2010 Haiti earthquake

2010 Haiti earthquake
2010 Haiti earthquake
Saint-Marc Léogâne Petit-Goâve Jacmel Port-au-PrinceHaiti earthquake map.png

Quake epicenter and major cities affected
Date 12 January 2010
Magnitude 7.0 Mw
Depth 13 km (8.1 miles)
Epicenter 18°27′25″N 72°31′59″W / 18.457°N 72.533°W / 18.457; -72.533
Countries or regions Haiti, Dominican Republic
Max. intensity MM X[1]
Peak acceleration 0.5 g[2]
Tsunami Yes (localized)[3]
Casualties 46,000[4][5][6] - 316,000[7] deaths (3rd deadliest earthquake of all time)

The 2010 Haiti earthquake was a catastrophic magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake, with an epicentre near the town of Léogâne, approximately 25 km (16 miles) west of Port-au-Prince, Haiti's capital. The earthquake occurred at 16:53 local time (21:53 UTC) on Tuesday, 12 January 2010.[8][9]

By 24 January, at least 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater had been recorded.[10] An estimated three million people were affected by the quake;[11] the Haitian government reported that an estimated 316,000 people had died, 300,000 had been injured and 1,000,000 made homeless.[12][13] International agencies, including the United States Agency for International Development, have suggested that the death toll is much lower at somewhere between 46,000 and 92,000,[14][15][6] and 220,000, with around 1.5 million[16] to 1.8 million homeless.[17] The government of Haiti also estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged.[18]

The earthquake caused major damage in Port-au-Prince, Jacmel and other settlements in the region. Many notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail. Among those killed were Archbishop of Port-au-Prince Joseph Serge Miot,[19] and opposition leader Micha Gaillard.[20][21] The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH), located in the capital, collapsed, killing many, including the Mission's Chief, Hédi Annabi.[22][23]

Many countries responded to appeals for humanitarian aid, pledging funds and dispatching rescue and medical teams, engineers and support personnel. Communication systems, air, land, and sea transport facilities, hospitals, and electrical networks had been damaged by the earthquake, which hampered rescue and aid efforts; confusion over who was in charge, air traffic congestion, and problems with prioritisation of flights further complicated early relief work. Port-au-Prince's morgues were quickly overwhelmed with many tens of thousands of bodies having to be buried in mass graves.[24] As rescues tailed off, supplies, medical care and sanitation became priorities. Delays in aid distribution led to angry appeals from aid workers and survivors, and looting and sporadic violence were observed. On 22 January the United Nations noted that the emergency phase of the relief operation was drawing to a close, and on the following day the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors.

Contents

Background

The island of Hispaniola, shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is seismically active and has a history of destructive earthquakes. During Haiti's time as a French colony, earthquakes were recorded by French historian Moreau de Saint-Méry (1750–1819). He described damage done by an earthquake in 1751, writing that "only one masonry building had not collapsed" in Port-au-Prince; he also wrote that the "whole city collapsed" in the 1770 Port-au-Prince earthquake. Cap-Haïtien, other towns in the north of Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and the Sans-Souci Palace were destroyed during an earthquake on 7 May 1842.[25] A magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck the Dominican Republic and shook Haiti on 4 August 1946, producing a tsunami that killed 1,790 people and injured many others.[26]

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere,[27] and is ranked 149th of 182 countries on the Human Development Index.[28] The Australian government's travel advisory site had previously expressed concerns that Haitian emergency services would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster,[29] and the country is considered "economically vulnerable" by the Food and Agriculture Organization.[30] It is no stranger to natural disasters; in addition to earthquakes, it has been struck frequently by tropical cyclones, which have caused flooding and widespread damage. The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800 deaths.[31]

Geology

USGS intensity map
Map showing regional tectonic setting of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone
Tiny dots of white against the plant-covered landscape (red in this image) are possible landslides, a common occurrence in mountainous terrain after large earthquakes. The Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone runs along the two linear valleys at the top of the image

The magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake occurred inland, on 12 January 2010 at 16:53 (UTC-05:00), approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) WSW from Port-au-Prince at a depth of 13 kilometres (8.1 mi)[8] on blind thrust faults associated with the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system.[32] There is no evidence of surface rupture and based on seismological, geological and ground deformation data it is thought that the earthquake did not involve significant lateral slip on the main Enriquillo fault.[33] Strong shaking associated with intensity IX on the Modified Mercalli scale (MM) was recorded in Port-au-Prince and its suburbs. It was also felt in several surrounding countries and regions, including Cuba (MM III in Guantánamo), Jamaica (MM II in Kingston), Venezuela (MM II in Caracas), Puerto Rico (MM II–III in San Juan), and the bordering Dominican Republic (MM III in Santo Domingo).[1][34] According to estimates from the USGS, approximately 3.5 million people lived in the area that experienced shaking intensity of MM VII to X,[1] a range that can cause moderate to very heavy damage even to earthquake-resistant structures.

The damage from the quake was more severe than for other quakes of similar magnitude due to the shallow depth of the quake.[35] [36]

The quake occurred in the vicinity of the northern boundary where the Caribbean tectonic plate shifts eastwards by about 20 millimetres (0.79 in) per year in relation to the North American plate. The strike-slip fault system in the region has two branches in Haiti, the Septentrional-Oriente fault in the north and the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault in the south; both its location and focal mechanism suggested that the January 2010 quake was caused by a rupture of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault, which had been locked for 250 years, gathering stress.[37] However, a study published in May 2010 suggested that the rupture process may have involved slip on multiple blind thrust faults with only minor, deep, lateral slip along or near the main Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone, suggesting that the event only partially relieved centuries of accumulated left-lateral strain on a small part of the plate-boundary system.[33] The rupture was roughly 65 kilometres (40 mi) long with mean slip of 1.8 metres (5.9 ft).[38] Preliminary analysis of the slip distribution found amplitudes of up to about 4 metres (13 ft) using ground motion records from all over the world.[39][40]

A 2007 earthquake hazard study by C. DeMets and M. Wiggins-Grandison noted that the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault zone could be at the end of its seismic cycle and concluded that a worst-case forecast would involve a 7.2 Mw earthquake, similar in size to the 1692 Jamaica earthquake.[41] Paul Mann and a group including the 2006 study team presented a hazard assessment of the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault system to the 18th Caribbean Geologic Conference in March 2008, noting the large strain; the team recommended "high priority" historical geologic rupture studies, as the fault was fully locked and had recorded few earthquakes in the preceding 40 years.[42] An article published in Haiti's Le Matin newspaper in September 2008 cited comments by geologist Patrick Charles to the effect that there was a high risk of major seismic activity in Port-au-Prince.[43]

Aftershocks

History of the main shock and aftershocks with magnitudes larger than 4.0, data from USGS[44]

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) recorded eight aftershocks in the two hours after the main earthquake, with magnitudes between 4.3 and 5.9.[44] Within the first nine hours 32 aftershocks of magnitude 4.2 or greater were recorded, 12 of which measured magnitude 5.0 or greater, and on January 24 USGS reported that there had been 52 aftershocks measuring 4.5 or greater since the January 12 quake.[44]

On 20 January at 06:03 local time (11:03 UTC) the strongest aftershock since the earthquake,[45] measuring magnitude 5.9 Mw, struck Haiti.[46] USGS reported its epicentre was about 56 kilometres (35 mi) WSW of Port-au-Prince,[44] which would place it almost exactly under the coastal town of Petit-Goâve. A UN representative reported that the aftershock collapsed seven buildings in the town.[47] According to staff of the International Committee of the Red Cross, who had reached Petit-Goâve for the first time the day before the aftershock, the town was estimated to have lost 15% of its buildings, and was suffering the same shortages of supplies and medical care as the capital.[48] Workers from the charity Save the Children reported hearing "already weakened structures collapsing" in Port-au-Prince,[45] but most sources reported no further significant damage to infrastructure in the city. Further casualties are thought to have been minimal since people had been sleeping in the open.[47] There are concerns that the 12 January earthquake could be the beginning of a new long-term sequence: "the whole region is fearful"; historical accounts, although not precise, suggest that there has been a sequence of quakes progressing westwards along the fault, starting with an earthquake in the Dominican Republic in 1751.[49]

Tsunami

The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning immediately after the initial quake,[50] but quickly cancelled it.[51] Nearly two weeks later it was reported that the beach of the small fishing town of Petit Paradis was hit by a localised tsunami wave shortly after the earthquake, probably as a result of an underwater slide, and this was later confirmed by researchers.[3] At least three people were swept out to sea by the wave and were reported dead. Witnesses told reporters that the sea first retreated and a "very big wave" followed rapidly, crashing ashore and sweeping boats and debris into the ocean.[52]

Damage to infrastructure

Main article: Damage to infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake
Damaged buildings in Port-au-Prince

Essential services

Amongst the widespread devastation and damage throughout Port-au-Prince and elsewhere, vital infrastructure necessary to respond to the disaster was severely damaged or destroyed. This included all hospitals in the capital; air, sea, and land transport facilities; and communication systems.

The quake affected the three Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) medical facilities around Port-au-Prince, causing one to collapse completely.[53][54] A hospital in Pétionville, a wealthy suburb of Port-au-Prince, also collapsed,[55] as did the St. Michel District Hospital in the southern town of Jacmel,[56] which was the largest referral hospital in south-east Haiti.[57]

Damaged buildings in Jacmel

The quake seriously damaged the control tower at Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport[58] and the Port-au-Prince seaport,[59] which rendered the harbor unusable for immediate rescue operations. The Gonaïves seaport, in the northern part of Haiti, remained operational.[59]

Roads were blocked with road debris or the surfaces broken. The main road linking Port-au-Prince with Jacmel remained blocked ten days after the earthquake, hampering delivery of aid to Jacmel. When asked why the road had not been opened, Hazem el-Zein, head of the south-east division of the UN World Food Programme said that "We ask the same questions to the people in charge...They promise rapid response. To be honest, I don't know why it hasn't been done. I can only think that their priority must be somewhere else."[56]

There was considerable damage to communications infrastructure. The public telephone system was not available,[50] and two of Haiti's largest cellular telephone providers, Digicel[60] and Comcel Haiti,[61] both reported that their services had been affected by the earthquake. Fibre-optic connectivity was also disrupted.[62] According to Reporters Sans Frontières (RSF), Radio Lumière, which broadcasts out of Port-au-Prince and reaches 90% of Haiti, was initially knocked off the air, but it was able to resume broadcasting across most of its network within a week. According to RSF, some 20 of about 50 stations that were active in the capital region prior to the earthquake were back on air a week after the quake.[63]

General infrastructure

Large portions of the National Palace collapsed

In February 2010 Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings were severely damaged and needed to be demolished.[18] The deputy mayor of Léogâne reported that 90% of the town's buildings had been destroyed.[64] Many government and public buildings were damaged or destroyed including the Palace of Justice, the National Assembly, the Supreme Court and Port-au-Prince Cathedral.[65][66] The National Palace was severely damaged,[67][68] though President René Préval and his wife Elisabeth Delatour Préval escaped injury.[69][70] The Prison Civile de Port-au-Prince was also destroyed, allowing around 4,000 inmates to escape.[71]

Léogâne, close to the earthquake epicentre

Most of Port-au-Prince's municipal buildings were destroyed or heavily damaged, including the City Hall, which was described by the Washington Post as, "a skeletal hulk of concrete and stucco, sagging grotesquely to the left."[72] Port-au-Prince had no municipal petrol reserves and few city officials had working mobile phones before the earthquake, complicating communications and transportation.[72]

Minister of Education Joel Jean-Pierre stated that the education system had "totally collapsed". About half the nation's schools and the three main universities in Port-au-Prince were affected.[73] More than 1,300 schools and 50 health care facilities were destroyed.[74]

The earthquake also destroyed a nursing school in the capital and severely damaged the country’s primary midwifery school.[75] The Haitian art world suffered great losses; artworks were destroyed, and museums and art galleries were extensively damaged, among them Port-au-Prince's main art museum, Centre d'Art, College Saint Pierre and Holy Trinity Cathedral.[76]

The headquarters of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) at Christopher Hotel[22] and offices of the World Bank were destroyed.[77] The building housing the offices of Citibank in Port-au-Prince collapsed, killing five employees.[78] The clothing industry, which accounts for two-thirds of Haiti's exports,[79] reported structural damage at manufacturing facilities.[80]

The quake created a landslide dam on the Rivière de Grand Goâve. As of February 2010 the water level was low, but engineer Yves Gattereau believed the dam could collapse during the rainy season, which would flood Grand-Goâve 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) downstream.[81]

Conditions in the aftermath

Assistance camp set up by the Brazilian Army.

