United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

Infobox UN
name = United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti

---

caption = Brazilian Army troops before boarding for MINUSTAH
type = Peacekeeping Mission
acronyms = MINUSTAH
head = Hédi Annabi
status = Active
established = 1 June 2004
website = http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/index.html
parent = United Nations Security Council
subsidiaries =
commons =
footnotes =

The United Nations Stabilization Mission In Haiti ( _fr. Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti), also known as MINUSTAH, an acronym of the French translation, is a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Haiti that has been in operation since 2004. The mission's military component is led by the Brazilian Army and the Chilean army. The force commander is Brazilian. The current UN mission is authorized until October, 2008. As of May, 2008, the force was composed of a total of 9,055 uniformed personnel which included 7,174 troops and 1,881 police, supported by an international civilian personnel, a local civilian staff and United Nations Volunteers [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/facts.html
title=Haiti - MINUSTAH - Facts and Figures
publisher=un.org
accessdate=2007-08-14]

Current status

Although the United Nations Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH) has been in Haiti since 2004, it continues to struggle for control over the armed gangs. It maintains an armed checkpoint at the entrance to the shanty town of Cité Soleil and the road is blocked with armed vehicles. [cite web
url=http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2006_2/10-11.html
title= Hoping for change in Haiti’s Cité-Soleil
publisher=International Red Cross
accessdate=2007-08-16] In January 2006, two Jordanian peacekeepers were killed in Cité Soleil. [cite web
year=2006
month=January 18
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4622772.stm
title=Two UN soldiers killed in Haiti
publisher=BBC News
accessdate=2007-08-16 ] In October 2006 a heavily armed group of the Haitian National Police were able to enter Cité Soleil for the first time in three years and were able to remain one hour as armored UN troops patrolled the area. Since this is where the armed gangs take their kidnap victims, the police's ability to penetrate the area even for such a short time was seen as a sign of progress.cite web
url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2006/10/061004_soleil.shtml
title=Haiti police visit gang stronghold
publisher=BBC Caribbean
accessdate=2007-08-02] The situation of continuing violence is similar in Port-au-Prince. Ex-soldiers, supporters of the ex-president, occupied the home of ex-president Jean-Bertrand Aristide against the wishes of the Haitian government. [cite web
year=2004
month=December 16
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4100091.stm
title=Ex-soldiers occupy Aristide home
publisher=BBC News
accessdate=2007-08-16 ] Before Christmas 2006 the UN force announced that it would take a tougher stance against gang members in Port-au-Prince, but since then the atmosphere there has not improved and the armed roadblocks and barbed wire barricades have not been moved. After four people were killed and another six injured in a UN operation exchange of fire with criminals in Cité Soleil in late January 2007, the United States announced that it would contribute $20 million to create jobs in Cité Soleil. [cite web
url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36772
title=HAITI: Poor Residents of Capital Describe a State of Siege
publisher=ipsnews
accessdate=2007-08-02] [cite web
url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/02/070202_citesoleilaid.shtml
title=US aid for Cite Soleil
publisher=BBC Caribbean
accessdate=2007-08-02]

In early February 2007, 700 UN troops flooded Cité Soleil resulting in a major gun battle. Although the troop make regular forcible entries into the area, a spokesperson said this one was the largest attempted so far by the UN troops. [cite web
url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/02/070211_unhaiti.shtml
title=UN troops flood into Haiti slum
publisher=BBC New
accessdate=2007-08-14] On 28 July 2007, Edmond Mulet, the UN Special Representative in Haiti and MINUSTAH Mission Chief, warned of a sharp increase in lynchings and other mob attacks in Haiti. He said MINUSTAH, which now has 9,000 troops there, will launch a campaign to remind people lynchings are a crime. [cite web
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6920240.stm
title=UN concerned at Haiti lynchings
publisher=BBC News
accessdate=2007-08-02]

