. 3/12/2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  140. ^ (Spanish) Más de 200 casas dañadas dejó seguidilla de olas que azotaron las costas chilenas La Tercera. 3/12/2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  141. ^ a b Keall, Chris (13 March 2011). "Gareth Morgan's Galapagos hotel destroyed by tsunami". National Business Review. Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/gareth-morgans-galapagos-hotel-destroyed-tsunami-ck-88155. Retrieved 15 September 2011. 
  142. ^ "Ecuador Sends Aid To Galapagos After Islands Hit By Tsunami From Japan". LATIN AMERICA NEWS DISPATCH. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://latindispatch.com/2011/03/15/ecuador-sends-aid-to-galapagos-after-islands-hit-by-tsunami-from-japan/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  143. ^ Tsunami Aftermath in Galapagos: Update from CDRS' Director Dr. J. Gabriel Lopez. Galapagos.org. Retrieved on 2011-04-03. Archived 15 March 2011 at WebCite
  144. ^ "Japan tsunami caused icebergs to break off in Antarctica". European Space Agency. 9 August 2011. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMV87JTPQG_index_0.html. 
  145. ^ Brunt, Kelly M.; Emile A. Okal and Douglas R. MacAyeal (27 April 2011). "Antarctic ice-shelf calving triggered by the Honshu (Japan)". Journal of Glaciology 57 (205): 785–788. http://www.igsoc.org/journal/current/205/j11j073.pdf. Retrieved 9 August 2011. 
  146. ^ "平成23年(2011年)東北地方太平洋沖地震に伴う地盤沈下調査 [Land subsidencecaused by 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]" (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. 14 April 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.gsi.go.jp/sokuchikijun/sokuchikijun40003.html. Retrieved 15 April 2011. 
  147. ^ a b Valuie announce from Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, news report by Yomiuri Shimbun 2011-04-15 ver. 13S page 33
  148. ^ Alabaster, Jay, "Quake shifted Japan; towns now flood at high tide", Yahoo! News, 9 May 2011.
  149. ^ Kyodo News, "90% of disaster casualties drowned", Japan Times, 21 April 2011, p. 2.
  150. ^ McCurry, Justin (15 March 2011). "Japan earthquake: 100,000 children displaced, says charity". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xD8JCtef. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  151. ^ Kyodo News, "More quake orphan benefits sought", Japan Times, 18 September 2011, p. 1.
  152. ^ Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "At least 82 children were orphaned by disaster, government says", Japan Times, 10 April 2011, p. 2.
  153. ^ Kyodo News, "378 students killed, 158 missing in disaster", Japan Times, 29 April 2011, p. 2. The victims included 234 elementary, 111 junior high and 191 high school students. Direct quote: "Out of the 378 students confirmed dead, 273 were in Miyagi, 59 in Fukushima and 46 in Iwate. The list of missing students is made up of 74 in Miyagi, 52 in Iwate and 32 in Fukushima."
  154. ^ Associated Press, "Loss-staggered school reopens", Japan Times, 19 April 2011, p. 3.
  155. ^ Kyodo News, "Loss-hit Ishinomaki school opens", Japan Times, 22 April 2011, p. 2.
  156. ^ Kyodo News, "School that lost 70% of its pupils mourns", Japan Times, 29 April 2011, p. 1.
  157. ^ "Japan confirms death of 19 foreigners in March 11 quake, tsunami". Kyodo News. 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xmGEK8uK. Retrieved 7 April 2011. 
  158. ^ "Body of second American found in Japan". CNN. 7 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xmGLLVuj. Retrieved 7 April 2011. 
  159. ^ "Quebec priest killed in Japanese tsunami". The Gazette. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 7 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xmGRgwnS. Retrieved 7 April 2011. 
  160. ^ Shinde, Jayesh (11 March 2011). "Google Person Finder for Japan Earthquake/Tsunami launched". PC World. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.pcworld.in/news/google-person-finder-japan-earthquaketsunami-launched-46662011. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  161. ^ "Person finder" (Japan ed.). Appspot. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. http://japan.person-finder.appspot.com/?lang=en. 
  162. ^ "Massive quake, tsunami slams Japan List Your Emergency Contacts find Family". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.prlog.org/11368072-massive-quake-tsunami-slams-japan-list-your-emergency-contacts-find-family.html. 