In the nights following the earthquake, many people in Haiti slept in the streets, on pavements, in their cars, or in makeshift shanty towns either because their houses had been destroyed, or they feared standing structures would not withstand aftershocks.[82] Construction standards are low in Haiti; the country has no building codes. Engineers have stated that it is unlikely many buildings would have stood through any kind of disaster. Structures are often raised wherever they can fit; some buildings were built on slopes with insufficient foundations or steel works.[83] A representative of Catholic Relief Services has estimated that about two million Haitians lived as squatters on land they did not own. The country also suffered from shortages of fuel and potable water even before the disaster.[84]

President Préval and government ministers used police headquarters near the Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport as their new base of operations, although their effectiveness was extremely limited; several parliamentarians were still trapped in the Presidential Palace, and offices and records had been destroyed.[85] Some high-ranking government workers lost family members, or had to tend to wounded relatives. Although the president and his remaining cabinet met with UN planners each day, there remained confusion as to who was in charge and no single group had organized relief efforts as of 16 January.[86] The government handed over control of the airport to the United States to hasten and ease flight operations, which had been hampered by the damage to the air traffic control tower.[87]

Urban Search and Rescue specialists work at the Hôtel Montana

Almost immediately Port-au-Prince's morgue facilities were overwhelmed. By 14 January, a thousand bodies had been placed on the streets and pavements. Government crews manned trucks to collect thousands more, burying them in mass graves.[88] In the heat and humidity, corpses buried in rubble began to decompose and smell. Mati Goldstein, head of the Israeli ZAKA International Rescue Unit delegation to Haiti, described the situation as "Shabbat from hell. Everywhere, the acrid smell of bodies hangs in the air. It’s just like the stories we are told of the Holocaust – thousands of bodies everywhere. You have to understand that the situation is true madness, and the more time passes, there are more and more bodies, in numbers that cannot be grasped. It is beyond comprehension."[89][90]

Mayor Jean-Yves Jason said that officials argued for hours about what to do with the volume of corpses. The government buried many in mass graves, some above-ground tombs were forced open so bodies could be stacked inside, and others were burned.[91] Mass graves were dug in a large field outside the settlement of Titanyen, north of the capital; tens of thousands of bodies were reported as having been brought to the site by dump truck and buried in trenches dug by earth movers.[92] Max Beauvoir, a Vodou priest, protested the lack of dignity in mass burials, stating, "... it is not in our culture to bury people in such a fashion, it is desecration".[93][94]

The Haitian government began a programme to move homeless people out of Port-au-Prince on a ferry to Port Jeremie and in hired buses to temporary camps

Towns in the eastern Dominican Republic began preparing for tens of thousands of refugees, and by 16 January hospitals close to the border had been filled to capacity with Haitians. Some began reporting having expended stocks of critical medical supplies such as antibiotics by 17 January.[95] The border was reinforced by Dominican soldiers, and the government of the Dominican Republic asserted that all Haitians who crossed the border for medical assistance would be allowed to stay only temporarily. A local governor stated, "We have a great desire and we will do everything humanly possible to help Haitian families. But we have our limitations with respect to food and medicine. We need the helping hand of other countries in the area."[96][97]

Slow distribution of resources in the days after the earthquake resulted in sporadic violence, with looting reported.[98] There were also accounts of looters wounded or killed by vigilantes and neighbourhoods that had constructed their own roadblock barricades.[99][100] Dr Evan Lyon of Partners in Health, working at the General Hospital in Port-au-Prince, claimed that misinformation and overblown reports of violence had hampered the delivery of aid and medical services.[101][102]

One of the first parachute air drops after the quake, 18 January

Former U.S. president Bill Clinton acknowledged the problems and said Americans should "not be deterred from supporting the relief effort" by upsetting scenes such as those of looting.[71][103] Lt. Gen. P.K. Keen, deputy commander of U.S. Southern Command, however, announced that despite the stories of looting and violence, there was less violent crime in Port-au-Prince after the earthquake than before.[104]

In many neighbourhoods, singing could be heard through the night and groups of men coordinated to act as security as groups of women attempted to take care of food and hygiene necessities.[105] During the days following the earthquake, hundreds were seen marching through the streets in peaceful processions, singing and clapping.[106]

The earthquake caused an urgent need for outside rescuers to communicate with Haitians whose main or only language is Haitian Creole. As a result, a machine translation program to translate between English and Haitian Creole had to be written quickly.

Casualties

Main article: Casualties of the 2010 Haiti earthquake
A Haitian boy receives treatment at a MINUSTAH logistics base

The earthquake struck in the most populated area of the country. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies estimated that as many as 3 million people had been affected by the quake.[11] On 10 February 2010, the Haitian government reported the death toll to have reached 230,000.[107] On the first anniversary of the earthquake, 12 January 2011, Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive said the death toll from the quake was more than 316,000, raising the figures from previous estimates.[108]

Haitian authorities initially estimated that 300,000 had been injured[18] and as many as one million Haitians were left homeless.[109] However experts have questioned the validity of these numbers; Anthony Penna, professor emeritus in environmental history at Northeastern University, warned that casualty estimates could only be a "guesstimate",[110] and Belgian disaster response expert Claude de Ville de Goyet noted that "round numbers are a sure sign that nobody knows."[111] Edmond Mulet, UN Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, said, "I do not think we will ever know what the death toll is from this earthquake",[111] while the director of the Haitian Red Cross, Guiteau Jean-Pierre, noted that his organization had not had the time to count bodies, as their focus had been on the treatment of survivors.[111] The United States Agency for International Development concluded that the death toll was somewhere between 46,000 and 85,000.[112][113]

While the vast majority of casualties were Haitian civilians, the dead included aid workers, embassy staff, foreign tourists—and a number of public figures, includeding Archbishop of Port-au-Prince Monsignor Joseph Serge Miot,[19] aid worker Zilda Arns and officials in the Haitian government, including opposition leader Michel "Micha" Gaillard.[20] Also killed were a number of well-known Haitian musicians[114] and sports figures, including thirty members of the Fédération Haïtienne de Football.[115] At least 85 United Nations personnel working with MINUSTAH were killed,[116] among them the Mission Chief, Hédi Annabi, his deputy, Luiz Carlos da Costa.,[23] and police commissioner Douglas Coates. Around 200 guests were killed in the collapse of the Hôtel Montana in Port-au-Prince.[117]

Early response

Main articles: Humanitarian response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Humanitarian response by national governments to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Humanitarian response by non-governmental organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and Humanitarian response by for-profit organizations to the 2010 Haiti earthquake
Heavy-lift helicopters ferry water from the offshore flotilla, 15 January

Appeals for humanitarian aid were issued by many aid organizations, the United Nations[118] and president René Préval. Raymond Joseph, Haiti's ambassador to the United States,[119] and his nephew, singer Wyclef Jean,[120] who was called upon by Préval to become a "roving ambassador" for Haiti,[121] also pleaded for aid and donations.

Many countries responded to the appeals and launched fund-raising efforts, as well as sending search and rescue teams. The neighbouring Dominican Republic was the first country to give aid to Haiti,[119] sending water, food and heavy-lifting machinery.[122] The hospitals in the Dominican Republic were made available; a combined effort of the Airports Department (DA), together with the Dominican Naval Auxiliaries, the UN and other parties formed the Dominican-Haitian Aerial Support Bridge, making the main Dominican airports available for support operations to Haiti. The Dominican website FlyDominicanRepublic.com [123] made available to the internet, daily updates on airport information and news from the operations center on the Dominican side.[122] The Dominican emergency team assisted more than 2,000 injured people, while the Dominican Institute of Telecommunications (Indotel) helped with the restoration of some telephone services.[122] The Dominican Red Cross coordinated early medical relief in conjunction with the International Red Cross.[122] The government sent eight mobile medical units along with 36 doctors including orthopaedic specialists, traumatologists, anaesthetists, and surgeons. In addition, 39 trucks carrying canned food were dispatched, along with 10 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks capable of producing 100,000 meals per day.[124]

Having lost their homes, many Haitians now live in precarious camps

Other nations from farther afield also sent personnel, medicines, materiel, and other aid to Haiti. The first team to arrive in Port-au-Prince was ICE-SAR from Iceland, landing within 24 hours of the earthquake.[125] A 50-member Chinese team arrived early Thursday morning.[126] From the Middle East, the government of Qatar sent a strategic transport aircraft (C-17), loaded with 50 tonnes of urgent relief materials and 26 members from the Qatari armed forces, the internal security force (Lekhwiya), police force and the Hamad Medical Corporation, to set up a field hospital and provide assistance in Port-au-Prince and other affected areas in Haiti.[127] A rescue team sent by the Israel Defense Forces' Home Front Command established a field hospital near the United Nations building in Port-au-Prince with specialised facilities to treat children, the elderly, and women in labor. It was set up in eight hours and began operations on the evening of 16 January.[128] A Korean International Disaster Relief Team[129] with 40 rescuers, medical doctors, nurses and 2 k-9s was deployed to epicenters to assist mitigation efforts of Haitian Government. The team was required to stay 2 weeks at the sites.

The American Red Cross announced on 13 January that it had run out of supplies in Haiti and appealed for public donations.[130] Giving Children Hope worked to get much-needed medicines and supplies on the ground.[131] Partners in Health (PIH), the largest health care provider in rural Haiti was able to provide some emergency care from its ten hospitals and clinics all of which were outside the capital and undamaged.[132] MINUSTAH had over 9,000 uniformed peacekeepers deployed to the area.[133] Most of these workers were initially involved in the search for survivors at the organization's collapsed headquarters.[134]

Haitian survivors were transferred to rescue ships for medical aid

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated, allowing satellite imagery of affected regions to be shared with rescue and aid organizations.[135] Members of social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook spread messages and pleas to send help.[136] Facebook was overwhelmed by—and blocked—some users who were sending messages about updates.[137] The American Red Cross set a record for mobile donations, raising US$7 million in 24 hours when they allowed people to send US$10 donations by text messages.[138] The OpenStreetMap community responded to the disaster by greatly improving the level of mapping available for the area using post-earthquake satellite photography provided by GeoEye,[139] and tracking website Ushahidi coordinated messages from multiple sites to assist Haitians still trapped and to keep families of survivors informed.[140] Some online poker sites hosted poker tournaments with tournament fees, prizes or both going to disaster relief charities.[141] Google Earth updated its coverage of Port-au-Prince on 17 January, showing the earthquake-ravaged city.