On 2 August 2007, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon arrived in Haiti due assess the role of the UN forces, announcing that he would visit Cité Soleil during his visit. He said that it was Haiti's largest slum and as such was the most important target for U.N. peace keepers in gaining control over the armed gangs. During his visit he announced an extension of the mandate of the UN forces in Haiti. [cite web
url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/08/070802_haitun.shtml
title=UN chief visits Haiti
publisher=BBC Caribbean
accessdate=2007-08-15]

President René Préval has expressed ambivalent feelings about the UN security presence, stating “if the Haitian people were asked if they wanted the UN forces to leave they would say yes.” [cite web
url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/08/070802_haitun.shtml
title=UN chief visits Haiti
publisher=BBC Caribbean
accessdate=2007-08-02] Survivors frequently blame the UN peace keepers for deaths of relatives. [cite web
url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2047451,00.html
title=Haiti's children die in UN crossfire
publisher=Guardian Unlimited
accessdate=2007-08-02]

In April of 2008, Haiti was facing a severe food crisis as well as governmental destabilization to to Parliament's failure to ratify the president's choice of a prime minister. There were severe riots and the UN force fired rubber bullets in Port au Prince and the riot calmed. [cite web
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7341683.stm
title=BBC NEWS | Americas | Calm returns to Haiti after riots
publisher=news.bbc.co.uk
accessdate=2008-07-13] The head of MINUSTAH has called for a new government to be chosen as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the UN is providing emergency food. [cite web
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7353712.stm
title=BBC NEWS | Americas | UN appeals to Haitian politicians
publisher=news.bbc.co.uk
accessdate=2008-07-13]

United Nations reports and resolutions

On 23 February, 2004, the United Nations Security Council was convened at the request of CARICOM for the first time in four years to address the deteriorating situation in Haiti.UN document |docid=S-PV-4917 |date=26 February 2004 |type=Verbatim Report |body=Security Council |meeting=4917 |accessdate=2007-10-18]

On 29 February, 2004, the Security Council passed a resolution "taking note of the resignation of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti and the swearing-in of President Boniface Alexandre as the acting President of Haiti in accordance with the Constitution of Haiti" and authorized the immediate deployment of a Multinational Interim Force.UN document |docid=S-RES-1529(2004) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2004 |resolution_number=1529 |accessdate=2007-10-18|date=29 February 2004]

On 30 April, 2004, MINUSTAH was established and given its mandate with a military component of up to 6,700 troops.UN document |docid=S-RES-1542(2004) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2004 |date=30 April 2007|resolution_number=1542 |accessdate=2007-10-18]

In July the General Assembly authorized the financing of the mission with $200 millionUN document |docid=A-RES-58-311 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=58 |resolution_number=311 | date=30 July 2004|accessdate=2007-10-18] which followed a donors' conference in Washington DC.UN document |docid=S-PRST-2004-32 |type=Presidential Statement |body=Security Council |year=2004 |highlight=rect_229,555_813,687 |page=2 |accessdate=2007-10-18| date=10 September 2004]

The first progress report from MINUSTAH was released at the end of August.UN document |docid=S-2004-698 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2004 |document_number=698 |accessdate=2007-10-18|date=30 August 2004]

In September the interim president of Haiti, Boniface Alexandre, spoke to the United Nations General Assembly in support of MINUSTAH. [ UN document |docid=A-59-PV.6 |body=General Assembly |type=Verbatim Report |session=59 |meeting=6 |page=8 |anchor=pg008-bk07 |date=22 September 2004 |meetingtime=15:00 |speakername=President Alexandre | speakernation=Haiti |accessdate=2007-10-18 ]

In November there was a second report,UN document |docid=S-2004-908 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2004 |document_number=908 |accessdate=2007-10-18|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United NationsStabilization Mission in Haiti|date=18 November 2004] and the Security Council mandate for MINUSTAH.UN document |docid=S-PV-5090 |date=29 November 2004 |type=Verbatim Report |body=Security Council |meeting=5090 |accessdate=2007-10-18]

The mandate has most recently been extended by the Security Council until October 2008.UN document |docid=S-RES-1780(2007) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2007 |resolution_number=1780 |accessdate=2007-10-18|date=15 October 2007]