  163. ^ Wines, Michael (23 March 2011). "As Tsunami Robbed Life, It Also Robs Rite of Death". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xrN1uEXO. Retrieved 11 April 2011. 
  164. ^ Nishikawa, Yoko (23 March 2011). "Quake-ravaged Japan digs mass graves". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72M1JF20110323?sp=true. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  165. ^ Allen, Nick (24 March 2011). "Japan earthquake: country begins burying dead in mass graves". The Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8398419/Japan-earthquake-country-begins-burying-dead-in-mass-graves.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  166. ^ Wines, Michael (24 March 2011). "As Tsunami Robbed Life, It Also Robs Rite of Death". The New York Times: pp. A12. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/world/asia/24burial.html?src=me&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  167. ^ "Burials in Quake-Hit Towns Deepen Japan's Tragedy". The New York Times. Associated Press. 27 March 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2011/03/27/world/asia/AP-AS-Japan-Earthquake-Burials.html?hp. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  168. ^ "Japan Tsunami Strikes Indonesia, One Confirmed Dead". Jakarta Globe. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/japan-tsunami-strikes-indonesia-one-confirmed-dead/428545. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  169. ^ "California tsunami death: NorCal man drowns trying to photograph tsunami – KSWB". Fox5sandiego.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.fox5sandiego.com/news/rss/kswb-california-tsunami-death-norcal-man-drowns-trying-to-photograph-tsunami-20110311,0,7429447.story?track=rss. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  170. ^ Associated Press (13 March 2011). "Man swept out to sea by tsunami was Bend native". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/03/oregon_coast_tsunami_dustin_weber.html. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  171. ^ "Klamath tsunami victim identified; search comes up empty". The Times-Standard (Eureka, CA). 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.times-standard.com/ci_17605586?source=most_viewed. Retrieved 27 March 2011. 
  172. ^ "Body found in Oregon identified as missing tsunami victim". BNO News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://wireupdate.com/wires/16604/body-found-in-oregon-identified-as-missing-tsunami-victim/. Retrieved 12 April 2011. 
  173. ^ Tsunami victim remains wash ashore near Fort Stevens. Koinlocal6.com (2011-03-12). Retrieved on 2 May 2011.
  174. ^ Kyodo News, "GSDF member dies during relief", Japan Times, 28 May 2011, p. 2.
  175. ^ "film shown by BBC showing only rubble where there were buildings". BBC News. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12727879. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  176. ^ "Before-and-after satellite photographs of devastated regions". Google. https://picasaweb.google.com/118079222830783600944/Japan#. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  177. ^ "animated images showing undamaged places become damaged". BBC. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12731781. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  178. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu (13 March 2011). "Seawalls Offered Little Protection Against Tsunami's Crushing Waves". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seawalls.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  179. ^ NHK, "190,000 buildings damaged by 11 March quake", 3 April 2011.
  180. ^ Kyodo News, "Fishermen to Tepco: Don't release water", Japan Times, 9 June 2011, p. 1.
  181. ^ Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "Radiation, legalities complicate cleanup efforts", Japan Times, 9 April 2011, p. 2.
  182. ^ Kamiya, Setsuko, "Debris removal, recycling daunting, piecemeal labor", Japan Times, 30 June 2011, p. 3.
  183. ^ Kyodo News, "Applications to deregister cars lost in tsunami soar, Japan Times, 16 June 2011, p. 1.
  184. ^ "Status of Japanese ports 5 days after devastating quake and tsunami". Reuters. 15 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309623/status-japanese-ports-5-days-after-devastating-quake-and-tsunami. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  185. ^ a b Nihon Keizai Shimbun, "90 percent of major transport networks back in operation", 29 March 2011.
  186. ^ Fukada, Takahiro, "Iwate fisheries continue struggle to recover", Japan Times, 21 September 2011, p. 3.