Easing refugee immigration into Canada was discussed by Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper,[142] and in the U.S. Haitians were granted Temporary Protected Status, a measure that permits about 100,000 illegal alien Haitians in the United States to stay legally for 18 months, and halts the deportations of 30,000 more, though it does not apply to Haitians outside the U.S.[143][144] Local and state agencies in South Florida, together with the U.S. government, began implementing a plan ("Operation Vigilant Sentry") for a mass migration from the Caribbean that had been laid out in 2003.[145]

Several orphanages were destroyed in the earthquake. After the process for the adoption of 400 children by families in the U.S. and the Netherlands was expedited,[146] Unicef and SOS Children urged an immediate halt to adoptions from Haiti.[147][148] Jasmine Whitbread, chief executive of Save the Children said: "The vast majority of the children currently on their own still have family members alive who will be desperate to be reunited with them and will be able to care for them with the right support. Taking children out of the country would permanently separate thousands of children from their families—a separation that would compound the acute trauma they are already suffering and inflict long-term damage on their chances of recovery."[147] However, several organizations were planning an airlift of thousands of orphaned children to South Florida on humanitarian visas, modelled on a similar effort with Cuban refugees in the 1960s named "Pedro Pan".[149] The Canadian government worked to expedite around 100 adoption cases that were already underway when the earthquake struck, issuing temporary permits and waving regular processing fees; the federal government also announced that it would cover adopted children's healthcare costs upon their arrival in Canada until they could be covered under provincially-administered public healthcare plans.[150]

Rescue and relief efforts

See also: Timeline of relief efforts after the 2010 Haiti earthquake
Helicopters transfer injured earthquake victims to hospital ship USNS Comfort off the coast of Haiti

Rescue efforts began in the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, with able-bodied survivors extricating the living and the dead from the rubble of the many buildings that had collapsed.[151] Treatment of the injured was hampered by the lack of hospital and morgue facilities: the Argentine military field hospital, which had been serving MINUSTAH, was the only one available until 13 January.[152] Rescue work intensified only slightly with the arrival of doctors, police officers, military personnel and firefighters from various countries two days after the earthquake.[153]

MINUSTAH troops meet a relief flight on 16 January

From 12 January, the International Committee of the Red Cross, which has been working in Haiti since 1994, has been focusing on bringing emergency assistance to victims of the catastrophe, in close cooperation with its partners within the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, particularly the Haitian Red Cross and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.[154][155]

Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders; MSF) reported that the hospitals that had not been destroyed were overwhelmed by large numbers of seriously injured people, and that they had to carry out many amputations.[156][157] Running short of medical supplies, some teams had to work with any available resources, constructing splints out of cardboard and reusing latex gloves. Other rescue units had to withdraw as night fell amid security fears.[158] Over 3,000 people had been treated by Médecins Sans Frontières as of 18 January.[159] Ophelia Dahl, director of Partners in Health, reported, "there are hundreds of thousands of injured people. I have heard the estimate that as many as 20,000 people will die each day that would have been saved by surgery."[160]

UN forces took to patrolling the streets of Port-au-Prince

An MSF aircraft carrying a field hospital was repeatedly turned away[161][162] by U.S. air traffic controllers who had assumed control at Toussaint L'Ouverture International Airport.[163] Four other MSF aircraft were also turned away.[163] In a 19 January press release MSF said, "It is like working in a war situation. We don’t have any more morphine to manage pain for our patients. We cannot accept that planes carrying lifesaving medical supplies and equipment continue to be turned away while our patients die. Priority must be given to medical supplies entering the country."[164] First responders voiced frustration with the number of relief trucks sitting unused at the airport.[165] Aid workers blamed U.S.-controlled airport operations for prioritising the transportation of security troops over rescuers and supplies;[103] evacuation policies favouring citizens of certain nations were also criticised.[166]

The U.S. military acknowledged the non-governmental organizations' complaints concerning flight-operations bias and promised improvement while noting that up to 17 January 600 emergency flights had landed and 50 were diverted; by the first weekend of disaster operations diversions had been reduced to three on Saturday and two on Sunday.[167] The airport was able to support 100 landings a day, up from the 35 a day that the airport gets during normal operation. A spokesman for the joint task force running the airport confirmed that though more flights were requesting landing slots, none were being turned away.[168]

Brazilian Foreign Minister Celso Amorim and French Minister of State for Cooperation Alain Joyandet criticised the perceived preferential treatment for U.S. aid arriving at the airport, though a spokesman for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that there had been no official protest from the French government with regard to the management of the airport.[169][170] U.S. officials acknowledged that coordination of the relief effort is central to Haitian recovery,[171] and President Préval asked for calm coordination between assisting nations without mutual accusations.[172][173]

While international efforts received significant media coverage, much of the rescue effort was conducted by Haitians themselves

While the Port-au-Prince airport ramp has spaces for over a dozen airliners, in the days following the quake it sometimes served nearly 40 at once, creating serious delays.[174][175] The supply backup at the airport was expected to ease as the apron management improved, and when the perceived need for heavy security diminished.[103] Airport congestion was reduced further on 18 January when the United Nations and U.S. forces formally agreed to prioritise humanitarian flights over security reinforcement.[176]

By 14 January, over 20 countries had sent military personnel to the country, with Canada, the United States and the Dominican Republic providing the largest contingents. The supercarrier USS Carl Vinson arrived at maximum possible speed on 15 January with 600,000 emergency food rations, 100,000 ten-litre water containers, and an enhanced wing of 19 helicopters; 130,000 litres of drinking water were transferred to shore on the first day.[177]

The helicopter carrier USS Bataan sailed with three large dock landing ships and two survey/salvage vessels, to create a "sea base" for the rescue effort.[178][179][180] They were joined by the French Navy vessel Francis Garnier on 16 January,[181] the same day the hospital ship USNS Comfort and guided-missile cruiser USS Bunker Hill left for Haiti.[182][183] Another large French vessel was later ordered to Haiti, the amphibious transport dock Siroco.[184]

A woman is rescued alive from rubble several days after the initial quake

International rescue efforts were restricted by traffic congestion and blocked roads.[185] Although U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates had previously ruled out dropping food and water by air as too dangerous, by 16 January, U.S. helicopters were distributing aid to areas impossible to reach by land.[186]

In Jacmel, a city of 50,000, the mayor claimed that 70% of the homes had been damaged and that the quake had killed 300 to 500 people and left some 4,000 injured.[187] The small airstrip suffered damage that rendered it unusable for supply flights until 20 January.[188] The Canadian navy vessel HMCS Halifax was deployed to the area on 18 January; the Canadians joined Colombian rescue workers, Chilean doctors, a French mobile clinic, and Sri Lankan relief workers who had already responded to calls for aid.[189]

About 64,000 people living in the three adjacent agricultural communities of Durissy, Morne a Chandelle, and Les Palmes were relatively unharmed because most of the people were working in the fields; but all churches, chapels and at least 8,000 homes were destroyed.[190]

British search and rescue teams were the first to arrive in Léogane, the town at the epicentre of the quake, on 17 January.[191] The Canadian ship HMCS Athabaskan reached the area on 19 January,[192] and by 20 January there were 250-300 Canadian personnel assisting relief efforts in the town.[193] By 19 January, staff of the International Red Cross had also managed to reach the town, which they described as "severely damaged ... the people there urgently need assistance",[194] and by 20 January they had reached Petit-Goâve as well, where they set up two first-aid posts and distributed first-aid kits.[195]

A Haitian child is treated aboard a hospital ship

Over the first weekend 130,000 food packets and 70,000 water containers were distributed to Haitians, as safe landing areas and distribution centres such as golf courses were secured.[196] There were nearly 2,000 rescuers present from 43 different groups, with 161 search dogs; the airport had handled 250 tons of relief supplies by the end of the weekend.[197] Reports from Sunday showed a record-breaking number of successful rescues, with at least 12 survivors pulled from Port-au-Prince's rubble, bringing the total number of rescues to 110.[198]

The buoy tender USCG Oak and USNS Grasp (T-ARS-51) were on scene by 18 January to assess damage to the port and work to reopen it,[199][200] and by 21 January one pier at the Port-au-Prince seaport was functional, offloading humanitarian aid, and a road had been repaired to make transport into the city easier.[201] In an interview on 21 January, Leo Merores, Haiti’s ambassador to the UN, said that he expected the port to be fully functional again within two weeks.[202]

The U.S. Navy listed its resources in the area as "17 ships, 48 helicopters and 12 fixed-wing aircraft" in addition to 10,000 sailors and Marines.[203] The Navy had conducted 336 air deliveries, delivered 32,400 US gallons (123,000 l; 27,000 imp gal) of water, 532,440 bottles of water, 111,082 meals and 9,000 lb (4,100 kg) of medical supplies by 20 January. Hospital ship Comfort began operations on 20 January, completing the arrival of the first group of sea-base vessels; this came as a new flotilla of USN ships were assigned to Haiti, including survey vessels, ferries, elements of the maritime prepositioning and underway replenishment fleets, and a further three amphibious operations ships, including another helicopter carrier, USS Nassau (LHA-4).[204]

Landing ships move supplies onshore from the rescue fleet

On 22 January the UN and United States formalised the coordination of relief efforts by signing an agreement giving the U.S. responsibility for the ports, airports and roads, and making the UN and Haitian authorities responsible for law and order. The UN stated that it had resisted formalising the organization of the relief effort to allow as much leeway as possible for those wishing to assist in the relief effort, but with the new agreement "we’re leaving that emergency phase behind". The UN also urged organizations to coordinate aid efforts through its mission in Haiti to allow for better scheduling of the arrival of supplies.[202] On 23 January the Haitian government officially called off the search for survivors, and most search and rescue teams began to prepare to leave the country.[205] However, as late as 8 February 2010, survivors were still being discovered, as in the case of Evan Muncie, 28, found in the rubble of a grocery store.[206]

On 5 February, ten Baptist missionaries from Idaho led by Laura Silsby were charged with criminal association and kidnapping for trying to smuggle 33 children out of Haiti. The missionaries claimed they were rescuing orphaned children but investigations revealed that more than 20 of the children had been taken from their parents after they were told the children would have a better life in America. In an interview, the United States Ambassador to Haiti Kenneth Merten, stated that the U.S. justice system would not interfere and that "the Haitian justice system will do what it has to do."[207] By 9 March 2010, all but Silsby were deported and she remained incarcerated.[208]

Social networking is being (was) used to help the structure for coordination on the ground.[209][210][211][212]

On 10 April, due to the potential threat of mudslides and flooding from the upcoming rainy season, the Haitian government began operations to move thousands of refugees to a more secure location north of the capital.[213]

Recovery

Haitians await the opening of a supply depot, 16 January

U.S. President Barack Obama announced that former presidents Bill Clinton, who also acts as the UN special envoy to Haiti, and George W. Bush would coordinate efforts to raise funds for Haiti's recovery. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton visited Haiti on 16 January to survey the damage and stated that US$48 million had been raised already in the U.S. to help Haiti recover.[214] Following the meeting with Secretary Clinton, President Préval stated that the highest priorities in Haiti's recovery were establishing a working government, clearing roads, and ensuring the streets were cleared of bodies to improve sanitary conditions.[215]

