Orders of magnitude (temperature)

Temperature in °C compared to the thermodynamic scale in electron volts, which are also used as a unit of temperature.

List of orders of magnitude for temperature

Factor	Multiple	Item
10−∞	0 K	absolute zero: free bodies are still, no interaction within or without a thermodynamic system
10−30	1 wK	particular speeds bound paths to exceed size and lifetime of the universe (see least-energy in orders of magnitude (energy))
10−18	1 aK	macroscopic teleportation of matter Hawking temperature of supermassive black holes
10−15	1 fK	atomic waves coherent over inches atomic particles decoherent over inches
10−12	1 pK	100 pK, lowest temperature ever produced, during the nuclear magnetic ordering at Helsinki University of Technology's Low Temperature Lab 450 pK, lowest temperature sodium Bose-Einstein condensate gas ever achieved in the laboratory, at MIT[1]
10−9	1 nK	50 nK, Fermi melting point of potassium-40 Bose melting point of bosonic atomic gases Doppler-locked refrigerants in laser cooling and magneto-optical traps
10−6	1 μK	nuclear demagnetization
10−3	1 mK	radio excitations 1.7 mK, temperature record for helium-3/helium-4 dilution refrigeration, and the lowest temperature which may be sustained for arbitrarily long time with known techniques. 2.5 mK, Fermi melting point of helium-3 60 mK adiabatic demagnetization of paramagnetic molecules 300 mK in evaporative cooling of helium-3 700 mK, helium-3/helium-4 mixtures begin phase separation 950 mK, melting point of helium microwave excitations
1	1 K	1 K at the Boomerang nebula, the coldest natural environment known 1.5 K, melting point of overbound helium 2.19 K, lambda point of overbound superfluid helium 2.725 K, cosmic microwave background 4.1 K, superconductivity point of mercury 4.22 K, boiling point of bound helium 5.19 K, critical temperature of helium 7.2 K, superconductivity point of lead 9.3 K, superconductivity point of niobium
101	10 K	Fermi melting point of valence electrons for superconductivity 14.01 K, melting point of bound hydrogen 20.28 K, boiling point of bound hydrogen 33 K, critical temperature of hydrogen 44 K mean on Pluto 53 K mean of Neptune 63 K, melting point of bound nitrogen 68 K mean of Uranus 77.35 K, boiling point of bound nitrogen 90.19 K, boiling point of bound oxygen 92 K, superconductivity point of Y-Ba-Cu-oxide (YBCO) Everyday substances near liquid air's temperature with incipient Fermi-condensate populations result in spontaneose luminescence, loss or lack of hysteresis, inductive and capacitive electronic moments that readily adsorb or expel or float upon unlike substances:[2]
102	100 K	infrared excitations 135 K, highest-temperature superconductor at ambient pressure, mercury barium calcium copper oxide 165 K, glass point of supercooled water 183.75 K (–89.4 °C), coldest air recorded on Earth 192 K, Debye temperature of ice 273.15 K (0 °C), melting point of bound water 273.16 K (0.01 °C), temperature of triple point of water (defining constant) ~293 K, room temperature 373.15 K (100 °C), boiling point of bound water 647 K, critical point of superheated water 737.5 K, mean on Venus See detailed list below
