Orders of magnitude (pressure)

This is a tabulated listing of the orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals.

Magnitude	Pressure	lbf/in2 or dB	Item
10−13 Pa	0.1 pPa		Interstellar space pressure (approximate)
10−12 Pa	1 pPa		Lowest pressure obtained in laboratory conditions.[1]
10−11 Pa
	40 pPa		Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar day, very approximately (4×10−11 Pa)[2]
10−10 Pa	100 pPa		Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately (1×10−10 Pa)[3]
	800 pPa		Atmosphere of the Moon at lunar night, very approximately (80×10−11 Pa)[2]
10−9 Pa	1 nPa		Vacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's Atlas experiment[4]
10−8 Pa	10 nPa		Pressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms (Magneto-optical trap) experiments
10−7 Pa	100 nPa		Upper limit of ultra high vacuum
10−6 Pa	1 µPa		Reference pressure for sound in water.[5]
	1 µPa		Pressure inside a vacuum tube (approximate, varies).
10−5 Pa	10 µPa		Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth.[6]
	20 µPa	0 dB	Reference pressure for sound in air.[7]
	20 µPa	0 dB	Threshold of human hearing – the smallest RMS pressure fluctuation that the human ear can hear in a noiseless environment, at frequencies between 1 kHz and 5 kHz.[7]
10−4 Pa	100 µPa		Near Earth outer space pressure (approximate)
	500 µPa		Atmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly)
10−3 Pa
10−2 Pa
10−1 Pa	100 mPa		Upper limit of high vacuum
1 Pa	1 Pa		Pressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface[8]
	1 Pa		Upper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment
10 Pa	10 Pa		Pressure increase per millimeter of a water column at Earth mean sea level.
	10 Pa		Pressure inside an incandescent light bulb (approximate)
102 Pa	100 Pa	~130 dB	Threshold of pain pressure level for sound. Prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss.
	300 Pa	0.043 psi	Differential air pressure for normal or easy breathing of a person. Natural outside air pressure of 1 bar (or ~1 atm at 180 m elevation) is about 14 psi, but breathing in and out[9] may only change total air pressure 0.3%, between 96.3 kPa (13.96 psi) and 96.8 kPa (14.04 psi). By comparison, trumpet players have been shown to push from 3.4 kPa (0.5 psi) up to 13 kPa (1.9 psi) (45 times harder, but still only 13% of 1 atm total).
	610 Pa	0.089 psi	Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of water (611.73 Pa)
103 Pa	1 kPa	0.15 psi	Atmospheric pressure on Mars, 1% of atmospheric sea-level pressure on Earth
	1.5 kPa		Pressure of popping popcorn[10]
	2.6 kPa	0.38 psi or 20 mmHg	Pressure to make water boil at room temperature (22 °C).[11]
	6.9 kPa	1 psi	1 pound-force per square inch
104 Pa	10 kPa	1.5 psi	Pressure increase per meter of a water column
	10 kPa	1.5 psi	Drop in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation
	13 kPa	1.9 psi	High air pressure for human lung measured in trumpet player making staccato high notes.[12] A cough or sneeze will be notably lower, since a typical person can exert lung pressure of about 9.8 kPa (74 mmHg or 1.4 psi),[13] though it has been noted that a healthy adult may push briefly with 19.3 kPa (2.8 psi) of pressure without injury.
	17 kPa	2.4 psi	Systolic blood pressure in a healthy adult (125 mmHg while at rest) with a fluctuation of about 7 kPa (50 mmHg, 1.6 psi) between systolic and diastolic pressure (10 kPa, 75 mmHg, or 1.45 psi) between heartbeats.
	80 kPa	12 psi	Pressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)
	87 kPa	13 psi	Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/hurricane (Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure)[14]
105 Pa	100 kPa	15 psi	1 bar (14.5 psi)[15], approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter
	101 kPa	15 psi	Standard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi)
	150 to 550+ kPa	25 to 80+ psi	Impact pressure of a fist punch (approximate). Typical force may total 150 to 500 pounds-force (670 to 2,200 N), applied to area of ~6 square inches (39 cm2). Actual impact pressure depends on strike to bone, soft tissue, padded surface, or brick wall. Also depends upon deflection or resistance of object struck. Heavyweight boxing champions have been shown to strike with over 1,000 pounds-force (4,400 N) of force, which would imply ~170 psi (1100+ kPa) over same area.