U.S. Vice President Joe Biden stated on 16 January that President Obama "does not view this as a humanitarian mission with a life cycle of a month. This will still be on our radar screen long after it's off the crawler at CNN. This is going to be a long slog."[216]

Planes loaded with aid supplies crowd the tarmac at Port-au-Prince airport, waiting to be unloaded, 18 January

Trade and Industry Minister Josseline Colimon Fethiere estimated that the earthquake's toll on the Haitian economy would be massive, with one in five jobs lost.[217] In response to the earthquake, foreign governments offered badly needed financial aid. The European Union promised €330 million for emergency and long-term aid. Brazil announced R$375 million for long-term recovery aid, R$25 million of which in immediate funds.[218] The United Kingdom's Secretary of State for International Development Douglas Alexander called the result of the earthquake an "almost unprecedented level of devastation", and committed the UK to ₤20 million in aid, while France promised €10 million. Italy announced it would waive repayment of the €40 million it had loaned to Haiti,[159] and the World Bank waived the country's debt repayments for five years.[219] On 14 January, the U.S. government announced it would give US$100 million to the aid effort and pledged that the people of Haiti "will not be forgotten".[220]

The UN Development Programme employed hundreds of Haitians to clear roads and to make fuel pellets in a cash-for-work scheme

In the aftermath of the earthquake, the government of Canada announced that it would match the donations of Canadians up to a total of C$50 million.[221] After a United Nations call for help for the people affected by the earthquake, Canada pledged an additional C$60 million in aid on 19 January 2010, bringing Canada's total contribution to C$135 million.[222] By 8 February 2010, the federal International Co-operation Department, through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), had already provided about C$85 million in humanitarian aid through UN agencies, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and to organizations such as CARE, Médecins du Monde, Save the Children, Oxfam Quebec, the Centre for International Studies and Co-operation, and World Vision.[223] On 23 January 2010, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper announced that the federal government had lifted the limit on the amount of money allocated for matching individual donations to relief efforts,[224] and that the federal government would continue to match individual donations until 12 February 2010; by the deadline, Canadians had privately raised C$220 million.[225] On top of matching donations, International Co-operation Minister Bev Oda pledged an additional C$290 million in long-term relief to be spent between 2010 and 2012, including C$8 million in debt relief to Haiti, part of a broader cancellation of the country's overall World Bank debt.[225] The government's commitment to provide C$550 million in aid and debt relief and Canadians' individual donations amount to a total of CAD$770 million.[226]

In addition to Canada's federal government, the governments of several of the provinces and territories of Canada also announced that they would provide immediate emergency aid to Haiti.[227][228][228][229] On 18 January 2010, the province of Quebec, whose largest city - Montreal - houses the world's largest Haitian diaspora, pledged C$3 million in emergency aid.[230] Both the provincial government of Quebec and the Canadian federal government reaffirmed their commitment to rebuilding Haiti at the 2010 Francophonie Summit; Prime Minister Harper used his opening speech to "tell the head of the Haitian delegation to keep up their spirits" and to urge other nations to continue to support recovery efforts.[231]

President Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal offered interested Haitians free land in Senegal; depending on how many respond to the offer, this could include up to an entire region.[232]

A U.S. mobile air traffic control tower is moved to Haiti by a Russian transport plane(An-124)

Prime Minister Bellerive announced that from 20 January, people would be helped to relocate outside the zone of devastation, to areas where they may be able to rely on relatives or better fend for themselves; people who have been made homeless would be relocated to the makeshift camps created by residents within the city, where a more focused delivery of aid and sanitation could be achieved.[159] Port-au-Prince, according to an international studies professor at the University of Miami, was ill-equipped before the disaster to sustain the number of people who had migrated there from the countryside over the past ten years to find work.[233] After the earthquake, thousands of Port-au-Prince residents began returning to the rural towns they came from.[234]

On 25 January a one-day conference was held in Montreal to assess the relief effort and discuss further plans. Prime Minister Bellerive told delegates from 20 countries that Haiti would need "massive support" for its recovery from the international community. A donors' conference was expected to be held at the UN headquarters in New York in March,[219] however, took more than three months to hold the UN conference. The 26-member international Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission, headed by Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive, convened in June 2010.[235] That committee is overseeing the $5.3 billion pledged internationally for the first two years of Haiti's reconstruction.[236]

The Netherlands sponsored a project, called Radio555. The Dutch radio channels 3FM, Radio 538 and Radio Veronica all broadcast under the name of Radio555, funded by a contribution of €80 million.[237] [238]

Several organizations of the U.S. building industry and government, such as the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the International Code Council, among others, are compiling a "Haiti Toolkit" coordinated by the National Institute of Building Sciences. The toolkit would comprise building technology resources and best practices for consideration by the Haitian government with the goal of creating a more resilient infrastructure to prevent future losses of life. [239]

Immediately following the earthquake, Real Medicine Foundation began providing medical staffing, in-kind medical supplies and strategic coordination to help meet the surging needs of the health crisis on the ground. Working in close partnership with other relief organizations, Real Medicine organized deployments of volunteer medical specialists to meet the needs of partner hospitals and clinics at the Haiti–Dominican Republic border and in Port-au-Prince, provided direct funding, medical supplies and pharmaceuticals to local health facilities and partner hospitals, provided advisory services and coordination to local health facilities, including physical therapy support, and coordinated mobile health outreaches, field clinics and food supplies to outlying villages overlooked in the relief effort.[240]

On 15 January 2011, the Catholic Relief Services announced a US$200 million (€195 million), five-year relief and reconstruction program that covers shelter, health, livelihoods, and child protection among its program areas.[241]

Status of the recovery

As much as 98% of the rubble from the quake remained uncleared by July 2010. An estimated 26 million cubic yards (20 million cubic meters) remained, making most of the capital impassable,[238] and thousands of bodies remained in the rubble. The number of people in relief camps of tents and tarps since the quake was 1.6 million, and almost no transitional housing had been built. Most of the camps had no electricity, running water, or sewage disposal, and the tents were beginning to fall apart. Crime in the camps was widespread, especially against women and girls. Between 23 major charities, $1.1 billion had been collected for Haiti for relief efforts, but only two percent of the money had been released.[242][243] According to a CBS report, $3.1 billion had been pledged for humanitarian aid and was used to pay for field hospitals, plastic tarps, bandages, and food, plus salaries, transportation and upkeep of relief workers. By May 2010, enough aid had been raised internationally to give each displaced family a cheque for $37,000.[244]

In July 2010, CNN returned to Port-au-Prince and reported, "It looks like the quake just happened yesterday", and Imogen Wall, spokeswoman for the United Nations office of humanitarian affairs in Haiti, said that six months from that time it may still look the same. The Haitian government said it was unable to tackle debris clean-up or the resettlement of the homeless because it must prepare for the hurricane season. Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive stated, "The real priority of the government is to protect the population from the next hurricane season, and most of our effort right now is going right now in that direction."[245]

Speaking of the difficulties of living in one of the many camps, one refugee told a reporter, "They told us when we were coming here, that we would live well. But what we saw when we got here and the way we lived here, it's the contrary. The place where we are here when it's hot, the sun makes the tents hot, very hot. And also the wind comes and blows the tents and wrecks them". When asked what needs to happen now, he replied, "...In the situation we're living here in the tents, we can't continue like that anymore. We would ask them as soon as possible to give us the real houses that they said they were going to give us so that our situation could improve. Because the tents are torn, when it rains, rain comes in. We have very exemplary or a very indicative block, Block 6. It's a zone which is completely unpassable when it rains".[246]

Land ownership is a particular problem for rebuilding because so many pre-quake homes were not officially registered. "Even before the national registry fell under the rubble, land tenure was always a complex and contentious issue in Haiti. Many areas of Port-au-Prince were settled either by tonton makout – Duvalier's death squads - given land for their service or by squatters. In many cases land ownership was never officially registered. Even if this logistical logjam were to be cleared, the vast majority of Port-au-Prince residents, up to 85%, did not own their homes before the earthquake."[247]

In September 2010 there were over one million refugees still living in tents, and the humanitarian situation was characterized as still being in the emergency phase, according to the Apostolic Nuncio to Haiti, Archbishop Bernard Auza. He went on to say that the number was rising instead of diminishing, and reported that the state had decided to first rebuild downtown Port-au-Prince and a new government center, but reconstruction had not yet begun.[248]

In October 2010, Refugees International criticised the aid agencies for being "dysfunctional" and "inexperienced". "The people of Haiti are still living in a state of emergency, with a humanitarian response that appears paralysed. Gang leaders or land owners are intimidating the displaced. Sexual, domestic, and gang violence in and around the camps is rising. Action is urgently needed to protect the basic human rights of people displaced by the earthquake."[249] They claimed that rape of Haitian women and girls who have been living in camps since the January earthquake is increasing, in part, because the United Nations isn’t doing enough to protect them.[250] In October, a cholera epidemic broke out, probably introduced by foreign aid workers. Cholera most often affects poor countries with limited access to clean water and proper sanitation. By the end of 2010, more than 3,333 had died at a rate of about 50 deaths a day.[251]

A few days before the first anniversary of the quake, Oxfam published a report on the status of the recovery. According to the report, relief and recovery are at a standstill due to government inaction and indecision on the part of the donor countries. The report states, "One year on, only five percent of the rubble has been cleared and only 15 percent of the required basic and temporary houses have been built. House building on a large scale cannot be started before the enormous amount of rubble is cleared. The government and donors must prioritize this most basic step toward helping people return home".[252] Robert Fox, executive director of Oxfam Canada, said "The dysfunction has been aided unabated by the way the international community has organized itself, where pledges have been made and they haven't followed through [and] where they come to the table with their own agendas and own priorities. Most donors provided funds for transitional housing but very little money for clearing rubble or repairing houses". Fox states that in many instances rubble removal "means it was [moved] off someone's property onto the road in front of the property". [253][254]

According to a UNICEF report, "Still today more than one million people remain displaced, living in crowded camps where livelihoods, shelter and services are still hardly sufficient for children to stay healthy".[255] The Interim Haiti Recovery Commission was set up in April 2010 and led by former US President Bill Clinton and Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive to facilitate the flow of funds toward reconstruction projects and to help Haitian ministries with implementation. As of January 2011 no major reconstruction had started.[252] Amnesty International reported that armed men prey with impunity on girls and women in displacement camps, worsening the trauma of having lost homes, livelihoods and loved ones.[256]

On the first anniversary of the earthquake, Haitian-born Michaëlle Jean, who served as the Governor General of Canada at the time of the disaster and who became United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Special Envoy for Haiti on 8 November 2010, voiced her anger at the slow rate of aid delivery, placing much of the blame on the international community for abandoning its commitments. In a public letter co-authored with UNESCO head Irina Bokova, Jean said, "As time passes, what began as a natural disaster is becoming a disgraceful reflection on the international community."[257]

Disputed figures controversy

On May 31, 2011, BBC News reported that a new report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll. "Significantly fewer people died or were left homeless by last year's earthquake in Haiti than claimed by the country's leaders, a draft report commissioned by the US government has said. The unpublished report puts the death toll between 46,000 and 85,000. Haiti's government says about 316,000 died. It also suggests many of those still living in tent cities did not lose their homes in the disaster. The draft report, which has yet to be released publicly, is based on a survey commissioned by the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and draws its numbers from door-to-door surveys carried out over 29 days in January 2011." [258]