  187. ^ "Tokyo Disneyland hit by liquefaction after quake". MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia. 11 March 2011. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1115810/1/.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  188. ^ a b c "Japan issues top tsunami warning after major quake". MediaCorp Channel NewsAsia. 11 March 2011. http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1115777/1/.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  189. ^ "Japan's Afternoon of Horror". The Gulf Today. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xA4lpQXu. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  190. ^ "Dam Breaks In Northeast Japan, Washes Away Homes". Arab Times. 12 March 2011. http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/166581/reftab/149/t/Dam-breaks-in-northeast-Japan-washes-away-homes/Default.aspx. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  191. ^ "Dam Breaks In Northeast Japan, Washes Away Homes". Arab Times. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.arabtimesonline.com/NewsDetails/tabid/96/smid/414/ArticleID/166581/reftab/149/t/Dam-breaks-in-northeast-Japan-washes-away-homes/Default.aspx. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  192. ^ Azuma, Kita (12 March 2011). "Pacific Ocean coast Earthquake" (in Japanese). MSN. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/news/110312/dst11031205010058-n1.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  193. ^ "ダム決壊　５棟流出　福島・須賀川" (in Japanese). Fukushima News. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xVc4ZWPh. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  194. ^ [1][dead link]
  195. ^ "ダム決壊 8人が行方不明 須賀川・藤沼ルポ" (in Japanese). Fukushima News. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xVcpnmX5. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  196. ^ "A quick report on Japanese Dams after the Earthquake". Chinese National Committee on Large Dams. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.chincold.org.cn/dams/NewsEvents/webinfo/2011/03/1299639147955756.htm. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  197. ^ Uranaka, Taiga; Kwon, Ki Joon (14 March 2011). "Quake-hit Japan battles to avert radiation leak". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xCDDo9CW. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  198. ^ a b Nomiyama, Chiz (21 March 2011). "Factbox: Japan disaster in figures". Reuters. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xLOSexvL. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 
  199. ^ "People near Japan nuke plant told to leave". Yahoo!. http://au.news.yahoo.com/world/a/-/world/8997743/people-near-japan-nuke-plant-told-to-leave/. 
  200. ^ Kyodo News, "Utilities' monopoly on power backfires", Japan Times, 30 March 2011, p. 2. Archived 29 March 2011 at WebCite
  201. ^ "Power Outage To Deal Further Blows To Industrial Output". Nikkei.com. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110313D13JFF08.htm. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  202. ^ "東京電力ホームページ – エネルギーの最適サービスを通じてゆたかで快適な環境の実現に貢献します -". Tokyo Electric Power Company. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.tepco.co.jp/index-j.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  203. ^ "News". Nikkan Sports. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xA8payah. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  204. ^ Joe, Melinda, "Kanto area works on energy conservation", Japan Times, 17 March 2011, p. 11. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  205. ^ A legacy from the 1800s leaves Tokyo facing blackouts, ITworld, 18 March 2011 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  206. ^ Hongo, Jun, "One certainty in the crisis: Power will be at a premium", Japan Times, 16 March 2011, p. 2. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  207. ^ NHK, "Steel makers provide TEPCO with electricity", 27 March 2011.
  208. ^ Nakata, Hiroko, "Auto industry agrees to adopt weekend work shifts", Japan Times, 20 May 2011, p. 1.