103	1 kK	visible light excitations 500–2200 K on brown dwarfs (photosphere) 1170 K at wood fire 1300 K in lava flows, open flames 1500 K in basalt lava flows ~1670 K at blue candle flame 1811 K, melting point of iron (lower for steel) 1830 K in Bunsen burner flame 1900 K at the Space Shuttle orbiter hull in 8 km/s dive 2022 K, boiling point of lead 2230 K, Debye temperature of carbon 2320 K at open hydrogen flame 2150–2450 K at open hydrocarbon flame 3683 K, melting point of tungsten 3925 K, sublimation point of carbon 4160 K, melting point of hafnium carbide 4800 K, 10 MPa, triple point of carbon[3] 5000 K, 12 GPa melting point of diamond[4] 5100 K in cyanogen-dioxygen flame 5516 K at dicyanoacetylene (carbon subnitride)-ozone flame 5650 K at Earth's Inner Core Boundary 5780 K on Sun 5933 K, boiling point of tungsten 6000 K, mean of the Universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang 7445 K, 850 GPa;[5] 8750 K, 520 GPa;[6] 5400 K, 220 GPa,[7] critical point of diamond/solid III 7735 K, a monatomic ideal gas has one electron volt of kinetic energy ultraviolet excitations 8801 K, 10.56 GPa[8] 7020.5 K, 797 MPa,[9] critical point of carbon anionic sparks
104	10 kK	10 kK on Sirius A 10–15 kK in mononitrogen recombination 15.5 kK, critical point of tungsten 25 kK, mean of the Universe 10,000 years after the Big Bang 26 kK on white dwarf Sirius B 28 kK in record cationic lightning over Earth 4–8–40–160 kK on white dwarfs 30–400 kK on a planetary nebula's asymptotic giant helium star 37 kK in proton-electron reactions 38 kK on Eta Carinae 50 kK at protostar (core) 53 kK on Wolf-Rayet star R136a1 54.5 kK on ON2 III(f*) star LH64-16[10] >200 kK on Butterfly Nebula ~300 kK at 17 meters from Little Boy's detonation Fermi boiling point of valence electrons X-ray excitations
106	1 MK	γ-ray excitations 1 MK at old neutron stars, brown dwarfs, and gravital deuterium fusion range 1–3–10 MK above Sun (corona) 2.4 MK at T Tauri stars and gravital lithium-6 fusion range 2.5 MK at red dwarfs and gravital protium fusion range 8 MK in solar wind 10 MK at orange dwarfs and gravital helium-3 fusion range 13.6 MK at Sun 10–30–100 MK in stellar flares 20 MK in novæ 23 MK, beryllium-7 fusion range 60 MK above Eta Carinae 85 MK (15 keV) in a magnetic confinement fusion plasma 200 MK at helium star and gravital helium-4 fusion range 230 MK, gravital carbon-12 fusion range 460 MK, gravital neon fusion-disproportionation range 5–530 MK in Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor's plasma 750 MK, gravital oxygen fusion range
109	1 GK	1 GK, everything 100 seconds after the Big Bang 1.3–1.7 GK, gravital silicon fusion range 3 GK in electron-positron reactions 10 GK in supernovæ 10 GK, everything 1 second after the Big Bang 700 GK in quasars' accretion discs 740 GK, Hagedorn temperature or Fermi melting point of pions
1012	1 TK	0.1–1 TK at new neutron star 0.5–1.2 TK, Fermi melting point of hadrons into quark-gluon plasma 3–5 TK in proton-antiproton reactions Z0 electronuclear excitations 10 TK, 100 microseconds after the Big Bang 45–67 TK at collapsar of a gamma ray burst 300–900 TK at proton-nickel conversions in the Tevatron's Main Injector
1015	1 PK	0.3–2.2 PK at proton-antiproton collisions
1018	1 EK	2–13 EK at heavy nuclear conversions in the Large Hadron Collider
1021	1 ZK	dark matter at active galactic nuclei
1024	1 YK	0.5–7 YK at ultra-high-energy cosmic ray collisions
1027	1 000 YK	electrocoloral excitations everything 10−35 seconds after the Big Bang
1030	106 YK	14.2 million YK, Planck temperature of Planck particles and geons or kugelblitzen everything 5×10−44 seconds after the Big Bang
1033	109 YK	theory of everything excitations[citation needed] extradimensional gauge freedom[citation needed] Landau poles[citation needed]