Richard Garfield, a professor of public health at Columbia University, and researchers from the Center for Disaster Medicine at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden also dispute the Haitian government's figures. Said Garfield in accusing global aid groups of inflating death tolls to boost donor interest, "Bigger numbers mean some greater potential fundraising ability. The mentality is if everybody else is inflating their numbers, we can't be left out."[259]

See also

Portal icon Haiti portal
Portal icon Disasters portal

References

  1. ^ a b c "PAGER – M 7.0 – HAITI REGION" United States Geological Survey, 12 January 2010
  2. ^ Lin, Rong-Gong; Allen, Sam (26 February 2011). "New Zealand quake raises questions about L.A. buildings". Los Angeles Times (Tribune). http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-quake-california-20110226,0,1231448.story. Retrieved 27 February 2011. 
  3. ^ a b Lessons to be learned from Haiti's tsunami BBC News, 25 February 2010
  4. ^ Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "Haiti report slams inflated death toll", Japan Times, 3 June 2011, p. 4.
  5. ^ Associated Press, "Haiti earthquake death toll disputed", [[Japan Times, 1 June 2011, p. 3.
  6. ^ a b - Haiti quake death toll well under 100,000 Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 23 February 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  7. ^ - One Year After Haiti's Quake: Cholera Babies School Without Walls, ABC News, 12 January 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  8. ^ a b "USGS Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION". http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  9. ^ Millar, Lisa (17 January 2010). "Tens of thousands isolated at quake epicentre". ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/01/17/2794190.htm. Retrieved 18 January 2010. 
  10. ^ "As Haiti mourns, quake survivor found in rubble". New York Daily Times. 24 January 2010. http://www.newyorkdailytimes.com/news/story/y/75005_as-haiti-mourns-quake-survivor-found-in-rubble.htm. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
  11. ^ a b "Red Cross: 3M Haitians Affected by Quake". CBS News. 13 January 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/01/13/world/main6090601.shtml?tag=cbsnewsSectionContent.4. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  12. ^ "Haiti raises earthquake toll to 230,000". AP. The Washington Post. 10 February 2010. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/09/AR2010020904447.html. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
  13. ^ "Haiti will not die, President Rene Preval insists". BBC News. 12 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8511997.stm. Retrieved 12 February 2010. 
  14. ^ Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "Haiti report slams inflated death toll", Japan Times, 3 June 2011, p. 4.
  15. ^ Associated Press, "Haiti earthquake death toll disputed", [[Japan Times, 1 June 2011, p. 3.
  16. ^ - A Call to Action: Haiti at 6 months World Vision Australia, 12 July 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  17. ^ - Damaging Earthquakes Database - 2010 The Year in Review, CATDAT, SOS Earthquakes, 1 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  18. ^ a b c Clarens Renois (5 February 2010). "Haitians angry over slow aid". Melbourne: The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/world/haitians-angry-over-slow-aid-20100204-ng2g.html. Retrieved 5 February 2010. 
  19. ^ a b "Archbishop of Port-Au-Prince Dies in Haiti Quake". Associated Press. The Times of India. 14 January 2010. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/Archbishop-of-Port-au-Prince-dies-in-Haiti-earthquake/articleshow/5442266.cms. Retrieved 5 February 2011. [dead link]
  20. ^ a b "Boschafter: Mehrere Minister unter den Toten" (in German). Deutsche Presse-Agentur. 15 January 2010. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. http://www.webcitation.org/5mrJW31pj. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  21. ^ "Haiti After The Quake". Thaindian News. 17 January 2010. http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world/haiti-after-the-quake_100305308.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  22. ^ a b "Briefing by Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the Secretary-General, and Jean Victor Nkolo, Spokesperson for the President of the General Assembly". United Nations. 13 January 2010. http://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2010/db100113.doc.htm. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  23. ^ a b "Clinton visits quake-hit Haitians". BBC News. 16 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8463490.stm. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 
  24. ^ "Haiti: bilancio del terremoto, 111.499 vittime". Corriere della Sera. 22 January 2010. http://www.corriere.it/notizie-ultima-ora/Esteri/Haiti-bilancio-terremoto-111-499-vittime/23-01-2010/1-A_000077248.shtml. Retrieved 23 January 2010. 
  25. ^ Prepetit, Claude (9 October 2008). "Tremblements de terre en Haïti, mythe ou réalité ?". Le Matin. http://www.bme.gouv.ht/risques%20geologiques/LeMatin_s%E9ismes.pdf. , quoting Moreau de Saint-Méry, Médéric Louis Élie. Description topographique, physique, civile, politique et historique de la partie française de l'Ile Saint Domingue.  and J. M. Jan, bishop of Cap-Haïtien (1972). Documentation religieuse. Éditions Henri Deschamps. 
  26. ^ "Earthquake leaves Haiti 'worse than a war zone'". 13 January 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34829978/ns/world_news-americas/?GT1=43001. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  27. ^ "UNICEF urgently appeals for aid for Haiti following devastating earthquake", UNICEF, 12 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
  28. ^ "Human Development Report 2009 Haiti"[dead link] United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  29. ^ "Travel Advice – Haiti", Smartraveller: The Australian Government's travel advisory and consular assistance service. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  30. ^ Renois, Clarens (12 January 2010). "Fears of major catastrophe as 7.0 quake rocks Haiti". Agence France-Presse. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gV7dSp1H3MOP1oJjqeolVcym8J8g. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  31. ^ Carroll, Rory 'We are going to disappear one day', The Guardian, 8 November 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  32. ^ "Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION Tectonic Summary" United States Geological Survey, 12 January 2010
  33. ^ a b Hayes, G.P.; Briggs R.W., Sladen A., Fielding E.J., Prentice C., Hudnut K., Mann P., Taylor F.W., Crone A.J., Gold R., Ito T. & Simons M. (2010). "Complex rupture during the 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake". Nature Geoscience 3 (11): 800–805. doi:10.1038/ngeo977. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo977.html. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 
  34. ^ "Magnitude 7.0 – HAITI REGION USGS Community Internet Intensity Map" United States Geological Survey, 12 January 2010
  35. ^ Bachelet, Michelle (27 February 2010). "More than 2 million affected by earthquake, Chile's president says". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2010-02-27/world/chile.quake_1_magnitude-haiti-quake-chilean-president-michelle-bachelet?_s=PM:WORLD. Retrieved 8 November 2011. 
  36. ^ Frequently Asked Questions Institute for Crustal Studies
  37. ^ Amos, Jonathan (13 January 2010). "Haiti quake: The worst of places for a big tremor". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8456233.stm. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  38. ^ "Haiti Earthquake". Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science - University of Colorado. 12 January 2010. http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Haiti%20Earthquake.html. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 
  39. ^ "Finite Fault Model Preliminary Result of the 12 January 2010 Mw 7.0 Haiti Earthquake". USGS. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/finite_fault.php. Retrieved 14 January 2010. 
  40. ^ "NGY Seismology Note No.24 (in Japanese)". Research Center for Seismology Volcanology and Disaster Mitigation Nagoya University. 13 January 2010. http://www.seis.nagoya-u.ac.jp/sanchu/Seismo_Note/2010/NGY24.html. 
  41. ^ DeMets, C.; Wiggins-Grandison W. (2007). "Deformation of Jamaica and motion of the Gonâve microplate from GPS and seismic data". Geophysical Journal International 168: 362–378. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03236.x. http://www.jcoba.org.jm/earthquake/files/DeformJaGPS2007.pdf. Retrieved 19 December 2009. 
  42. ^ Mann, Paul, Calais, Eric, Demets, Chuck, Prentice, Carol S, and Wiggins-Grandison, Margaret (March 2008). "Entiquillo-Plantain Garden Strike-Slip Fault Zone: A Major Seismic Hazard Affecting Dominican Republic, Haiti and Jamaica". 18th Caribbean Geological Conference. http://www.ig.utexas.edu/jsg/18_cgg/Mann3.htm. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  43. ^ Delacroix, Phoenix (25 September 2008). "Haiti/ Menace de Catastrope Naturelle / Risque sismique élevé sur Port-au-Prince". Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.webcitation.org/5mqlCDrAo. Retrieved 12 January 2010. 
  44. ^ a b c d NEIC: Earthquake Search Results US Geological Survey; Lists earthquakes recorded from 12 January until 30 January. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  45. ^ a b "New aid arrives, but aftershock rattles Haiti". CNN (Turner Broadcasting System, Inc). 20 January 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/20/haiti.earthquake/. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  46. ^ Marc Lacey (20 January 2010). "Aftershock Rattles Nerves in Haitian Capital". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/world/americas/21haiti.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  47. ^ a b "Haitians flee in fear as big aftershock hits". Houston Chronicle. 20 January 2010. http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/6826503.html. Retrieved 20 January 2010. [dead link]
  48. ^ Haiti earthquake: reaching victims outside the capital, International Committee of the Red Cross, 19 January 2010
  49. ^ A Deadly Quake in a Seismic Hot Zone New York Times, 25 February 2010
  50. ^ a b Katz, Jonathan M. (12 January 2010). "Many casualties expected after big quake in Haiti". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on 2010-01-17. http://www.webcitation.org/5mqlD7Ktw. Retrieved 12 January 2010. 
  51. ^ "Tsunami Message Number 3". NOAA. http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/messages/caribe/2010/caribe.2010.01.12.233517.txt. Retrieved 12 January 2010. 
  52. ^ By Rich Phillips, Senior Producer (20 January 2010). "In Petit Paradis, earthquake then tsunami - CNN.com". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/22/haiti.paradise.lost/. Retrieved 24 February 2010. 
  53. ^ McQuigge, Michelle (13 January 2010). "Aid workers face frightening challenges in wake of massive quake in Haiti". Metro News (Metro International). http://www.metronews.ca/toronto/world/article/421303--doctors-without-borders-loses-all-three-hospitals-in-haitian-quake. Retrieved 14 January 2010. 
  54. ^ "Only one hospital open in Haiti's quake-hit capital". NewsComAU. 14 January 2010. http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/only-one-hospital-open-in-haitis-quake-hit-capital/story-e6frfku0-1225819044634. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  55. ^ "Major earthquake off Haiti causes hospital to collapse". The Telegraph (London). 12 January 2010. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/6977308/Major-earthquake-off-Haiti-causes-hospital-to-collapse.html. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
  56. ^ a b Fraser, Christian (20 January 2010). "Haitians show fortitude in face of disaster". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8476185.stm. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  57. ^ "UN provides generator for a hospital in Haiti" (PDF). United Nations. http://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/unia1167.pdf. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  58. ^ Lipton, Eric (13 January 2010). "Devastation, Seen From a Ship". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/14/world/americas/14cutter.html?hp. Retrieved 18 January 2010. 
  59. ^ a b Brannigan, Martha (15 January 2010). "Haiti seaport damage complicates relief efforts". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking-news/story/1426067.html. Retrieved 15 January 2010. [dead link]
  60. ^ Statement From Digicel on Haiti Earthquake, IndiaPRwire, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  61. ^ Heim, Kristi (19 January 2010). "Update from Trilogy: five employees killed in Haiti". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/thebusinessofgiving/2010835512_update_from_trilogy_on_haiti.html. 
  62. ^ Rhoads, Christopher (15 January 2010). "Earthquake Sets Back Haiti's Efforts to Improve Telecommunications". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703657604575005453223257096.html. Retrieved 22 January 2010. 
  63. ^ T. Carter Ross (25 January 2010). "Radio Extends Efforts to Help Haiti". Radio World. http://www.rwonline.com/article/93612. Retrieved 25 January 2010. 
  64. ^ Karern Allen (28 January 2010). "Rebuilding Haiti from rubble and dust". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8484512.stm. Retrieved 28 January 2010. 
  65. ^ "Haitian palace collapses"[dead link] The Straits Times, 13 January 2010
  66. ^ "Haïti: les rescapés évacués à la Martinique décrivent le "chaos"". Nouvel OBS. 14 January 2010. http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/depeches/societe/20100114.FAP2717/haiti_les_rescapes_evacues_a_la_martinique_decrivent_le.html. Retrieved 15 January 2010. [dead link]
  67. ^ "Earthquake Rocks Haiti". FOXNews.com. 12 January 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/slideshow/world/2010/01/12/earthquake-rocks-haiti. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  68. ^ "Info – Séisme à Haïti: les autorités s'attendent au pire". tsr.ch. 13 January 2010. http://www.tsr.ch/tsr/index.html?siteSect=200001&sid=11711317&cKey=1263396099000. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  69. ^ Katz, Jonathan M. (19 January 2010). "Haiti's president narrowly missed injury in quake". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/world/latinamerica/articles/2010/01/19/haitis_president_narrowly_missed_injury_in_quake/. 
  70. ^ Lacey, Marc (19 January 2010). "U.S. Troops Patrol Haiti, Filling a Void". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/world/americas/20haiti.html. Retrieved 19 January 2010. 
  71. ^ a b Sherwell, Philip; and Patrick Sawer (16 January 2010). "Haiti earthquake: looting and gun-fights break out". London: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7005554/Haiti-earthquake-looting-and-gun-fights-break-out.html. Retrieved 17 January 2010. 
  72. ^ a b Roig-Franzia, Manuel (20 January 2010). "Shattered city government in quake-ravaged Port-au-Prince in need of help itself". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/19/AR2010011904614.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  73. ^ "Interview-Haitian education system 'totally collapsed'". ReliefWeb. Reuters. 18 January 2010. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-7ZT9P6?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI. Retrieved 26 January 2010. 
  74. ^ Hackett, Ken (August 6–19, 2010). "Support is touching lives". Orlando, Florida: Florida Catholic. pp. A2. 