  209. ^ a b c Fernandez, Clarence (14 March 2011). "Japan's shipping, energy sectors begin march back from quake". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xAvhzbD4. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  210. ^ Japan earthquake causes oil refinery inferno Daily Telegraph, London, 11 March 2011 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  211. ^ "LPG Tanks Fire Extinguished at Chiba Refinery (5th Update) | COSMO OIL Co.,Ltd". Cosmo-oil.co.jp. 11 March 2011. http://www.cosmo-oil.co.jp/eng/information/110321/index.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  212. ^ "After 8.9 quake, explosion hits pchem complex in Japan – Oil & Gas Journal". Ogj.com. http://www.ogj.com/index/article-display/0223973745/articles/oil-gas-journal/general-interest-2/20100/march-2011/after-8_9_quake__explosion.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  213. ^ Fires, safety checks take out Japanese refineries Argus Media, 14 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  214. ^ Japanese refiners try to offset shortages Argus Media, 15 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  215. ^ Tsukimori, Osamu; Negishi, Mayumi (11 March 2011). "JX refinery fire seen originated from shipping facility". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xAvN97ku. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  216. ^ Analysis – Oil markets adjust to Japan’s disaster Argus Media, 16 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  217. ^ Japan quake begins to impact LNG trade Argus Media, 15 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  218. ^ Tsunami Disaster: “Japan’s Sendai says LNG Infrastructure Badly Damaged” Argus Media, 16 March 2011. Accessed: 18 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  219. ^ a b "Japan earthquake: Evacuations ordered as fears grow of radiation leak at nuclear plant; News.com.au". AFP. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.news.com.au/world/japan-earthquake-evacuations-ordered-as-fears-grow-of-radiation-leak-at-nuclear-plant/story-e6frfkyi-1226020473244. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  220. ^ a b "Japan initiates emergency protocol after earthquake". Nuclear Engineering International. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectioncode=132&storyCode=2059127. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  221. ^ Sample, Ian (13 March 2011). "Japan's nuclear fears intensify at two Fukushima power stations". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/13/japan-nuclear-plants-fukushima-earthquake. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  222. ^ a b Japan Earthquake: More Nuclear Plants Lose Power, International Business Times, Jesse Emspak, 8 April 2011 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  223. ^ Evans, Martin and Gordon Rayner. "Japan nuclear plant disaster: warning of an 'apocalypse’ as fallout hits danger levels," The Independent (UK). 16 Mar 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-12. Archived 17 March 2011 at WebCite
  224. ^ "Analysis: A month on, Japan nuclear crisis still scarring," International Business Times (Australia). 9 April 2011, retrieved 12 April 2011; excerpt, According to James Acton, Associate of the Nuclear Policy Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Fukushima is not the worst nuclear accident ever but it is the most complicated and the most dramatic ... This was a crisis that played out in real time on TV. Chernobyl did not." Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  225. ^ "Japan to fire 3 top nuclear officials". CNN. 4 August 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/08/04/japan.nuclear.crisis/index.html?eref=ib_topstories. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  226. ^ a b McCurry, Justin (11 March 2011). "Japan Declares 'Nuclear Emergency' after Quake". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/11/japan-declares-nuclear-emergency-quake. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  227. ^ "Japan Tsunami". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  228. ^ "Radioactive Material May Have Leaked from Japanese Reactor". CNN International. 11 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/11/japan.nuclear/index.html. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  229. ^ Hiroko Tabuchi, Matthew L. Wald. Partial Meltdowns Presumed at Crippled Reactors. The New York Times, 13 March 2011
  230. ^ Chico Harlan: Japan quake: With two natural disasters and a nuclear emergency, recovery begins. The Washington Post, 12 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  231. ^ Rik Myslewski. Sixth Japanese nuclear reactor loses cooling. The Register, 13 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  232. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：福島市内の水道水から放射性物質検出 国の基準は下回る – 東日本大震災". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. 3 January 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103160286.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  233. ^ "１都５県の水道水から放射性物質、国基準下回る : 科学". Yomiuri Shimbun. Japan. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/science/news/20110319-OYT1T00743.htm. Retrieved 19 March 2011. 
  234. ^ "水道水 制限値を全国で下回る". NHK News. Archived from the original on 19 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xVbO9cRA. Retrieved 19 March 2011. 
  235. ^ asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：福島の土壌から微量ストロンチウム 水溶性の放射性物質 – 社会 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  236. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：原発から４０キロの土壌、高濃度セシウム 半減期３０年 – 東日本大震災". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201103230215.html. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  237. ^ Jae Hur. "Food Contamination Set to Rise as Japan Fights Radiation Crisis at Reactor". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-27/food-contamination-set-to-rise-as-japan-fights-radiation-crisis-at-reactor.html. 
  238. ^ "High level of cesium detected in sand lances". NHK World. 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/daily/english/05_34.html. 