Detailed list for 100 K to 1000 K

Most ordinary human activity takes place at temperatures of this order of magnitude. Circumstances where water naturally occurs in liquid form are shown in light grey.

Kelvin	Degrees Celsius	Degrees Fahrenheit	Condition
100 K	−173.15 °C	−279.67 °F
125 K	−148 °C	−234 °F	superconductivity point of Tl-Ba-Cu-oxide
138 K	−135 °C	−211 °F	superconductivity point of Hg-Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-oxide
140 K	−130 °C	−200 °F	mean on Saturn
150 K	−120 °C	−190 °F	mean on Jupiter
183.9 K	−89.2 °C	−128.6 °F	coldest record on Earth, at Vostok
194.6 K	−78.5 °C	−109.3 °F	sublimation point of carbon dioxide (dry ice)
210 K	−63 °C	−80 °F	mean on Mars
234.3 K	−38.83 °C	−37.89 °F	melting point of mercury
255 K	−18 °C	−0.4 °F	recommended for keeping food frozen
255.4... K	−17.7... °C	0 °F	coldest brine-ice solution found by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
272 K	−1.1 °C	30 °F	chilly sea
273.15 K	0.00 °C	32.00 °F	melting point of water (at STP)
278 K	5 °C	41 °F	recommended for keeping food cool
287 K	14 °C	57 °F	mean on Earth
293.6 K	20.5 °C	68.9 °F	coldest human body survived
295 K	21 °C	70 °F	room temperature
304 K	31 °C	88 °F	melting point of butter
307 K	34 °C	93 °F	kindling point of white phosphorus
308 K	35 °C	95 °F	warmest sea measured, at the Red Sea
310 K	37 °C	98.6 °F	standard human body
315 K	42 °C	108 °F	usually deadly human fever
326 K	54 °C	129 °F	hottest reliably reported air temperature on Earth, at Death Valley, USA - reported on four separate occasions.
330 K	58 °C	136.4 °F	hottest claimed air temperature on Earth, at Al 'Aziziyah in Libya - this reading is not generally considered reliable.
330 K	60 °C	140 °F	recommended for keeping food warm
336 K	63 °C	145.4 °F	milk pasteurization
340 K	70 °C	160 °F	food is well done hot springs at which some bacteria thrive
350 K	77 °C	170 °F	poaching of food
355 K	82 °C	180 °F	recommended for coffee brewing
366 K	93 °C	200 °F	simmering of food
372 K	99 °C	210 °F	cake is well done
373.15 K	100 °C	212 °F	boiling point of water
380 K	105 °C	225 °F	oven on very low smoke point of raw safflower oil syrup is concentrated to 75% sugar
400 K	127 °C	260 °F	Concorde nose tip during supersonic flight
410 K	140 °C	275 °F	oven on low
435 K	160 °C	320 °F	syrup is concentrated to 100% sugar
440 K	170 °C	325 °F	oven on low-medium
450 K	175 °C	350 °F	oven on medium mean on Mercury smoke point of butter
470 K	200 °C	400 °F	oven on medium-high
485 K	210 °C	410 °F	kindling point of diesel fuel
490 K	220 °C	425 °F	oven on high kindling range of paper
510 K	240 °C	475 °F	oven on very high kindling range of automotive fuel
525 K	250 °C	485 °F	smoke point of milkfat
540 K	265 °C	510 °F	smoke point of refined safflower oil
600.65 K	327.5 °C	621.5 °F	melting point of lead
740 K	460 °C	870 °F	mean on Venus
749 K	476 °C	889 °F	kindling point of magnesium
760 K	480 °C	900 °F	electric oven on the self-cleaning cycle
809 K	536 °C	997 °F	kindling point of hydrogen
933.47 K	660.32 °C	1220.58 °F	melting point of aluminium
1000 K	726.85 °C	1340.33 °F

References

1. ^ . http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/18214. 
2. ^ http://1911encyclopedia.org/Liquid_Gases "Liquid Gases". Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition: Classic Encyclopedia. (1911, 2006)
3. ^ A. I. Savvatimscij, "Melting point of graphite and liquid carbon", Physics 46 (12) 1295–1303 (2003), Uspèxi Fizichèscix Nauc, Russian Academy of Sciences
4. ^ C. C. Yang and S. Li, "Size-Dependent Temperature-Pressure Phase Diagram of Carbon", J. Phys. Chem. C 112 (5), 1423–1426 (2008)
5. ^ Alfredo A. Correa, Stanimir A. Bonev, Giulia Galli, "Carbon under extreme conditions: Phase boundaries and electronic properties from first-principles theory", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 8 Dec 2005.
6. ^ Xiaofei Wang, Sandro Scandolo, Roberto Car, "Carbon Phase Diagram from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics", Phys. Rev. Let. 95, 185701 (2005)
7. ^ Gerald I. Kerley and Lalit Chhabildas, "Multicomponent-Multiphase Equation of State for Carbon", Sandia National Laboratories (2001)
8. ^ James N. Glosli and Francis H. Ree, "Liquid-liquid Phase Transformation in Carbon", Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4659–4662 (1999)
9. ^ Man Chai Chang, Ryoo Ryong, Mu Shik Jhon, "Thermodynamic properties of liquid carbon", Carbon, Volume 23, Issue 5, 481-485 (1985)
10. ^ Philip Massey et al, "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O-type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample of 20 Stars in the Magellanic Clouds", The Astrophysical Journal, 608:1001–1027 (2004)

External links

• Online Temperature Conversion