  75. ^ "Midwifery and Nursing School Destroyed by Haiti Earthquake". ReliefWeb. United Nations Population Fund. 22 January 2010. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/EGUA-7ZXUS3?OpenDocument&rc=2&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI. Retrieved 26 January 2010. 
  76. ^ Tracy Wilkinson (24 January 2010). "A cultural agony in a nation where art is life". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-haiti-artists24-2010jan24,0,5707519.story. Retrieved 24 January 2010. 
  77. ^ Wroughton, Lesley (12 January 2010). "World Bank to assess Haiti damage, plan rebuilding". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1213577020100113?type=marketsNews. 
  78. ^ "Citigroup resumes operations in Haiti". IB Times. 24 January 2010. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/20100124/citigroup-resumes-operations-in-haiti.htm. Retrieved 25 January 2010. 
  79. ^ Faries, Bill; William Varner (10 January 2010). "Earthquake in Haiti May Have Killed 'Over 100,000'". Bloomberg News (Bloomberg). http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=acLZCbL2jFvI&pos=8. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  80. ^ "Apparel Makers Assess Damages in Haiti and Organize Donations". ApparelNews.net. 15 January 2010. http://www.apparelnews.net/news/international/011510-Apparel-Makers-Assess-Damages-in-Haiti-and-Organize-Donations. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  81. ^ (French)Mercure, Philippe (15 February 2010). "Un barrage menace de céder à Grand-Goâve". La Presse. http://www.cyberpresse.ca/international/amerique-latine/seisme-en-haiti/201002/15/01-949725-un-barrage-menace-de-ceder-a-grand-goave.php. Retrieved 16 February 2010. 
  82. ^ Charles, Jacqueline, Clark, Lesley, Robles, Frances Supplies begin to arrive in Haiti as aftershocks shake stunned nation[dead link], The Miami Herald, 14 January 2010
  83. ^ Watkins, Tom (13 January 2010) Problems with Haiti building standards outlined CNN, 13 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
  84. ^ Greene, Richard Aid workers heading to Haiti fear for their safety, CNN, 14 January 2010.
  85. ^ Romero, Simon, Lacey, Marc Government Struggles to Exhume Itself, The New York Times, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  86. ^ Robles, Frances, Charles, Jacqueline Leadership in crisis, relief comes slowly[dead link], The Miami Herald, 16 January 2010
  87. ^ Update 1-US takes control of Haiti airport to speed aid, Reuters, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  88. ^ Charles, Jacqueline, Clark, Lesley, Robles, Frances, Trention, Daniel Massive damage stymies Haiti relief efforts as bodies pile up[dead link], The Miami Herald, 14 January 2010
  89. ^ Israeli medical, rescue workers help Haitians, JTA, 17 January 2010
  90. ^ 8 saved during "Shabbat from hell"[dead link] Israel 21c Innovation News Service, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  91. ^ Charles, Jacqueline, Pressoir, Jean-Cyril, Brecher, Elinor No chance to give the dead a proper burial[dead link], The Miami Herald, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  92. ^ Haven, Paul (20 January 2010). "By the thousands, Haiti returns dead to the earth". Washington Post. Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/20/AR2010012004398.html. Retrieved 22 January 2010. [dead link]
  93. ^ Haiti's voodoo priests object to mass burials, Reuters, 17 January 2010
  94. ^ Cave, Damien As Haitians Flee, the Dead Go Uncounted, The New York Times, 18 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  95. ^ Ian Rawson, Managing Director, Hôpital Albert Schweitzer, Deschapelles. (Retrieved 17 January 2010) Hôpital Albert Schweitzer Haiti Blog, 17 January 2010
  96. ^ Charles, Jacqueline; Trenton Daniel, Frances Robles, Daniel Chang (15 January 2010). "Help begins to trickle in, but desperate populace needs widespread relief". Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/2010/01/15/v-fullstory/1426712_help-begins-to-trickle-in-but.html. Retrieved 1 February 2011. [dead link]
  97. ^ Roth, Daniel Tension grows in the border with Dominican Republic as Haitians try to escape,[dead link] The Miami Herald, 16 January 2010
  98. ^ Romero, Simon, Lacey, Marc Looting Flares as Authority Breaks Down, The New York Times, 16 January 2010
  99. ^ Pilkington, Ed (17 January 2010). "Retribution swift and brutal for Haiti's looters". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/17/retribution-lynching-haiti-looters. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  100. ^ Booth, Jenny (17 January 2010). "Haiti quake: first British victim named as violence increases". London: Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6991555.ece. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  101. ^ "Doctor: Misinformation and Racism Have Frozen Recovery Effort at General Hospital in Port-au-Prince". Democracy Now!. 19 January 2010. http://www.democracynow.org/2010/1/19/doctor_misinformation_and_racism_have_frozen. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  102. ^ Siddique, Haroon; Weaver, Matthew (19 January 2010). "Haiti earthquake updates: live blog". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/blog/2010/jan/19/haiti-earthquake-updates. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  103. ^ a b c Leonard, Tom (18 January 2010). Haiti earthquake: law and order on a knife edge. Port-au-Prince: Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/haiti/7013417/Haiti-earthquake-law-and-order-on-a-knife-edge.html. Retrieved 18 January 2010. 
  104. ^ Mackey, Robert Latest Updates on the Crisis in Haiti, The New York Times, 18 January 2010
  105. ^ Charles, Jacqueline, Burch, Audra After losing all else, Haitians are keeping the faith[dead link], The Miami Herald, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  106. ^ Cooper, Anderson, Watson, Ivan Desperation grows: Mass grave found outside Port-au-Prince, CNN, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  107. ^ "Haiti quake death toll rises to 230,000". BBC News. 10 February 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8507531.stm. 
  108. ^ Haiti raises quake death toll on anniversary CBC News, 12 January 2011
  109. ^ Harris, Dan; Martha Raddatz (16 January 2010). "Racing the Clock to Save Haiti Quake Victims Amid the Stench of Death". ABC World News (ABC). http://abcnews.go.com/WN/HaitiEarthquake/obama-enlists-presidents-haitians-grow-desperate-amid-slow/story?id=9579651. Retrieved 17 January 2010. 
  110. ^ Fletcher, Dan (16 January 2010). "Are the Death Estimates Accurate?". Time Magazine. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953379_1953494_1954342,00.html#ixzz0dGDpWZFL. 
  111. ^ a b c Simon Romero; Neil MacFarquhar (20 January 2010). "Haiti’s Many Troubles Keep Bodies Uncounted". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/world/americas/21deathtoll.html?hp. Retrieved 20 January. 
  112. ^ Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "Haiti report slams inflated death toll", Japan Times, 3 June 2011, p. 4.
  113. ^ Associated Press, "Haiti earthquake death toll disputed", [[Japan Times, 1 June 2011, p. 3.
  114. ^ "Haïti: Un silence assourdissant" (in French). http://www.clicanoo.com/index.php?id_article=233717&page=article. Retrieved 17 January 2010. 
  115. ^ Williams, Sean A.. "Haitian Football Federation says 30 dead". Jamaica Observer. http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sports/HAITI-VISIT_7336253. Retrieved 19 January 2010. 
  116. ^ Haiti recovery 'to take decades' BBC News, 29 January 2010
  117. ^ "Florida College Scrambles for Information on Students in Haiti". Fox News. 13 January 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,582937,00.html. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  118. ^ Jordan, James; Borland, Huw (16 January 2010). "Tensions Mount In Haiti Amid Plea For Aid". Sky News Online. SKY News. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Haiti-Earthquake-Tensions-Mount-Over-Lack-Of-Aid-As-UN-Launches-Emergency-Appeal/Article/201001315525044?lpos=World_News_Top_Stories_Header_1&lid=ARTICLE_15525044_Haiti_Earthquake%3A_Tensions_Mount_Over_Lack_Of_Aid_As_UN_Launches_Emergency_Appeal_. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 
  119. ^ a b "Dominican Republic aid to Haiti eases historic tensions". CNN. 14 January 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.earthquake.dominican.republic/index.html. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  120. ^ "Appeals for aid after quake strikes Haiti" CNN, 13 January 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
  121. ^ Reuters (3 January 2007). "Wyclef Jean to be Haiti's roving ambassador". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16459449/. Retrieved 13 January 2010. 
  122. ^ a b c d Thursday, 14 January 2010 @ 19:45 UTC by Rocio Diaz. "Dominican Republic: Helping Neighboring Haiti After Earthquake". Global Voices Online. http://globalvoicesonline.org/2010/01/14/dominican-republic-helping-neighboring-haiti-after-earthquake/. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  123. ^ ""www.flydominicanrepublic.com"". "www.flydominicanrepublic.com". http://www.flydominicanrepublic.com/. Retrieved 2011-05-29. 
  124. ^ "República Dominicana envía a Haití equipos de emergencia para ayudar en el rescate de las víctimas" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 18 September 2007. http://www.europapress.es/latam/republicadominicana/noticia-haiti-republica-dominicana-envia-haiti-equipos-emergencia-ayudar-rescate-victimas-20100113162157.html. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  125. ^ "The Icelandic urban SAR team has landed at Haiti". ICESAR. 13 January 2010. http://www.icesar.com/. Retrieved 23 January 2010. 
  126. ^ Chinese Team Offers Aid in Haiti CRIENGLISH.com, 15 January 2010
  127. ^ "Qatar joins global relief effort in Haiti". Gulf Times. 15 January 2010. http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=337312&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  128. ^ "האסון בהאיטי: אלפים נמלטים מעיר הבירה Disaster in Haiti: Thousands flee from the capital" (in Hebrew). Walla News. 16 January 2010. http://news.walla.co.il/?w=//1632772. Retrieved 17 January 2010. 
  129. ^ 한국국제구호대, 대장 박청웅 Korea Search and Rescue Team
  130. ^ Associated Press (13 January 2010). "American Red Cross says it has run out of medical supplies in Haiti". readingeagle.com. http://readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id=186329. Retrieved 23 May 2011. 
  131. ^ Eileen Frere (13 January 2010). "Buena Park charity pack supplies for Haiti". ABC Local. http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=weather/earthquake_center&id=7217433. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  132. ^ "Trip to Port-au-Prince reveals more of the tragedy". Partners in Health. 14 January 2010. http://pih.org/inforesources/news/Haiti_Earthquake.html. Retrieved 14 January 2010. [dead link]
  133. ^ "Haiti – MINUSTAH – Facts and Figures". United Nations. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/facts.shtml. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
  134. ^ Bacon, Lance M. (13 January 2010). "Carl Vinson, other ships headed to Haiti". Navy News. http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_vinson_haiti_update_011310w/. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 
  135. ^ Amos, Jonathan How satellites are being used in Haiti, BBC News, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  136. ^ Twitter search for Haiti survivors Channel 4, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
  137. ^ Facebook users in Haiti say some access has been blocked, The Miami Herald, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2010.
  138. ^ Gross, Doug Social networks, texts boost fundraising, CNN, 14 January 2010
  139. ^ "Open Street Map community responds to Haiti crisis". Open Konwledge Foundation. http://blog.okfn.org/2010/01/15/open-street-map-community-responds-to-haiti-crisis/. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  140. ^ Hesse, Monica, Crisis mapping brings online tool to Haitian disaster relief effort The Washington Post, 16 January 2010
  141. ^ Stephen A. Murphy, Poker Sites Matching Players' Donations to Haiti, Card Player Magazine, 14 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  142. ^ Canada considers fast-tracking Haitian immigration, CBC News, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2010.
  143. ^ Stone, Rick (14 January 2010). "Miami's 'Little Haiti' Neighborhood Waits For News". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122567003. Retrieved 14 January 2010. 
  144. ^ Preston, Julia Haitians in U.S. Illegally Given Protected Status, The New York Times, 15 January 2010
  145. ^ McGrory, Kathleen Krome detention center readied for possible influx of Haitians[dead link], The Miami Herald, 17 January 2010
  146. ^ Haitian orphans rushed to new homes abroad, CNN, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  147. ^ a b US sends 4,000 more troops to Haiti, The Guardian, 21 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  148. ^ Schapiro, Rich (21 January 2010). "Haiti earthquake: Groups urge adoption freeze, believing kids' kin may be alive". New York: NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/01/21/2010-01-21_groups_urge_adoption_freeze_fearing_kids_kin_may_be_alive.html. Retrieved 22 January 2010. 
  149. ^ Chardy, Alphonso; Bustos, Sergio (14 January 2010). "Church, immigrant groups plan to airlift Haitian orphans to S. Florida". The Miami Herald. http://www.miamiherald.com/news/breaking-news/story/1425090.html. Retrieved 14 January 2010. [dead link]
  150. ^ Canada hopes to 'fast-track' Haitian adoptions: Kenney, CBC, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  151. ^ Marrapodi, Eric, Lawrence, Chris, Hall, Rick, Phillips, Rich, Watson, Ivan and Candiotti, Susan Haitians dig themselves out as quake damage slows outside aid, CNN, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  152. ^ "Only one hospital open in Haiti's quake hit capital". Courier Mail. 13 January 2010. http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/0,20797,26587037-5003402,00.html?from=public_rss. 
  153. ^ Haiti Devastated, Indian Express, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  154. ^ The ICRC in Haiti International Committee of the Red Cross.
  155. ^ "Haiti earthquake: ICRC sets up special website to facilitate family contacts". International Committee of the Red Cross. 20 January 2010. http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/haiti-news-140110. Retrieved 22 January 2010. 
  156. ^ AFP Medics report mass amputations in Haiti, The Herald Sun, 17 January 2010
  157. ^ Sheridan, Mary Beth Patients overwhelm medical teams at Haiti clinics, Washington Post, 17 January 2010
  158. ^ Edwards, Steven; Barrera, Jorge (17 January 2010). "Fears of violence as Haitians grow desperate for water, food". Montreal Gazette. http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Fears+violence+Haitians+grow+desperate/2450845/story.html. Retrieved 18 January 2010. [dead link]
  159. ^ a b c Charles, Jacqueline, Trenton, Daniel, Clark, Lesley More U.S. troops, relief supplies to arrive in Haiti today; rescue efforts continue as window narrows for survivors[dead link], The Miami Herald, 18 January 2010
  160. ^ Disaster in Haiti, CBS, 18 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  161. ^ "Strong aftershock shakes Haiti, week after earthquake". BBC News. 20 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8469800.stm. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  162. ^ Tran, Mark Aid plane turned away from Haiti airport, says medical charity, The Guardian, 17 January 2010
  163. ^ a b France and America bicker as Haiti aid fails to reach city Times Online, 18 January 2010