  239. ^ Ito, Nicholas (12 July 2011). "Radioactive Meat Sold In Japan Market – Health News Story – KTVZ Bend". Ktvz.com. http://www.ktvz.com/health/28520368/detail.html. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  240. ^ Mogi, Chikako (11 March 2011). "Fire at Tohoku Elec Onagawa nuclear plant -Kyodo | Reuters". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/quake-japan-nuclear-idUSLHE7E801E20110311. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  241. ^ "Fire at nuclear power plant extinguished". The Australian. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/fire-at-nuclear-power-plant-others-shut-down/story-fn84naht-1226020092352. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  242. ^ Hafez Ahmed @ http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com.&#32;"March 2011 Japan's atomic plant neighbours mull leaving homes". Thefinancialexpress-bd.com. http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/more.php?news_id=130958&date=31. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  243. ^ "IAEA update on Japan Earthquake". iaea.org. 2011. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  244. ^ "IAEA update on Japan Earthquake". iaea.org. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 12 April 2011. http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/2011/fukushima130311.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  245. ^ Chico Harlan, Steven Mufson: Japanese nuclear plants' operator scrambles to avert meltdowns. The Washington Post, 11 March 2011 Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  246. ^ "Sea water injected into troubled Fukushima power plant | The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online". mb.com.ph. 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/309172/sea-water-injected-troubled-fukushima-power-plant. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  247. ^ "Cooling system pump stops at Tokai No.2 plant-Kyodo; Energy & Oil; Reuters". af.reuters.com. 13 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFTKG00708120110313. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  248. ^ Takenaka, Kiyoshi (13 March 2011). "Tokai No.2 nuke plant cooling process working – operator | Reuters". uk.reuters.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/03/13/uk-japan-quake-tokai-idUKTRE72C2RL20110313. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  249. ^ Wood, Elisa (25 May 2011). "The Dangers of Energy Generation". Renewable Energy World. Archived from the original on 3 June 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5zAoObMnC. 
  250. ^ NHK World, "Tohoku Expressway Reopened To All Traffic", 24 March 2011.
  251. ^ Chu, Kathleen; Sakamaki, Sachiko (24 March 2011). "Highway to Japan Quake Area Opens as Casualties Pass 25,000". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xQW5ujha. Retrieved 24 March 2011. 
  252. ^ NHK News, 23:30 JST
  253. ^ "Many Rail Services In Tokyo Suspended After Quake". NIKKEI. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110311D11JF318.htm. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  254. ^ Associated Press, "When Tokyo's clockwork trains stopped ticking", Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 3.
  255. ^ Kyodo News, "Disney reality check for the stuck", Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 3.
  256. ^ "Yokota provides support following massive earthquake". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.yokota.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123246410. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  257. ^ Kyodo News, "USS Reagan on way", Japan Times, 13 March 2011, p. 2.
  258. ^ "JR東日本：列車運行情報". Traininfo.jreast.co.jp. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://traininfo.jreast.co.jp/train_info/service.aspx. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  259. ^ "脱線のＪＲ仙石線車内から、県警ヘリで９人救出 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）". Yomiuri Shimbun. Japan. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/news/20110312-OYT1T00215.htm?from=main2. Retrieved 12 March 2011. 
  260. ^ Akiyama, Hironari; Ishibashi, Takeharu (13 March 2011). "Kesennuma described as 'hellish sight'". Yomiuri Shimbun (Japan). Archived from the original on 16 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xDwnpDxQ. Retrieved 16 March 2011. 
  261. ^ ２３駅流失、線路被害６８０か所…ＪＲ東日本 : 社会 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞） Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  262. ^ "Full Tohoku Shinkansen Line services to be restored by late April". The Asahi Shimbun Company. 30 March 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201103290189.html. Retrieved 2 April 2011. 
  263. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：東北新幹線、東京―那須塩原で再開　各停、１時間に１本". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. 15 March 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0315/TKY201103150121.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  264. ^ "No. of dead or missing tops 22,000; bodies buried in rare measure". JAPANTODAY. 22 March 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/no-of-dead-or-missing-tops-21000-bodies-buried-in-rare-measure. Retrieved 2 April 2011. 
  265. ^ "Gradual Restoration Of Infrastructure Continues At Disaster Areas". Nikkei. 18 March 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110318D18JF316.htm. Retrieved 2 April 2011. 
  266. ^ "仙台―東京「はやぶさ」８分短縮　半年ぶりダイヤ復旧". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. 23 September 2011. http://www.asahi.com/travel/rail/news/TKY201109230547.html. Retrieved 24 September 2011. 