Background

:"See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'état"According to its mandate from the UN Security Council, MINUSTAH is required to concentrate the use of its resources, including civilian police, on increasing security and protection during the electoral period and to assist with the restoration and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order in Haiti. [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17082&Cr=Haiti&Cr1
title=Haiti: former Senator detained after UN mission finds illegal weapons
publisher=un.org
accessdate=2007-08-14] Critics argue that the mission's main purpose is to suppress popular opposition to the interim government and to give an impression of legitimacy to the imperialist agenda of France, Canada, and the U.S., the three countries responsible for orchestrating the overthrow of the Aristide government in 2004. MINUSTAH was established by UN Security Council Resolution 1542 on 30 April 2004 because the Security Council deemed the situation in Haiti to be a threat to international peace and security in the region. [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/mandate.html
title= Haiti - MINUSTAH - Mandate
publisher=United Nations
accessdate=2007-08-15] In 2004, UN peacekeepers stormed Cité Soleil in an attempt to gain control of the area and end the anarchy. [cite web
year=2004
month=December 15
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4096841.stm
title=UN peacekeepers storm Haiti slum
publisher=BBC News
accessdate=2007-08-16 ] In 2004, independent human rights organizations accused MINUSTAH and the Haitian National Police (HNP) of collaborating in numerous atrocities against civilians. [cite web
url=http://www.law.miami.edu/cshr/CSHR_Report_02082005_v2.pdf
title=Haiti: Human Rights Investigation November 11 - 21, 2004
publisher=Miami Law
accessdate=2007-08-15] [cite web
url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR360602004?open&of=ENG-HTI
title=Haiti: Amnesty International calls on the transitional government to set up an independent commission of enquiry into summary executions attributed to members of the Haitian National Police
publisher=Amnesty International
accessdate=2007-08-15] [cite web
url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp/CAP/Text/Haiti_English_Final.pdf
title=Document currently not found
publisher=Harvard Law
accessdate=2007-08-15] The UN, after repeatedly denying having taken the lives of any civilians, later admitted that civilians may have been killed, but argued that this was not intentional, and that it occurred as a by-product of their crackdown on what they call "gangs". They also said that the UN and MINUSTAH deeply regretted any loss of life during the operation. [cite web
url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article337553.ece
title= UN admits civilians may have died in Haiti peacekeeping raid
publisher= The Independent
accessdate=2007-08-15] [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minustah/pb060705e.pdf
title=MINUSTAH Statement Relating to the Operation Conducted on 05 July 2005 at Cite Soleil
publisher=UN United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
accessdate=2007-08-15]

In early 2005, MINUSTAH force commander Lieutenant-General Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira testified at a congressional commission in Brazil that "we are under extreme pressure from the international community to use violence,” citing Canada, France, and the United States. [cite web
url=http://www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=6995&sectionID=55
title=Canada plays big role in propping up Haiti regime
publisher=ZNet
accessdate=2007-08-15] Later in the year, he resigned, and on 1 September 2005, was replaced by General Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar as force commander of MINUSTAH. On 7 January 2006, Bacellar was found dead in his hotel room. [cite web
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4590700.stm
title=Haiti UN mission chief found dead
publisher=BBC News
accessdate=2007-08-15] His interim replacement, Chilean General Eduardo Aldunate Hermann has been criticized for having been trained at the School of the Americas, and for having served in the brutal forces of Augusto Pinochet. In October 2005, the lawyer of the family of Carmelo Soria, a Spanish diplomat assassinated in 1976, lodged a request with the Chilean judicial system demanding that the General Eduardo Aldunate Herman be heard in the Soria case. According to former DINA agent Carlos Labarca Sanhueza's judicial testimony, General Herman was part of the "Brigada Mulchén" special DINA unit involved in Soria's assassination [http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20051011/pags/20051011122922.html Familia de Carmelo Soria pidió que se interrogue a militar a cargo de tropas en Haití] , "Radio Cooperativa", 11 October 2005 es icon] . According to Carmelo Soria's daughter, General Herman was also involved in the assassination of DINA biochemist Eugenio Berrios, found dead in 1995 .