  164. ^ "Doctors Without Borders Plane with Lifesaving Medical Supplies Diverted Again from Landing in Haiti". Doctors Without Borders. 19 January 2010. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/press/release.cfm?id=4176. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  165. ^ Montpetit, Jonathan (18 January 2010). "Canada determining how and where to direct relief to Haitians". Canadian Press (Alberta Local News). http://www.albertalocalnews.com/reddeeradvocate/news/world/Canada_determining_how_and_where_to_direct_relief_to_Haitians_81939462.html. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
  166. ^ Morris, Harvey (17 January 2010). "EU plays down talk of Haiti rift with US". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/558f15be-038b-11df-a601-00144feabdc0.html?nclick_check=1. Retrieved 18 January 2010. 
  167. ^ Boadle, Anthony (17 January 2010). "U.S. military says Haiti airport jam easing". Reuters News (Reuters). http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60H00020100118. Retrieved 18 January 2010. 
  168. ^ Cave, Damien, Sontag, Deborah Rescues Beat Dimming Odds in Haiti, The New York Times, 17 January 2010
  169. ^ Fernandes, Adriana Brasil pedirá que ONU defina papéis (in Portuguese), O Estado de S. Paulo, 17 January 2010
  170. ^ AFP La France critique la gestion de l'aéroport de Port-au-Prince (in French), Libération, 16 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  171. ^ Hampton, Olivia Beset by logistical challenges, Haiti relief presses on, AFP, 16 January 2010; Retrieved 17 January 2010
  172. ^ Scofield Jr., Gilberto Descoordenação atrapalha ajuda a vítimas do terremoto no Haiti (in Portuguese), O Globo, 17 January 2010
  173. ^ Morris, Harvey Haiti airport delays blamed on US, Financial Times, 17 January 2010
  174. ^ "U.S.: Haiti aid bottleneck is easing up – Haiti earthquake". MSNBC. 18 January 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34915151/ns/world_news-haiti_earthquake/. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  175. ^ Boadle, Anthony (17 January 2010). "U.S. military says Haiti airport jam easing". Reuters (Miami). http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE60H00020100118. Retrieved 18 January 2010. 
  176. ^ "U.S.: Haiti aid bottleneck is easing up". NBC News (MSNBC). 18 January 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34915151/ns/world_news-haiti_earthquake/. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  177. ^ Dreazen, Yochi U.S. Carrier Carl Vinson Joins Relief Efforts, The Wall Street Journal, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  178. ^ "Vinson Helicopters Perform Medical Evacuations; "Sea Base" On the Way". Navy.mil (United States Navy). 16 January 2010. http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50582. Retrieved 17 January 2010. 
  179. ^ Bacon, Lance (15 January 2010). "3 amphibs leave Virginia for Haiti". Navy Times. http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bataanleave_011410w/. Retrieved 17 January 2010. 
  180. ^ Farlan, Mark M. (16 January 2010). "Bataan heads for Haiti". Navy Times. http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bataan_haiti_011510w/. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 
  181. ^ Haïti: un navire français en route (in French), Le Figaro, 15 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
  182. ^ Garamone, Jim / American Forces Press Service (16 January 2010). "Top Navy Doc Predicts Long USNS Comfort Deployment". http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=57565. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 
  183. ^ Fuentes, Gidget (16 January 2010). "Bunker Hill en route to help Haiti mission". Navy Times. http://www.navytimes.com/news/2010/01/navy_bunkerhill_011610/. Retrieved 16 January 2010. 
  184. ^ "Bienvenue sur le site consacré au TCD Siroco – Page d'accueil". TCD Siroco. http://tcd.siroco.free.fr/. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  185. ^ At Haiti roadblock, a lesson in power dynamics Los Angeles Times, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  186. ^ Padgett, Tim (17 January 2010). "With the Military in Haiti: Breaking the Supply Logjam". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1953379_1953494,00.html. Retrieved 17 January 2010. 
  187. ^ AFP, "In Haiti, the Jacmel cathedral clock stopped at 5:37 pm" My Sinchew, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  188. ^ "Canadian Forces head to port town of Jacmel". CBC News. 18 January 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/01/18/haiti-jacmel-canada.html. Retrieved 18 January 2010. 
  189. ^ "O'Brien: Haiti's cultural core suffers, too", CNN, 20 January 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  190. ^ Symbol of Hope rescued from rubble in Haitian church Senior Life, Brevard County Florida, March 2010, page 3
  191. ^ "Haiti quake victims' bodies 'piled up by roads'". BBC News. 18 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/devon/8465916.stm. 
  192. ^ "HMCS Athabaskan, Halifax to be in Haiti early Tuesday". The Chronicle Herald. 18 January 2010. http://thechronicleherald.ca/Front/9014860.html. Retrieved 19 January 2010. [dead link]
  193. ^ Gloria Galloway (20 January 2010). "Canada's big task in Haiti starts on small airstrip". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/haiti/canadas-big-task-in-haiti-starts-on-small-airstrip/article1436995/. 
  194. ^ "Haiti earthquake: reaching victims outside the capital,". ICRC News. 19 January 2010. http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/haiti-earthquake-update-190110. Retrieved 12 August 2010. 
  195. ^ Haiti earthquake: ICRC expands relief effort, ICRC News, 20 January 2010
  196. ^ Evening News Online CBS News (video), 17 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  197. ^ U.N.: Over 70 Rescued From Haitian Rubble CBS News, 17 January 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  198. ^ "Taiwanese search team rescues two survivors in Haiti". Taiwan News. 19 January 2010. http://www.etaiwannews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1158691&lang=eng_news&cate_img=49.jpg&cate_rss=news_Society_TAIWAN. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  199. ^ Schept, Susan CG continues evacuations, clears port, Navy Times, 19 January 2010
  200. ^ USNS Grasp, Divers Arrive in Port-au-Prince, Begin Port Assessments, United States Navy, 18 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  201. ^ Haiti pier opens, road laid into Port-au-Prince, CNN, 21 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  202. ^ a b Chris Dolmetsch (22 January 2010). "UN Urges Haiti Coordination as Supplies Flood Airport". Bloomberg. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-01-22/un-urges-haiti-relief-coordination-as-supplies-flood-airport.html. Retrieved 22 January 2010. 
  203. ^ By U.S. Fleet Forces Public Affairs (12 January 2010). "U.S. Fleet Forces Commander Provides Update on Navy Contributions to Haiti Relief Efforts". United States Navy. http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50631. Retrieved 20 January 2010. 
  204. ^ "Maritime Force Serves as Cornerstone of Relief Operations in Haiti". US Navy. 20 January 2010. http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=50696. Retrieved 25 January 2010. 
  205. ^ "Haiti quake victim rescue operation declared over". BBC News. 23 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8476474.stm. Retrieved 23 January 2010. 
  206. ^ Haiti supermarket rescues called off CNN, 10 February 2010
  207. ^ "10 Americans charged with kidnapping in Haiti". Agence France-Presse (AFP). 5 February 2010. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/americans_charged_with_kidnapping_wMQSWOz5mQfjWjTe3nrPhN. Retrieved 27 April 2010. 
  208. ^ Freed from Haiti, missionary returns 'with mixed emotions' CNN, 10 March 2010
  209. ^ "Apps of Kindness: Crisis Camp Launches 3 New Web Apps for Haiti". Huffington Post. 17 February 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chrissie-brodigan/apps-of-kindness-crisis-c_b_457792.html. Retrieved 22 March 2010. 
  210. ^ "UNESCO". http://www.unesco-ipred.org/gtfbc/. Retrieved 22 March 2010. [dead link]
  211. ^ "Home grown website to help Haitians rebuild". France 24. 2 February 2010. http://www.france24.com/en/20100202-new-haiti-project-website-pedre-leroux-reconstructing-earthquake-radio-internet. Retrieved 22 March 2010. 
  212. ^ "How Can Technology Help Haiti? Introducing Haiti Rewired". Haiti Rewired. 22 January 2010. http://haitirewired.wired.com/profiles/blogs/haiti-rewireds-mission. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
  213. ^ "Haiti begins relocating quake victims ahead of rains". BBC News. 11 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8614278.stm. Retrieved 13 April 2010. 
  214. ^ Presidents Clinton, Bush lead effort to raise funds for Haiti, CNN, 16 January 2010
  215. ^ Hillary Clinton meets with Haiti leader after arrival, CNN, 16 January 2010
  216. ^ Reinhard, Beth Biden meets with Haitian-American leaders in Miami, The Miami Herald, 16 January 2010
  217. ^ Patricia Zengerle (25 January 2010). "Interview-Quake cost one in five Haitian jobs- minister". ReliefWeb. Reuters. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SNAA-8234A3?OpenDocument&query=killed%20haiti&emid=EQ-2010-000009-HTI. 
  218. ^ Terra Notícias Governo quer indenizar famílias de militares mortos no Haiti (in Portuguese), Terra, 21 January 2010
  219. ^ a b "Haiti 'can lead quake recovery', Canada summit told". BBC News. 26 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/8479166.stm. Retrieved 26 January 2010. 
  220. ^ Sturcke, James (15 January 2010). "Haiti quake: Obama announces $100 m US aid package". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-obama-us-aid. Retrieved 15 January 2010. 
  221. ^ "Donate to Haiti relief". Office of the Prime Minister. 14 January 2010. http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=3063. Retrieved 22 January 2010. 
  222. ^ "Canada pledges 60 million Canadian dollars for Haiti aid". AFP. 19 January 2010. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2IptHeJr8BF8LMxPPiqfrMla3Qg. Retrieved 22 January 2010. 
  223. ^ "Canada matches Haiti donations with $113M". CBC. 8 February 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/02/08/haiti-donations-matching-relief-oda.html. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  224. ^ "PM lifts cap for matching Haiti donations". CBC News. 23 January 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/23/haiti-canada.html. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  225. ^ a b "Canada pledges $400M more for Haiti". CBC News. 31 March 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2010/03/31/haiti-donor-meeting.html. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  226. ^ "Haiti raises quake death toll on anniversary". CBC News. 31 March 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2011/01/12/haiti-anniversary-memorials.html. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  227. ^ "Nova Scotia Responds to Disaster in Haiti". Emergency Management Office, Government of Nova Scotia. 15 January 2010. http://www.gov.ns.ca/news/details.asp?id=20100118003. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  228. ^ a b "Alberta promises $500K for Haiti recovery". CBC News. 17 January 2010. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/calgary/story/2010/01/15/calgary-haiti-alberta-donations-stelmach-red-cross.html. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  229. ^ "Province of Saskatchewan Provides $250,000 in Aid to Haiti". Government of Saskatchewan. 17 January 2010. http://www.gov.sk.ca/news?newsId=68c339cf-e29d-4a28-8e28-e89b6ff80f03. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  230. ^ "Quebec hands out C$3M in emergency aid to Haiti". Montreal Gazette. 18 January 2010. http://www.montrealgazette.com/Quebec+hands+emergency+Haiti/2453273/story.html. Retrieved 12 January 2011. [dead link]
  231. ^ "Francophonie Summit rallies around Haiti crisis". CTV News. 23 October 2010. http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/TopStories/20101023/canada-haiti-cholera-101023/. Retrieved 12 January 2011. 
  232. ^ "Senegal offers land to Haitians". BBC News. 2010-01-17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8463921.stm. Retrieved 2011-02-06. 
  233. ^ Cave, Damien Exodus to Countryside Reverses Long Trend, The New York Times, 21 January 2010
  234. ^ Boyle, Christina Haiti earthquake: Thousands flee ravaged Port-au-Prince following powerful aftershock, Daily News, 21 January 2010
  235. ^ Haiti earthquake: six months on The Observer, 10 July 2010
  236. ^ Leaders look to end dispute over Haiti earthquake aid Miami Herald, 3 August 2010
  237. ^ Donderdag omroepactie voor Haïti, NOS Nieuws, 17 January 2010
  238. ^ a b "Fights over land stall Haiti quake recovery". CBS News. 11 July 2010. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/11/world/main6668155.shtml. 
  239. ^ Colker, Ryan. "Haiti Toolkit Factsheet". National Institute of Building Sciences. http://www.nibs.org/client/assets/files/nibs/FactSheets/HaitiToolkitFactsheet.pdf. Retrieved 31 March 2011. 
  240. ^ Haiti Earthquake Relief Projects Real Medicine Foundation
  241. ^ "One year later, local efforts to help Haiti rebuild continue". Catholic New World. 16 January 2011. http://www.catholicnewworld.com/cnwonline/2011/0116/3.aspx. Retrieved 1 February 2011. 
  242. ^ "ABC Local". ABC. 12 July 2010. http://abclocal.go.com/wabc/story?section=news/national_world&id=7549631. Retrieved 12 August 2010. [dead link]
  243. ^ "Haiti Six Months Later: Where Do Things Stand?". ABC News. 8 July 2010. http://abcnews.go.com/WN/haiti-earthquake-months-things-stand/story?id=11120059. Retrieved 12 August 2010. 
  244. ^ Font size Print E-mail Share 5 Comments (12 July 2010). "Haiti Recovery Bogged Down 6 Months after Quake". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/07/12/world/main6670281.shtml. Retrieved 12 August 2010. 
  245. ^ "Six months after quake, Haiti still suffers". CNN. 12 July 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/07/12/haiti.six.months.later/index.html. 
  246. ^ "Democracynow.org". Democracy Now!. 12 July 2010. http://www.democracynow.org/2010/7/12/displaced_haitians_we_cant_continue_in. Retrieved 12 August 2010. 
  247. ^ Mark Schuller, Is Haiti Falling Through the Cracks? CounterPunch, 9 August 2010
  248. ^ "Nuncio to Haiti". Agencia Fides. 21 September 2010. http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=27454&lan=eng. Retrieved 23 September 2010. 
  249. ^ Report: Haiti recovery 'paralysed' Al Jazeera English, 8 October 2010
  250. ^ Group: Haiti Earthquake Camps Expose Women to Sex Violence Bloomberg, 7 October 2010
  251. ^ Haiti's cholera deaths increase Al Jazeera English, 31 December 2010
  252. ^ a b A year of indecision leaves Haiti’s recovery at a standstill Oxfam International, 6 January 2011
  253. ^ Haiti reconstruction at 'standstill,' says Oxfam report Canada.com, 5 January 2011
  254. ^ Haiti Progress Report 2010 Oxfam International, 6 January 2011
  255. ^ Children in Haiti: One Year After — The long road from relief to recovery UNICEF, January 2011
  256. ^ Haiti: Sexual violence against women increasing Amnesty International, 6 January 2011
  257. ^ "Haiti raises quake death toll on anniversary". CBC News. 12 January 2011. http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2011/01/12/haiti-anniversary-memorials.html. Retrieved 13 January 2011. 
  258. ^ "Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll". BBC. 31 May 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13606720. Retrieved 31 May 2011. 
  259. ^ Agence France-Presse/Jiji Press, "Haiti report slams inflated death toll", Japan Times, 3 June 2011, p. 4.

Further reading

  • TIME, Haiti; Richar Stengel, Nancy Gibbs, Timothy Fadek, Shaul Schwarz, Amy Wilentz, Bryan Walsh and Bill Clinton (2010). Michael Elliot, Jeffery Kluger, Richard Lacayo and Mary Beth Protomastro. ed. Earthquake Haiti: Tragedy and Hope. New York: TIME Inc. Home Entertainment: Richard Fraiman. p. 80. ISBN 1-60320-163-7. 

External links

v · d · e2010 Haiti earthquake
Humanitarian response · Relief efforts · Casualties · Damaged infrastructure · Cholera outbreak
Affected geography
Humanitarian response
National governments · NGOs · For-profit organizations · MINUSTAH
Aid operations
Unified Response (USA) · Hestia (Canada) · Séisme Haiti (France) · White Crane (Italy) · Danbi (Republic of Korea) · Hispaniola (Spain) · United Nations Security Council Resolution 1908 (MINUSTAH)
Benefits & fundraising
Canada for Haiti · Ensemble pour Haïti · Hope for Haiti Now (album) · Hit for Haiti · Clinton Bush Haiti Fund · Digicel Haiti Earthquake Relief Fund · "Everybody Hurts" · "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" · "Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti" · Young Artists for Haiti ("Wavin' Flag") · "I Put a Spell on You" · "We Are the World 25 for Haiti (YouTube Edition)" · Download to Donate for Haiti
See also: List of earthquakes in Haiti and List of 21st-century earthquakes
v · d · e Haiti topics
History
Timeline · Saint-Domingue · Revolution · U.S. occupation · 1915-1986 · 2004 rebellion · 2010 earthquake
Geography
Administrative divisions · Cities · Deforestation · Environment · Islands · National parks · Rivers
Governance
Constitution · Foreign relations · Government · Law enforcement · Military · Parliament · President · Prime Minister · Supreme Court
Politics
Elections · Political parties · Human rights
Economy
Agriculture · Airports · Central bank · Communications · Currency · External debt · Foreign aid · Transport · Tourism · Water supply and sanitation · Media
Society
Crime · Demographics · Education · Health · Religion · Social class
Culture
Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Haitian Creole · Holidays · Literature · Music · Notable people

Coordinates: 18°27′25″N 72°31′59″W / 18.457°N 72.533°W / 18.457; -72.533


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”