	+180 to +250 kPa	+26 to +36 psi	Air pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)
	+200 to +1,500 kPa	+30 to +220 psi	Air pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure).
	400 to 500 kPa	58 to 73 psi	Typical UK pressures for domestic mains water supply.
	407 to 607 kPa	59 to 88 psi	Air pressure in a champagne bottle.[16]
	517 kPa	75 psi	Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide.
	+690 to +830 kPa	+100 to +120 psi	Air pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)
106 Pa	0.8 to 2 MPa	120 to 290 psi	Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives
	4.5 MPa	650 psi	Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of SeaWolf class nuclear sub, at depth of 490m (1600 ft).
	9.2 MPa	1300 psi	Atmosphere of Venus (92 bar)[17]
107 Pa	10 MPa	1450 psi	Pressure washers force out water at this pressure
	> 10 MPa	> 1500 psi	Pressure exerted by a 45-kg woman wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor[18]
	14 MPa	2000 psi	Three unmanned robotic submarines working with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, at 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The Japanese Shinkai manned research sub has reached depths of 6500 meters, and over 2,600 psi (18 MPa).
	15 MPa	2200 psi	Power stroke maximum pressure in diesel truck engine when burning fuel.
	20 MPa	2900 psi	Pressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank or pressurized gas cylinders (200 bar).
	20 MPa	2900 psi	Typical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions.[19]
108 Pa	100 MPa	15000 psi	Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1000 bar)
	100 to 300 MPa	15,000–44,000 psi	Pressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE)[20]
	400 MPa	58,000 psi	Chamber pressure of .50 BMG weapon discharge
	600 MPa	87,000 psi	Water pressure used in a water jet cutter.
109 Pa	1 GPa		Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar).
	9 GPa		Pressure at which octaoxygen forms [21] (90,000 bar)
1010 Pa	18 GPa		Pressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond
	24 to 110 GPa		Stability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth
	34 GPa	Up to 5,000,000 psi	Ballistic pressure exerted as high-power bullet strikes solid (bulletproof) object. Much of the kinetic force effectively transfers to heat, as the projectile deforms and melts into the surface upon impact. In most cases, a much lower pressure is sufficient to break through a target object, and the pressure exerted is divided by the stopping distance.
	40 GPa		Quantum mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper[22]
	96 GPa		Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms[23] (960,000 bar)
1011 Pa	100 GPa		Theoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT)
	130 GPa		Intrinsic strength of monolayer graphene[24]
	300 GPa		Pressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell
	360 GPa		Pressure inside the core of the Earth (3.64 million bar) [25]
1012 Pa
1013 Pa
1014 Pa	530 TPa		Pressure inside an Ivy Mike-like nuclear bomb detonation (5.3 billion bar)
1015 Pa	6.4 PPa		Pressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar)
1016 Pa	25 PPa		Pressure inside the core of the Sun.[26] (250 billion bar)
	57 PPa		Pressure inside a uranium nucleus (8 MeV in a sphere of radius 175 pm)[27]
1034 Pa	0.3 to 16×1034 Pa		Pressure range inside a neutron star[28]
10113 Pa	4.6×10113 Pa	6.7×10109 psi	The Planck pressure (4.63x10108 bar), not reached except shortly after the Big Bang or in a black hole.

References

1. ^ Thompson, W. (1977). "Characteristics of a cryogenic extreme high-vacuum chamber". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology 14 (1): 643–645. Bibcode 1977JVST...14..643T. doi:10.1116/1.569168. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "WikiAnswers –". http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_atmospheric_pressure_on_the_moon. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
3. ^ "Mercury Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724161511/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html. 
4. ^ CERN. Bringing the vacuum to its lowest value. 2008-07-28. Retrieved 2008-09-14
5. ^ "Terminology". SURTASS LFA EIS. http://www.surtass-lfa-eis.com/Terms/. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 
6. ^ G. Vulpetti, L. Johnson, G. L. Matloff, Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Flight, Springer, August 2008
7. ^ ^{a b} "Appendix I:A-3. Sound Propagation". Noise and Hearing Conservation Technical Manual Chapter. OSHA. http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/health_effects/soundpropagation.html. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 
8. ^ Bala Maheswaran. "Fluid". Physics 1222 Lecture Notes. http://www.dac.neu.edu/physics/b.maheswaran/phy1222/fluids.pdf. Retrieved 2011-10-09. 
9. ^ [1] [2]
10. ^ Episode 124: Car vs. Rain. mythbustersfanclub.com. June 17, 2009
11. ^ "Vapor Pressure of Water". Science Help Online for Chemistry. Fordham Preparatory School. http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/reference/table74a.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2011. "2.6 kPa" 
12. ^ Fletcher, N. H.; Tarnopolsky, A. (1999). "Blowing pressure, power, and spectrum in trumpet playing". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105 (2): 874–881. doi:10.1121/1.426276. PMID 9972572. http://murphylibrary.uwlax.edu/digital/journals/JASA/JASA1999/pdfs/vol_105/iss_2/874_1.pdf.  edit
13. ^ [3]
14. ^ "Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Hurricane Research Division Frequently Asked Questions. NOAA. http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E1.html. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 
15. ^ Gershtein, Sergey; Anna Gershtein. "bar. Metric. Stress and Pressure Conversion Chart". http://www.convert-me.com/en/convert/units/pressure/pressure.bar.en.html. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
16. ^ The Physics Factbook. Hypertextbook.com (2002-02-20). Retrieved on 2011-10-09.
17. ^ Williams, David R. (2010-11-17). "Venus Fact Sheet". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html. Retrieved 2011-10-09. 
18. ^ "Pressure Under High Heels". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/JackGreen.shtml. Retrieved 2011-10-09. 
19. ^ For hydrogenolysis esters with copper chromite. Paquette, L.A. Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Vol. 2, pp. 1337–1339. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1995.
20. ^ The manufacture of polyethylene. nzic.org.nz
21. ^ Fujihisa, Hiroshi; Akahama, Yuichi; Kawamura, Haruki; Ohishi, Yasuo; Shimomura, Osamu; Yamawaki, Hiroshi; Sakashita, Mami; Gotoh, Yoshito et al. (2006-08-26). "O8 Cluster Structure of the Epsilon Phase of Solid Oxygen". Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 (8): 085503. Bibcode 2006PhRvL..97h5503F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.085503. PMID 17026315. 
22. ^ http://www.eng.fsu.edu/~dommelen/quantum/style_a/cboxdp.html
23. ^ azonano.com (2008). "Solid Oxygen ε-Phase Crystal Structure Determined Along With The Discovery of a Red Oxygen O8 Cluster". http://www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=1797. Retrieved 2008-01-10. 
24. ^ Lee, C.; Wei, X.; Kysar, J. W.; Hone, J. (2008). "Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene". Science 321 (5887): 385–8. Bibcode 2008Sci...321..385L. doi:10.1126/science.1157996. PMID 18635798. 
25. ^ Dziewonski, A. (1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 25 (4): 297–356. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7. http://www.gps.caltech.edu/uploads/File/People/dla/DLApepi81.pdf.  edit
26. ^ Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html. Retrieved 2008-01-23. 
27. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=udHyAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA15&lpg=RA1-PA15&dq=pressure+inside+atomic+nucleus&source=bl&ots=D_3E7T6Fi3&sig=cNHFPBVQTx7HPSSMBWnFxoB_eeE&hl=en&ei=AvSRTvSmOMvb4QTWwZjLAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=pressure%20inside%20atomic%20nucleus&f=false
28. ^ Neutron degeneracy pressure (Archive). Physics Forums. Retrieved on 2011-10-09.