On 17 January 2006, it was announced that Brazilian General José Elito Carvalho de Siqueira would be the permanent replacement for Bacellar as the head of the United Nations' Haiti force. [cite web
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4624962.stm
title=New peacekeeping head for Haiti
publisher=BBC News
accessdate=2007-08-15]

On 14 February 2006, in Security Council Resolution 1658, the United Nations Security Council extended MINUSTAH's mandate until 15 August 2006. [cite web
url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/15/content_4180775.htm
title=Security Council calls on Haitians to refrain from violence
publisher=China View
accessdate=2007-08-15]

MINUSTAH is also a precedent as the first mission in the region to be led by the Brazilian military, and almost entirely composed of, Latin American forces, particularly from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador and Uruguay. [cite web
url=http://www.focal.ca/pdf/Latam_military.pdf
title=The Changing Role of the Military in Latin America
publisher=Focal
accessdate=2007-08-15] Since 1 September 2007, the mission has been led by Tunisian Hédi Annabi. [cite web
url=http://www.minustah.org/articles/639/1/Prise-de-fonction-du-nouveau-Representant-special-du-Secretaire-general-des-Nations-Unies-pour-Haiti-et-Chef-de-la-MINUSTAH/PIOPR347FR2007.html
title=Prise de fonction du nouveau Représentant spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies pour Haïti et Chef de la MINUSTAH
publisher=MINUSTAH
accessdate=2007-08-31]

6 July 2005 Incident

On 6 July 2005, MINUSTAH carried out a raid in the Cité Soleil section of Port-au-Prince. MINUSTAH spokespeople claimed that the raid targeted a base of illegally armed rebels led by Dread Wilme. Reports from pro-Lavalas sources, as well as journalists such as Kevin Pina, contend that the raid targeted civilians and was an attempt to destroy the popular support for Haiti's exiled former leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, before scheduled upcoming elections.

Estimates on the number of fatalities range from five to as high as 80, with the higher numbers being claimed by those reporting that the raid targeted civilians. All sources agree that no MINUSTAH personnel were killed. All sources also agree that Dread Wilme (birthname "Emmanuel Wilmer") was killed in the raid. MINUSTAH spokespeople called Wilme a "gangster." Other sources, such as the pro-Aristide Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network call Wilme a community leader and a martyr. [cite web
url=http://www.margueritelaurent.com/pressclips/haitianlawyers.html
title=Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network
publisher=
accessdate=2007-08-15]

The incident became a focal point for groups who oppose the MINUSTAH occupation of Haiti and who support the return of President Aristide. [cite web
url=http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2006_2/10-11.html
title= Hoping for change in Haiti’s Cité-Soleil
publisher=International Red Cross
accessdate=2007-08-16] MINUSTAH has also been accused by opponents of standing by and allowing the Haitian National Police to commit atrocities and massacres against Lavalas supporters and Haitian citizens opposed to the current occupation.

On 6 January 2006, UN mission head Juan Gabriel Valdés announced that MINUSTAH forces would launch another raid on Cité Soleil. Dismissing fears by human rights groups that more civilians will be killed, Valdés said, "We are going to intervene in the coming days. I think there'll be collateral damage but we have to impose our force, there is no other way." [cite web
url=http://www.ijdh.org/articles/article_halfhourforhaiti_1-10-06.htm
title=Half-Hour for Haiti: Stop “Collateral Damage” in Cite Soleil
publisher=Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti
accessdate=2007-08-15]