  267. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：計画停電で影響が出る主な鉄道（午前７時現在） – 社会". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0314/TKY201103130323.html. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  268. ^ "Tokyo phone lines jammed, trains stop". Times of India (India). 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/rest-of-world/28683249_1_trains-phone-lines-tokyo. "The temblor shook buildings in the capital, left millions of homes across Japan without electricity, shut down the mobile phone network and severely disrupted landline phone service." 
  269. ^ "A Look At The Japanese City Closest To The Quake". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.npr.org/2011/03/11/134467277/A-Look-At-The-Japanese-City-Closest-To-The-Quake. Retrieved 26 March 2011. 
  270. ^ "In Japan, Many Undersea Cables Are Damaged: Broadband News and Analysis". Gigaom.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. http://gigaom.com/broadband/in-japan-many-under-sea-cables-are-damaged/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  271. ^ Cowie, James (11 March 2011). "Japan Quake – Renesys Blog". Renesys.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.renesys.com/blog/2011/03/japan-quake.shtml. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  272. ^ a b "Japan's phone networks remain severely disrupted". Computerworld. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9214261/Japan_s_phone_networks_remain_severely_disrupted. 
  273. ^ "AT&T, Sprint & Verizon Offer Free Calls & Texts to Japan from U.S. [UPDATED"]. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://mashable.com/2011/03/14/att-free-calls-japan/. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  274. ^ "T-Mobile USA Waives Call Charges to Japan and Wi-Fi Calling and Text Messaging Charges to and From Japan". http://newsroom.t-mobile.com/articles/t-mobile-assists-customers-Japan. Retrieved 29 May 2011. 
  275. ^ "netTALK Extends Free Calling to Japan Through April". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.vancouversun.com/business/netTALK+Extends+Free+Calling+Japan+Through+April/4478989/story.html. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  276. ^ "Vonage offers free calls to Japan". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.fiercevoip.com/story/vonage-offers-free-calls-japan/2011-03-14/. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  277. ^ "Deutsche Telekom: Konzern erleichtert Kommunikation nach Japan". http://www.telekom.com/dtag/cms/content/dt/de/1004896. Retrieved 29 May 2011. 
  278. ^ "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries bids goodbye to F2 aircraft". http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/business/news/20110928p2a00m0na017000c.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011. 
  279. ^ "Earthquake devastates Japan F-2 sqd". http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/03/earthquake-devastates-japan-f-.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011. 
  280. ^ "Tsunami and earthquake in Japan: latest pictures of the damage". http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/8380342/Tsunami-and-earthquake-in-Japan-latest-pictures-of-the-damage.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011. 
  281. ^ "Air SDF to scrap 12 fighters, citing tsunami damage". http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ2011091510588. Retrieved 28 September 2011. 
  282. ^ "Massive Tsunami Submerges Towns, Washes Away Houses, Cars". http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110311D11JF261.htm. Retrieved 28 September 2011. 
  283. ^ Malik, Tariq (12 March 2011). "Quake forces closure of Japanese space center". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42038724/ns/technology_and_science-space/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  284. ^ "asahi.com（朝日新聞社）：茨城の宇宙機構施設が損傷 「きぼう」一部管制できず – サイエンス". Asahi Shimbun. Japan. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.asahi.com/science/update/0316/TKY201103160235.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  285. ^ "spaceflightnow.com". Stephen Clark. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/h2b/htv2/110327update/. Retrieved 28 March 2011. 
  286. ^ "Damages to Cultural Properties in the Great East Japan Earthquake". Agency for Cultural Affairs. http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/2011_Tohoku_ver8.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2011. [dead link]
  287. ^ "国宝の松島・瑞巌寺、壁４、５カ所にひび割れ　文化庁". Asahi Shimbun (Japan). 14 March 2011. http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0314/TKY201103140194.html. Retrieved 25 March 2011. 
  288. ^ "岡倉天心ゆかりの文化財「六角堂」、津波で消失". Daily Yomiuri. 12 March 2011. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/national/culture/news/20110312-OYT1T00635.htm. Retrieved 6 May 2011. 
  289. ^ "Map of National Treasures, Important Cultural Properties (Buildings) Damaged". Ritsumeikan. http://www.rits-dmuch.jp/jp/project/dl_files/c_h/E/tohoku0408E.pdf. Retrieved 9 May 2011. [dead link]
  290. ^ "Damage to Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. 27 April 2011. http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/seisaku/09_01/pdf/shiryo_6.pdf. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
  291. ^ "An Interim Report on the Situation of Cultural Heritage in Japan after the Tohoku district -off the Pacific Ocean Earthquake (or Tohoku Earthquake)". ICCROM. http://www.iccrom.org/eng/news_en/2011_en/various_en/13_24earthquakeJapan_en.pdf. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
  292. ^ "UNESCO move brings joy". Daily Yomiuri. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T110507002957.htm. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
  293. ^ NHK News, 14:40 JST.
  294. ^ "Ustream Asia、民放TV各局の東北地方太平洋沖地震報道番組を同時配jmjffr -INTERNET Watch". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://internet.watch.impress.co.jp/docs/news/20110312_432721.html. 
  295. ^ Pinola, Melanie. Listen to Live Coverage from Japan In English from YokosoNews, "lifehacker", 13 March 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2011. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  296. ^ now to post a comment!. "An actual recording of an emergency broadcast in English, Mandarin, Korean and Portuguese". Youtube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gYLh6AroU20&feature=related. Retrieved 7 September 2011. 
  297. ^ Brasor, Philip. "Local broadcasters remain calm during the quake crisis," Japan Times. 20 March 2011; Johnston, Eric. "Foreign media take flak for fanning fears," Japan Times. 21 March 2011; Harlan, Chico and Akiko Yamamoto. "In Japan, disaster coverage is measured, not breathless," Washington Post (US). 27 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-15. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  298. ^ "First interpreting at government press conference on disaster," Deaf News Japan. 20 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  299. ^ "Japan Relief Headquarters for Persons with Disabilities Petition for Support and Accommodation Following Earthquake," United States International Council on Disabilities (USICD), 17 March 2011, retrieved 2011-04-14; "New Komeito post-quake initiatives being adopted," New Komeito Party. 20 March 2011, retrieved 2011-04-14; "Japan's PM set to visit crippled nuclear plant," CTV (Canada). 1 April 2011; see photo. Retrieved 2011-04-14. Archived 18 April 2011 at WebCite
  300. ^ Brown, Eryn (12 March 2011). "Japan earthquake shifted Earth on its axis". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5x96cBq8d. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  301. ^ Lovett, Richard A. (14 March 2011). "Japan Earthquake Not the "Big One"?". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xG1LYwp9. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  302. ^ a b Achenbach, Joel (11 March 2011). "Japan: The 'Big One' hit, but not where they thought it would". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xG1EVm2z. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  303. ^ a b Powell, Devin (17 March 2011). "Japan Quake Epicenter Was in Unexpected Location". Wired News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/5xG14OpFb. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  304. ^ Michael Winter (14 March 2011). "Quake shifted Japan coast about 13 feet, knocked Earth 6.5 inches off axis". USA Today. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2011/03/quake-shifted-japan-coast-about-13-feet-knocked-earth-65-inches-off-axis/1. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  305. ^ "The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake ~first report~". Japan Meteorological Agency. March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/News/2011_Earthquake_01.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  306. ^ "NHKニュース 東北関東大震災（動画）". .nhk.or.jp. Archived from the original on 13 March 2011. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/jishin0311/. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  307. ^ "仙台放送局 東北関東大震災". .nhk.or.jp. Archived from the original on 12 March 2011. http://www3.nhk.or.jp/saigai/jishin/sendai/4133_1.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  308. ^ "東日本大震災 – 一般社団法人 共同通信社 ニュース特集". Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.kyodonews.jp/feature/news04/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  309. ^ 【東京】. "東京新聞:収まらぬ余震 …不安 東北・関東大地震:東京(TOKYO Web)". Tokyo-np.co.jp. http://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/tokyo/20110312/CK2011031202000013.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011. [dead link]
  310. ^ 【中日新聞からのお知らせ】. "中日新聞:災害義援金受け付け 東日本大震災:中日新聞からのお知らせ(CHUNICHI Web)". Chunichi.co.jp. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/release/CK2011031202000067.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  311. ^ "東日本巨大地震 震災掲示板 : 特集 : YOMIURI ONLINE（読売新聞）". Yomiuri Shimbun. Japan. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/eq2011/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  312. ^ "東日本巨大地震 ：特集 ：日本経済新聞" (in Japanese). Nikkei.com. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.nikkei.com/news/special/top/q=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E6E2;p=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E6;o=9694E3E3E2E1E0E2E3E3E5E3E1E1. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  313. ^ "【地震】東日本巨大地震を激甚災害指定 政府". News.tv-asahi.co.jp. http://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/ann/news/web/html/210313015.html. Retrieved 17 March 2011. [dead link]
  314. ^ "東日本大地震 緊急募金受け付け中". Cr.ntv.co.jp. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. https://cr.ntv.co.jp/24htv/charity/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  315. ^ "番組表 – TOKYO FM 80.0 MHz – 80.Love FM RADIO STATION". Tfm.co.jp. Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. http://www.tfm.co.jp/timetable/?date=20110314. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 
  316. ^ "「報道特番 ～東日本大地震～」 2011年3月14日（月）放送内容". Kakaku.com. http://kakaku.com/tv/channel=10/programID=4196/episodeID=472647/. Retrieved 17 March 2011. 

External links

Tsunami videos

Minami Sanriku
Miyako
Kamaishi
Kesennuma
Shiogama
Sendai
v · d · e2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Aftermath • Humanitarian response  · Foreshocks and aftershocks
Affected areas
Affected infrastructure
Ichihara refinery • Fujinuma Dam • Ōarai-Kashima Line • Sendai Airport • Tōhoku Shinkansen • Joban Line (Shinchi Station) • Senseki Line • Kesennuma Line
Nuclear accidents
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant • Timeline • International reaction • Japanese reaction • Radiation effects • Fukushima 50) • Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant  • Onagawa plant • Tōkai plant • Rokkasho plant
Aftershocks
Miyagi, Japan (7.1, 7 April) • Fukushima, Japan (6.6, 11 April)
People
Fundraisers
Artistes 311 Love Beyond Borders • Download to Donate: Tsunami Relief • Fight and Smile • Songs for Japan
Other
Impact on video game industry • Operation Tomodachi
See also: List-Class article Japanese earthquakes  · Seismicity of the Sanriku coast  · Historic tsunamis  · List-Class article Nuclear power in Japan, section Seismicity  · Nuclear and radioactive incidents
v · 869 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami · 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake · 1936 Miyagi earthquake · 1978 Miyagi earthquake · 1994 offshore Sanriku earthquake · 2005 Miyagi earthquake · 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Plate tectonics
Japan Trench · Okhotsk Plate · Pacific Plate · megathrust earthquake · Seismicity of the Sanriku coast · Tsunami

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

  • 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami — 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Tsunami strikes Ao Nang, Thailand. Date 00:58:53, December 26 …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Virginia earthquake — Shake map …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Copa América — Copa América Argentina 2011 Tournament details Host country …   Wikipedia

  • Tsunami — For other uses, see Tsunami (disambiguation) …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Christchurch earthquake — Christchurch earthquake redirects here. For other uses, see Christchurch earthquake (disambiguation). For the 13 June 2011 aftershock, see June 2011 Christchurch earthquake. February 2011 Christchurch earthquake ChristChurch Cathedral and the… …   Wikipedia

  • March 2011 — was the third month of the current year. It began on a Tuesday and ended after 31 days on a Thursday. International holidays (See Holidays and observances, on sidebar at right, below) Portal:Current events This is an archived version of Wikipedia …   Wikipedia

  • May 2011 — was the fifth month of the current year. It began on a Sunday and ended after 31 days on a Tuesday. International holidays (See Holidays and observances, on sidebar at right, below) Portal:Current events This is an archived version of Wikipedia s …   Wikipedia

  • Megathrust earthquake — Part of a series on earthquakes Types Foreshock • Aftershock • Blind thrust Doublet • Interplate • …   Wikipedia

  • October 2011 — is the tenth month of the current year. It began on a Saturday and ended after 31 days on a Monday. International holidays (See Holidays and observances, on sidebar at right, below) Portal:Current events This is an archived version of Wikipedia s …   Wikipedia

  • Great Hanshin earthquake — Great Hanshin Earthquake …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”