Mitsubishi F-2

This article is about the modern-day multirole fighter aircraft. For the World War 2-era interceptor, see Mitsubishi J2M.

"FS-X" redirects here. For the Microsoft product, see Microsoft Flight Simulator X.

F-2
A Mitsubishi F-2A
Role	Multirole fighter
National origin	Japan, United States
Manufacturer	Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Lockheed Martin
First flight	7 October 1995
Introduction	2000
Primary user	Japan Air Self-Defense Force
Number built	94, plus 4 prototypes[1]
Unit cost	¥12 billion yen; $127 million (constant 2009 USD)[2]
Developed from	F-16 Block 40

The Mitsubishi F-2 is a multirole fighter manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and Lockheed Martin for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force, with a 60/40 split in manufacturing between Japan and the USA. Production started in 1996 and the first aircraft entered service in 2000. The first 76 aircraft entered service in 2008, with a total of 94 airframes under contract.^[1] In FY2005, Ministry of Defense changed the category from Support Fighter to Fighter.

Development

Work started in the FS-X program, and began in earnest with a memorandum of understanding between Japan and the United States. It would lead to a new fighter based on the General Dynamics (post 1993, Lockheed Martin) F-16 Fighting Falcon, and in particular the F-16 Agile Falcon proposal. Lockheed Martin was chosen as the major subcontractor to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and the two companies co-developed and co-produced the aircraft. Some of the early developmental works were actually done under General Dynamics, who sold its aircraft division to Lockheed Martin in 1993. It is essentially an execution of the F-16 Agile Falcon proposal: a late-1980s plan for an enlarged F-16 which was passed over by the U.S. in favor of an all-new fighter program (Joint Strike Fighter). The F-2 used the wing design of the F-16 Agile Falcon, but much of the electronics were further updated to 1990s standards. The overall concept of the enlarged F-16 by General Dynamics was intended as a cheap counter to the then emerging threat of Su-27/MiG-29.

In October 1987, Japan selected the F-16 as the basis of its new secondary fighter,^[3] to replace the aging Mitsubishi F-1 and supplement its main air superiority fighter, the F-15J as well as the F-4EJ. The programme involved technology transfer from the USA to Japan, and responsibility for cost sharing was split 60% by Japan and 40% by USA.^[4] Also during the 1980s, General Dynamics (who developed the F-16) had proposed its F-16 Agile Falcon to the USAF. While the US would pass over the design concept in favor of all-new types (F-22/JSF) and upgrades to its existing fleet, the enlarged F-16 would find a home in Japan.

Mitsubishi AAM-4 air-to-air missile

The F-2 program was controversial, because the unit cost, which includes development costs, is roughly four times that of a Block 50/52 F-16, which does not include development costs. Inclusion of development costs distorts the incremental unit cost (this happens with most modern military aircraft), though even at the planned procurement levels, the price per aircraft was somewhat high. The initial plan of 141 F-2s would have reduced the unit cost by up to US$10 million per unit, not including reduced cost from mass production. As of 2008, 94 aircraft were planned.^[1] Also controversial is the amounts claimed to be paid to American side as various licensing fees, although making use of the pre-existing technology was much cheaper than trying to develop it from scratch.

The Japanese may eventually make up to 94, at a cost of roughly US$ 110 million each in 2004 dollars. Much of the F-16 technology used in the F-2 was the subject of some political debate in the U.S. and Japan in the early 1990s. The technology transfers were authorized however, and the project proceeded.

The F-2's maiden flight was on 7 October 1995. Later that year, the Japanese government approved an order for 141 (but that was soon cut to 130), to enter service by 1999; structural problems resulted in service entry being delayed until 2000. Because of issues with cost-efficiency, orders for the aircraft were curtailed to 98 in 2004.

On 31 October 2007, an F-2B crashed during takeoff and subsequently caught fire at Nagoya Airfield in central Japan. The jet was being taken up on a test flight by Mitsubishi employees, after major maintenance and before being delivered to the JSDF. Both test pilots survived the incident with only minor injuries.^[5] It was eventually determined that improper wiring caused the crash.^[6][7]

On 12 March 2011, 18 F-2s based at the Matsushima Airbase in Miyagi Prefecture were swamped by the tsunami caused by an 9.0 scale earthquake.^[8] Of these 18, 12 were deemed beyond repair and will be scrapped. The remaining 6 F-2s will be repaired at the estimated cost of ¥80 billion yen.^[9]

The last of 94 aircraft ordered under contract was delivered to the Defense Ministry on 27 September 2011.^[10] During the roll-out ceremony of the last production F-2 fighter jet, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries confirmed that production of the F-2 would end and no more F-2 fighters will be produced by the manufacturer.^[11]

Design

General Electric (engine), Kawasaki, Honeywell, Raytheon, NEC, Hazeltine, and Kokusai Electric are among the other larger participants to varying degrees. Lockheed Martin supplies the aft fuselage, leading edge slats, stores management system, a large portion of wing boxes (as part of two-way technology transfer agreements),^[12] and other components.^[13] Kawasaki builds the midsection of the fuselage, as well as the doors to the main wheel and the engine,^[4] while forward fuselage and wings are built by Mitsubishi.^[4] Avionics are supplied by Lockheed Martin, and the digital fly-by-wire system has been jointly developed by Japan Aviation Electric and Honeywell (formerly Allied Signal).^[4] Contractors for communication systems and IFF interrogators include Raytheon, NEC, Hazeltine, and Kokusai Electric.^[4] Final assembly is done in Japan, by MHI at its Komaki-South facility in Nagoya.

The F-2 has three display screens, including a liquid crystal display from Yokogawa.

F-2 planform compared to F-16

Some differences in the F-2 from the F-16A:

• a 25% larger wing area
• composite materials used to reduce overall weight and radar signature
• longer and wider nose to accommodate a phased-array radar
• larger tailplane
• larger air intake
• three-piece cockpit canopy
• capabilities for four ASM-1 or ASM-2 anti-ship missiles, four AAMs, and additional fuel tanks

Also, the F-2 is equipped with a drogue parachute, like the version of the F-16 used by Netherlands, Norway, Greece, Turkey, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Venezuela.

Variants

• XF-2A: Single-seat prototypes.
• XF-2B: Two-seat prototypes.
• F-2A: Single-seat fighter version.
• F-2B: Two-seat training version.

Operators

 Japan

• Japan Air Self-Defense Force

Air Defense Command

• Northern Air Defense Force
  • 3rd Air Wing, Misawa Air Base
    • 3rd Tactical Fighter Squadron
    • 8th Tactical Fighter Squadron
• Western Air Defense Force
  • 8th Wing, Tsuiki Air Base
    • 6th Tactical Fighter Squadron

Air Training Command

• 4th Air Wing, Matsushima Air Base
  • 21st Fighter Training Squadron (destroyed)^[14]

Air Development and Test Command

• Air Development and Test Wing, Gifu Air Base

Accidents and incidents

• As a result of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, 18 F-2Bs belonging to the 21st Fighter Squadron at Matsushima Air Base were damaged or destroyed.^[14] Of these 18, 12 were deemed beyond repair and will be scrapped. The remaining 6 F-2s will be repaired at the estimated cost of ¥80 billion yen.^[9] In the meantime, training duties carried out by the 21st Fighter Squadron have been transferred to other air bases.

Specifications (F-2A)

Mitsubishi F-2A

Data from Wilson^[15]

General characteristics

• Crew: 1 (or 2 for the F-2B)
• Length: 15.52 m (50 ft 11 in)
• Wingspan: 11.13 m (36 ft 6 in)
• Height: 4.69 m (15 ft 5 in)
• Wing area: 34.84 m² (375 ft²)
• Empty weight: 9,527 kg (21,000 lb)
• Loaded weight: 15,000 kg (33,000 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 22,100 kg (48,700 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × General Electric F110-GE-129 turbofan
  • Dry thrust: 76 kN (17,000 lbf)
  • Thrust with afterburner: 120-125 kN (29,500 lbf)

Performance

• Maximum speed: Mach 2.0
• Range: 834 km on anti-ship mission (520 miles)
• Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,000 ft)
• Wing loading: 430 kg/m² at weight of 15,000 kg (88 lb/ft²)
• Thrust/weight: 0.89

Armament

• 20 mm JM61A1 cannon, plus maximum weapon load of 8,085 kg:
• AAMs: AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-7 Sparrow, Mitsubishi AAM-3, Mitsubishi AAM-4 (from FY2010)
• air-to-ground weapons include: ASM-1 and ASM-2 anti-ship missiles, various free-fall bombs with GCS-1 IIR seeker heads, JDAM
• others: J/AAQ-2 FLIR

Avionics

• Mitsubishi Active Electronically Scanned Array radar system including J/APG-1

See also

Aviation portal

• 4.5th generation jet fighter
  

Related development

• F-16 Falcon
• AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo
• T-50 Golden Eagle
  

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet
• Dassault Rafale
• Eurofighter Typhoon
• Mikoyan MiG-29
• Chengdu J-10
• CAC / PAC JF-17 Thunder
• HAL Tejas
  

Related lists

• List of fighter aircraft
  

References

Citations

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Lockheed Martin Gets $250M F-2 Contract". 2008. http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/04/08/ap4868517.html. Retrieved 2008-04-09. ^{[dead link]}
2. ^ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/f-2.htm
3. ^ Aoki 1999, p.40.
4. ^ ^{a b c d e} http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/f2/
5. ^ http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20071101a2.html Japan Times
6. ^ http://huhcanitbetrue.blogspot.com/2008/01/f2mhi.html
7. ^ http://www.f-16.net/index.php?name=PNphpBB2&file=viewtopic&p=112537
8. ^ http://www.asahi.com/national/update/0312/TKY201103110818.html
9. ^ ^{a b} http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201109150442.html
10. ^ Jiji Press, "Final F-2 fighter delivered to ASDF", Japan Times, 29 September 2011, p. 2.
11. ^ "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries end production of F-2 fighter". AirForceWorld.com. http://airforceworld.com/fighter/eng/f2.htm. Retrieved 1 Oct 2011. 
12. ^ "Mitsubishi F-2 Fighter Japan Technology Transfer Agreement". AirForceWorld.com. http://airforceworld.com/fighter/eng/f2.htm. Retrieved 1 July 2011. 
13. ^ Lockheed Martin Press Release April 8, 2008
14. ^ ^{a b} http://www.flightglobal.com/blogs/the-dewline/2011/03/earthquake-devastates-japan-f-.html
15. ^ Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 2000. p. 106. ISBN 1-875671-50-1.

Bibliography

• Aoki, Yoshimoto. "Mitsubishi F-2: 21st Century JASDF fighter-support". World Air Power Journal, Volume 39, Winter 1999. London:Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-86184-039-X. ISSN 0959-7050. pp. 38–49.
• http://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/english/formation/index.html (accessed on February 9, 2007)
• http://www.mod.go.jp/asdf/equipment/index.html (accessed on February 9, 2007)

External links

• JASDF Official F-2 webpage (Japanese)
• F-2 at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
• F-2 at Lockheed Martin
• F-2 at Globalsecurity.org
• F-2 at Airforce Technology
• Lockheed Martin Press Release April 8, 2008