Mission Composition

Heads of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti:
*Juan Gabriel Valdés of Chile, August 2004 to May 2006. [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sga881.doc.htm
title=Juan Gabriele Valdes appointed special representative and head of UN Mission in Haiti
publisher=www.un.org
accessdate=2008-07-13]
*Edmond Mulet of Guatemala, June 2006 to August 2007. [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sga1007.doc.htm
title=Secretary-General appoints Edmond Mulet of Guatemala his special representative in Haiti
publisher=www.un.org
accessdate=2008-07-13]
*Hédi Annabi of Tunisia, September 2007 to date. [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sga1081.doc.htm
title=Secretary-General appoints Hédi Annabi OF Tunisa Special Representative, Head of United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
publisher=www.un.org
accessdate=2008-07-13] Force commanders of the MINUSTAH military component:
*Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira, Brazil, 2004 to August 2005
*Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar, Brazil, September 2005 to January 2006. [cite web
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4205630.stm
title=BBC NEWS | Americas | New commander leads Haiti force
publisher=news.bbc.co.uk
accessdate=2008-07-13]
*Eduardo Aldunate Herman, Chile, January 2006 (interim appointment).
*José Elito Carvalho Siqueira, Brazil, January 2006 to January 2007. [cite web
url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2006/sga975.html
title=Secretary-General Appoints Lieutenant General José Elito Siqueira Carvalho new Force Commander of UN Mission in Haiti
publisher=www.unis.unvienna.org
accessdate=2008-07-13]
*Carlos Alberto Dos Santos Cruz, Brazil, January 2007 to date. [cite web
url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21192&Cr=haiti&Cr1=
title=Haiti: Brazilian general to be new Force Commander for UN peacekeeping mission
publisher=www.un.org
accessdate=2008-07-13] Countries contributing military personnel: :Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Ecuador(an engineering company embedded in the Chilean force.), France, Guatemala, Jordan, Nepal, Morocco, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, United States, and Uruguay.Countries contributing police/civilian personnel::Argentina, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, DR Congo, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Grenada, Guinea, Jordan, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Togo, Turkey, United States, and Uruguay.cite web
year=
month=
url=http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/facts.html
title=United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
publisher=United Nations
accessdate=2007-11-25 ]

ee also

*List of UN peacekeeping missions
*List of countries where United Nations peacekeepers are currently deployed

Notes

References

* [https://listhost.uchicago.edu/pipermail/Haiti-news/2005-July/000790.html From Reuters Alertnet]
* [http://www.haitiaction.net/News/HIP/7_12_5.html HaitiAction.net] , a pro-Aristide site
* [http://outofhaiti.ca/ Canada out of Haiti] , an anti-occupation site
* [http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/pr/2005/07-05-2005.cfm The Doctors without Borders press release indicating that civilians have been targets of the violence in Haiti]
* [http://www.williambowles.info/haiti-news/2005/haiti_report_060705.html A digest of Haitian news reports for 6 July 2005]
* [http://haitisupport.gn.apc.org/fea_news_main.html Another digest of Haitian news reports, including coverage of the protests after the raid]
* [http://www.williambowles.info/haiti-news/2005/soleil_update.html A report from the US Labor and Human Rights delegation to Haiti]
* [http://www.thepowerhour.com/news/haiti_killings.htm The Power Hour] , a pro-Lavalas site

External links

* [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minustah/ Official MINUSTAH website]
* [http://www.minustah.org/ Official Website] (French language)
* [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minustah/ United Nations' Mission Website]
* [http://www.state.gov/p/io/fs/2004/48612.htm U.S. State Department - Bureau of International Affairs' Fact Sheet]
* [http://www.nepalpolice.gov.np/minustah_mission_in_UN.php Nepal Police - Documentation of Nepal's contribution to MINUSTAH]
* [http://www.haiti.ejercito.mil.ar/ Argentine Military - Documentation of Argentine Army's contribution to MINUSTAH]
* [http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/misiones/haiti.html Argentine Military - Documentation of Argentine Air Force's contribution to MINUSTAH]
* [http://www.ara.mil.ar/La_Armada/MediosyCapacidades/infanteria/misiones/minustah.htm Argentine Military - Documentation of Argentine Navy's contribution to MINUSTAH]
* [http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/pko/minustah.html Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Documentation of Japan's contribution to MINUSTAH]
* [http://www.defence.lk/PrintPage.asp?fname=20061207_02 Ministry of Defence - Sri Lanka's contribution to MINUSTAH]
* [http://www.pbase.com/perrona/haiti_photo_haiti Photo Minustah & Haiti]
* [http://www.ijdh.org/articles/article_halfhourforhaiti_1-10-06.htm Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti]